Umqondo, izakhi kanye izici ubugebengu. izakhi Isici ukoniwa

Njengoba inkolelo yomthetho wezobugebengu ithi, ngenxa yesenzo ngasinye esingalungile, izakhi ezigunyaziwe nezibonakaliso zecala eziba yizici. Ezimweni zezenzo ezilahlwa yilezi zigebengu, izici eziqukethwe ezinkambisweni zomthetho zibonakala. Yilabo abasiza ukuhlukanisa izenzo ezingalungile, ngaleyo ndlela benza ubugebengu. Ukuba khona kwayo kuyisisekelo somuntu onecala lokufaka icala lokugebengu.

Kulesi sihloko, zonke izici kanye nezici ze-corpus delicti zihlolisiswa ngokuningiliziwe, umqondo nokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwabo, ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinqubo ezihlukahlukene.

Imibono evamile mayelana nobugebengu nokwakheka kobugebengu

Umqondo othi "corpus delicti" (SP) uhlanganisa isethi yezimpawu (inhloso nokuziphendulela) okuchaza isenzo esithile njengesenzo sobugebengu. Ngokuphathelene nomunye nomunye, igama elithi "ubugebengu" nelithi "corpus delicti" lisebenza njengesici sekhonkrithi nomqondo wezomthetho ngalesi simo.

Ubugebengu buyisenzo sokukhonkolo. Kuyingozi emphakathini futhi kwenziwa ngumuntu othile ngesikhathi esithile endaweni ethile. Futhi ukwakheka kobugebengu kuwumqondo. Izinto, izimpawu, izici zesenzo esithile esingekho emthethweni ziqukethwe ekubunjweni okusemthethweni kobugebengu.

Igama elithi "ubugebengu" liqukethe incazelo yezici zenhlalo nezombangazwe zesenzo esingalungile. Ziqukethe ukuxhaphaza kobudlelwane bomphakathi ngaphansi kokuvikelwa komthetho . Futhi igama elithi "ukwakheka kobugebengu" lubonakala ngokufakaza kwesayensi kwezakhiwo zobugebengu obuqondile. Okusho ukuthi, lo mqondo uhlanganisa izakhi ezijwayelekile kubo bonke kanye nezakhi zobugebengu. Isilinganiso semibono yobugebengu kanye ne-corpus delicti singathathwa njengesisekelo naso esivela kuso.

Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuhlelwa kohlelo oluhlangene

Ubukhulu bezenzo zobugebengu bunqunywe ngqo yizici kanye nezibonakaliso zecala, izinhlobo zabo. Izinhlobo zobugebengu kanye nemigomo yokuhlukaniswa kwazo, zisekelwe ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zengozi yesenzo, indlela yokuchaza izici, izimpawu zencazelo emthethweni wehlangothini lomgomo.

Umthetho wezobugebengu uhlinzeka ngokuthi ukuhlanganyela okuhlanganyelwe ngu:

- eyisisekelo, eqeqeshiwe futhi enelungelo (umgomo - izinga lengozi yomphakathi) ;

- elula futhi eyinkimbinkimbi (umugomo - isakhiwo);

- okuhlelekile nokubonakalayo, ukwakheka kwengozi (umgomo - ukuklama umthetho).

Izinhlamvu zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlanganyela okuhlangene

Ngokuyisisekelo, kunezici kanye nezibonakaliso zobugebengu ezingathinti (hhayi ukwandisa noma ukwehlisa) izinga lapho ubugebengu buyingozi khona emphakathini. Abasebenzi abafanelekile kubandakanya izimpawu ezandisa ingozi yomphakathi yesenzo. Ekubunjweni okunamandla kunezibonakaliso ezinciphisa ingozi yomphakathi yesenzo.

Ubugebengu obulula bubhekwa njengendiza efanayo. Futhi esimweni sezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinto eziningana, izenzo eziningana, njll zisho. Ukubunjwa okuhlukahlukene kuyinkimbinkimbi ye-JV, lapho kwenzeka izenzo eziningana noma imiphumela, ukutholakala kwabo kwanele, ngaphandle uma kunezinye izici eziphoqelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi Isibopho sesifikile.

Ukwakhiwa okusemthethweni kuboniswa kuphela ngesenzo ngokwalo, nokubunjwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo - kanye nomphumela wayo.

Abameli bahlukaniswa ngemibono mayelana nokwakheka kokuhlanganiswa. Omunye ucabanga ukuthi lezi zilwane ezizimele. Eminye, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganyelwe okuhlanganisiwe kubhekwa njengefomu elihlelekile. Ukuphela kwesenzo sobugebengu ngokubunjwa okukodwa kungabhekwa njengomzamo noma ukulungiselela.

Ingqungquthela yengozi inikeza ukuthi umzuzu wokugcina yikhomishana yesenzo esingekho emthethweni, esenza futhi ingozi yokutholakala kwemiphumela evezwe ngumthetho.

Kusukela kulokhu okukhulunywe ngakho, kulandela ukuthi izakhi kanye nezimfanelo ze-corpus delicti, umqondo kanye nezinhlobo zazo zivela ekubekeni kobugebengu kwesinye sezilwane, okusho ukuthi sithinta isitifiketi sesenzo esingekho emthethweni.

Inani le-JV

I-JV ethize ibhekisela ekuphelele kwazo zonke izici ezichazwe esimweni esithile seKhodi Yezobugebengu. Ziyadingeka futhi zanele ukufaka umuntu icala ngokuthunyelwa kobugebengu obuthile.

Inani lokubunjwa livela ngenxa yokuthi lisetshenziswe njengalokhu:

- isisekelo sezomthetho sokubophezeleka komthetho;

- isimo esidingekayo sokwenza isenzo sobugebengu;

- izizathu zokuthi inkantolo ijabulela inqubo yomsebenzi ekukhetheni izinyathelo ezithile zomthetho wobugebengu;

- iziqinisekiso zokuhambisana nomthetho.

Izinto zokwaphulwa kobugebengu yizona zindlela ezenza imodeli yobugebengu futhi zifakaze ingozi yomphakathi.

Okusho ukuthi, uma kukhona ukwakheka kwesenzo esingalungile, kunomthwalo wemfanelo wobugebengu obuhambelana nokuthunyelwa kwawo. Ukuhlanganyela okuhlangene kuyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu yiziphi izenzo zobugebengu ezihlukaniswa nabangewona abanobugebengu. Ukwakhiwa kobugebengu kuyimbono, izakhi, izici zayo zisivumela ukuba sithole isigaba sokuvuthwa kwesenzo esizibophezele futhi sinqume imingcele yokugwetshwa kwalesi senzo esingalungile.

Uma kungabikho ukuhlanganyela okuhlangene, kugqunywa ukuthi isenzo (ukushiyeka) asiqukethe izimpawu zokungemthetho noma ukwakheka kwawo, njengoba kunikezwe umthetho wecala.

Ama-corpus delicti. Izici zento kanye nohlangothi lomgomo

Izakhi ze-JV ziqondwa ukuthi zisho zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo zesakhiwo esakhayo senze isenzo esingekho emthethweni esivumelana namaqembu ahlukene achaphazela incazelo yengozi yomphakathi yesenzo esinikezwe ngumthetho wobugebengu. Okuqukethwe kulezi zincenye zesenzo esingalungile sihlukanisa ubugebengu komunye nomunye, isibonelo, umzamo wokubulala kusukela ekubanjeni noma ukuhlambalaza kokuhlambalaza.

Izinhlamvu ze-corpus delicti ziyi:

- into;

- iqembu lezinhloso;

- iqembu elizimele;

- isihloko.

Into yobugebengu iqondwa ngokuthi ubudlelwane bezenhlalakahle ezivikelwe ngumthetho wezobugebengu, okwenziwa ngumuntu onecala. Isici esiyinhloko sento, okokuqala, indaba yobugebengu, emelelwe ngendlela yangempela yezwe elibonakalayo, lapho lowo muntu ehlaziya khona ubudlelwane bomphakathi. Ikakhulukazi, uma kwenzeka ukweba, ubudlelwane bomhlaba buyasetshenziswa njengento yobugebengu, futhi into into ethathwe ngokungemthetho.

Eqinisweni, ubudlelwane bomphakathi bubonakaliswa ubuhlobo obukhona phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, izinhlangano zomthetho kanye nombuso ekusebenziseni izithakazelo namalungelo abo, ukusebenza kwemisebenzi, amandla kanye nemisebenzi.

Ohlangothini lomgomo ubhekisela ezimpawu zokubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kweziphambeko zokuziphatha ezakha ingozi yomphakathi yokuziphatha komuntu, okungalimaza ubudlelwano obuvikelwe ngumthetho wobugebengu. Izakhi ezicacile zobugebengu yizibonakaliso ezicacile zecala lomgomo. Lena isenzo esiyingozi emphakathini, esenzelwe isenzo noma ukungenzi lutho, umphumela onobudlelwane emphakathini, uxhumano olubangela phakathi kobugebengu kanye nomphumela, kanye nesikhathi, indawo, isimo, indlela, amathuluzi kanye nendlela yokwenza ubugebengu.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto

Izakhi ezinjalo ze-corpus zibonisa ukuthi izinto zihlukile phakathi kwabo ngezizathu eziningana, ngaleyo ndlela zakha ubukhosi obuqondile nokugxila.

Into ingaba yinto ejwayelekile, izinhlobo, ezijwayelekile futhi eziqondile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kubhekwa ngokuqondile.

Into ejwayelekile iboniswa yibo bonke ubuhlobo bomphakathi obuvikelwe ngumthetho wezobugebengu. Ukucaciswa kwenziwa ngokuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo nokuzimisela kwezinhlobo zezitshalo, izinto ezijwayelekile kanye nezinyathelo ngokushesha.

Into ejwayelekile ihlanganisa inhlanganisela yobuhlobo bezenhlalakahle ezinokuxhumana okuhambisanayo futhi zivikelwe umthetho wobugebengu.

Into yezinhlobo ze-joint venture ibhekwa njengeqembu elincane lobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle, amanani nezintshisekelo zohlobo olulodwa. Into enjalo inikezwa ngezinga eliphakathi phakathi kwezinto ezijwayelekile nezokushesha.

Into esheshayo ye-corpus delicti, ngokungafani nezinhlobo zangaphambili zezinto, uhlobo oluthile lokhonkolo lobuhlobo bezenhlalo, lokhu noma lokho okuzuzayo, inzalo. Kuphikisana naye ngesikhathi secala kuqhutshwa ngqo ngokuhlaselwa kobugebengu.

Izinto ziyizinto zobugebengu okuthi, ngokwezigaba ezingezansi, kungaba nezinhlobo ezintathu: okuyisisekelo, okukhethwa kukho futhi okungeziwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sigaba kuhambelana, isibonelo, uma izinto eziningana zihlaselwa kanyekanye. Ngakho-ke, uma kwenzeka ukweba ngokungeniswa endaweni yokuhlala, ilungelo lempahla yilona into esemqoka, futhi njengokwengeziwe - ukungahambi kahle kwekhaya.

Into ekhethwa yiyobudlelwane ukuthi, lapho ezinikezele ebugebengu obuthile, kulimazwa kwezinye izimo, kodwa kwabanye akukwenziwe. Isibonelo, ukungabikho kwamanye amazwe kuphambana nokuhleleka komphakathi, okuyinto eyinhloko, futhi uma kwenzeka umonakalo empilweni, impahla noma isithunzi somuntu siqu, lokhu kuphulwa akukwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa kuye ngokuthi uhlobo oluthile lobugebengu, okungukuthi, isici sokuzikhethela.

Izici zezingxenye ze-corpus: - subject, side subjective

Ekhuluma ngecala elizithobayo lesenzo esingalungile, sisho umsebenzi womuntu womqondo, okuhlobene ngokuqondile nekhomishana yokuhlukunyezwa. Izimpawu zalesi sigaba sokuhlanganyela ngokuhlanganyela zivinini, isisusa nenhloso. Amafomu enecala angahluka kuye ngokuthi uhlangothi olugqugquzelayo isenzo esenziwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unecala noma intando, noma njengokungaphathi kahle.

Lesi sihloko singumuntu owenze noma wenza isenzo sobugebengu futhi uyakwazi ukufaka umthwalo wemfanelo ohambisana naye wobulelesi. Emthethweni wezobugebengu waseRussia, ngokungafani namazwe amaningi, ukuqashelwa njengesihloko sobugebengu benkampani esemthethweni kukhishwe. Isigameko sobugebengu singumuntu ohlonishwayo futhi usufike eminyakeni echazwe emthethweni. Kunamanye amacala uma, ngokusho kweCode Criminal, lesi sihloko singase sinikezwe ezinye izimpawu ezengeziwe.

Imibono evamile mayelana nezici zokuhlanganyela okuhlangene

Izimpawu ze-JV zinezakhiwo ezithile zomthetho zesenzo, ukuba khona kwakho okusebenza njengesibopho sokuqashelwa kwesenzo (ukungenzi lutho) njengesigebengu.

Zonke izakhiwo zecala kumele:

• Ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwabo, ngokuphelele kwabo okuchaza ingozi yomphakathi nokungaziphathi kahle;
• Ukusebenza njengesisekelo sokuqeda ubugebengu obuvela kwezinye iziphambeko ezifanayo;
• Yigxilwe ngumthetho futhi ngokuqondile ibhalwe ngaphandle kokubusa komthetho.

Izakhi kanye nezici ze-corpus delicti, ngokuphelele kwazo, ziphoqa isenzo esizojeziswa ngezigebengu ngezici ezithile. Uma izakhi zibonisa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sobugebengu, izici zenziwe ngendlela ejwayelekile, izakhiwo ezisemthethweni (izici, izici, izimfanelo) zesenzo esingalungile sohlobo oluthile.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezici ze-joint venture

Ngokwezigaba, izimpawu zebhizinisi elihlangene yilezi:

- umgomo nokuzithoba;

- okudingekayo futhi okukhethwa kukho.

Ngokusekelwe egameni, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi izimfanelo ezibhekisela kuzinto zibizwa ngokuthi umgomo. Futhi ngosizo lwezici ezizithobayo, izihloko zibonakala.

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, izakhi kanye nezimfanelo ze-corpus delicti, izinhlobo zezibonakaliso yindlela yokuqashelwa kwesenzo njengokungekho emthethweni. Kodwa indima yezibonakaliso ezigunyazayo nezizikhethela kule nqubo ihlukile ngokuhlukile.

Izibopho ezidingekayo (eziyisisekelo) ze-joint venture zibhekwa yizo zonke izingoma ngaphandle kokuhlukile, okungukuthi, zikhona kulowo nalowo. Uma bengekho esenzweni esicutshungulwayo, yilokhu okuyisisekelo sokwenza isinqumo ngokungabikho kwezenzo zobugebengu. Izimpawu ezigunyazayo zifaka izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezicacisa uhlobo lwesenzo esingalungile. Kuqondene nobuhlobo bezenhlalakahle (izintshisekelo, izinzuzo), uhlobo lwesenzo esingalungile (isenzo noma ukungenzi lutho), iphutha (inhloso noma ukunganakwa), iminyaka lapho umthwalo wemfanelo wobugebengu (ngokuvamile iminyaka engu-16) ubonakala ngayo, ubunono.

Ezinye izici zibizwa ngokuthi ezengeziwe (ozikhethela). Lezi yizi:

• Isihloko sesenzo sobugebengu;
• Imiphumela engokwemvelo;
• Imvelo yokuxhumana (imbangela nomphumela) phakathi kwecala lobugebengu nemiphumela yalo;
• Isikhathi sekhomishana, isimo esizungezile, indawo, indlela yokukhonkolo, isikhali kanye nohlu lwezindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kobugebengu, ngokuphelele izisusa nezinhloso,
• Isiyinkimbinkimbi sezibonakaliso ezikhethekile zesifundo sobugebengu.
  

Izinto kanye nezibonakaliso ze-corpus delicti, kuhlanganise nokuzikhethela, zibaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lobugebengu kokubili ukukhomba isenzo sobugebengu kanye nokubeka isijeziso.

Izimpawu zezici ezisezingeni elifanayo le-joint venture:

1. Zisezinye izimo ezithile, ezibekwe ngumthetho, zingaphinde zifaneleke njengezici ezigunyaziwe ze-JV esemqoka.
2. Bona, ngokuhambisana nomthetho, bangase babe nezimfanelo ezigunyaziwe ezihlobene ne-JV eqeqeshiwe noma enelungelo.
3. Uma sikhuluma ngesici esizikhethayo esingenakunyakazo futhi asiphazamisi iziqu zobugebengu, khona-ke kubhekwa njengesiyaluyalu noma isimo esicindezelayo.

Kukhona iphethini elithile elihlukanisa izakhi nezimpawu ze-corpus delicti. Izici ezigunyazayo nezokuzikhethela zecala kufanele zichazwe ngokucacile. Ngakho-ke, isihluku esikhethekile ekuthumeni isenzo esingalungile asikwazi ukucatshangelwa njengesiyaluyalu esimweni somuntu osolwa ngokubulala owenziwe ngonya. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngokuphathelene nesitifiketi sobugebengu isijeziso sobudlova senyukile kakade. Ukuqhathanisa: uma kwenzeka kubulawe, lapho kungekho khona izimo ezihlasimulisayo, isijeziso sinjengokuboshwa iminyaka engama-6 kuya kwengu-15, futhi uma bekhona, kusuka eminyakeni engu-8 ukuya kweyengu-20.

Ngakho-ke, izici zokuzikhethela zezingxenye zobugebengu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi into noma indaba yesenzo esingalungile, zisezindaweni ezintathu.

Izimpawu eziqhubekayo neziguquguqukayo

Ukuzinza nokuguquguquka kungenye indlela yokuhlukanisa izici zokuhlanganyela okuhlangene ngamaqembu amabili, kuye ngokuthi yiliphi uhlamvu (oluguquguqukayo noma oluhlala njalo).

Ukuze izimpawu unomphela zihlanganisa izici isenzo sobugebengu, musa ukushintsha isikhathi emthethweni othile oqondile futhi Criminal Code akuxhomekile izimo isenzo ekhubazekile. Khona-ke izimpawu variable - ke sibonisa isenzo elinesijeziso, lapho kungenziwa siguqulwe, kungakhathaliseki okuvela izinguquko kumbhalo isihloko esifanele, nezinye izinto. Phakathi kwezimpawu lokwehlukile ukuhlukanisa ingubo noma izilinganiso.

izimpawu Permanent izinze kokubili temporally futhi spatially, t. E. Carry inencazelo efanayo kuyo yonke insimu ehlanganiswa mthetho. Njengoba icala liqulwa, lezi izakhiwo akunakugwenywa.

Ngakho, izakhi kanye nezici ukoniwa, izinhlobo zabo ukuvumela lokuphinda isithombe esiphelele ikhomishana izenzo ezingekho emthethweni, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ziqu yokugcina ubugebengu.