Umqondo oda eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Umqondo uhlelo ngokomthethosisekelo futhi izisekelo zayo

Russia, njengamanye amazwe amaningi emhlabeni, ngumlayo eziyisisekelo - uMthethosisekelo. ihlelwe Ngakho, njengoba izazi eziningi zanamuhla, ukusebenza ekhethekile, okuyinto eyenziwa ngo kohlaka ekuphathweni zombusazwe isimo. Yiziphi izici zayo? Iyini oda ngokomthethosisekelo embonweni ka abacwaningi? Yiziphi nenqubo ngalo kunqunywa kuhambisana nezimiso zezombusazwe kwamazwe anamuhla?

Uyini uhlelo ngokomthethosisekelo?

Igama elithi "ukuze zomthethosisekelo", umqondo kanye izakhi esibonisa ke, angena kwegazi yesayensi kanye nokuqinisa zomthetho ithole ngempela muva nje. Umbala wawo, abacwaningi abaningi elihlobene ne-ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukutholwa eRussia Self-uMthethosisekelo. Yikuphi kubhekwa emthethweni oyisisekelo isimo. Yiqiniso, yena impela umqondo umthethosisekelo kwavela ezweni imibono yezombangazwe isikhathi eside. Amasampula lokuqala temitfombolwati komthetho ziye yethulwa kuleli umkhuba wokusebenzisa ukuphathwa komphakathi ekhulwini th 18-19. Wawunodonga sisekelo wayo siqu eSoviet Union. Nokho, ukucwaninga kwesayensi ye inhlobo efanele uhlelo ngenkuthalo waqala kuphela ngemva kokuqala yezinguquko wezwe lethu yeningi ngasekupheleni '80s. Ngakho, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umqondo we-oda ngokomthethosisekelo, nenqubo sokunquma kungaba isimo futhi kohlaka izindlela umphakathi we ukusebenza, kufanele elikushoyo ngezindaba zesayensi likhona.

Ngu uqobo, nomthetho osekunesikhathi, kodwa izikole yesayensi, kwenziwe ucwaningo yayo, okungenani eRussia - ngempela into ezincane. Direction oluhambisana ngentuthuko lososayensi ikakhulu ugxile ezintweni, khomba ukuqaliswa nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo e-Russian Federation. Kanye phezu Ukuqhathanisa ezweni lethu izuzwe uhlelo isimo imiphumela kanye ukudalwa lelitimele zezombusazwe imodeli nokubusa ne amasampula ukuthi usebenze phesheya. Kulokhu, it kubhekwa njengento ezweni elinomlando yeningi eside, futhi isimo, okuyinto, efana eRussia, ukusuka kusuka sezenhlalo a imodeli kosozimali yentuthuko. Umqondo uhlelo ngokomthethosisekelo Russian Federation kunqunywa ososayensi wezwe lakithi, uma kuqhathaniswa ngentuthuko ezincwadini nozakwethu angaphandle. Futhi okuphambene nalokho - exchange of nakho ngokwesayensi.

Umqondo uhlelo ngokomthethosisekelo ososayensi Russian zezombusazwe avame elihlobene ne-simiso ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, okuyinto ezingeni zomthetho, usungula isimo amalungiselelo ukhiye nokubusa. Ngokuphathelene nasemazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi umsebenzi oyinhloko ukusebenza ezikhungweni obonwa ukuqaliswa amalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko. Kodwa kukhona imibuso ehlukene ezepolitiki - ikakhulukazi lezo yenombolo ngemibandela kunzima ukuqaphela yeningi. Izimiso umthethosisekelo uthi ezifana Nokho, kungenziwa. Okungenani yilokho ngokubona ososayensi abaningi bezombangazwe.

SoMthethosisekelo kanye nentando yeningi

Nokho, kukhona umbono owawuthi umqondo kohlelo lomthethosisekelo aluhambelani States lapho ayikho indawo bendabuko amalungelo wedemokhrasi kunye inkululeko. Ngalawo, lapho ngesisekelo izimiso zezombusazwe ukuphathwa authoritarianism noma kobushiqela nikubeke ezinhliziyweni zenu. I-agumenti eyinhloko abasekeli lo mbono: kwezinkambiso ngokomthethosisekelo nje asikwazi ngokwanele evikelwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Lokho isimo lapho, isibonelo, imayelana oyedwa noma iqembu labantu ngaphansi authoritarianism, asikwazanga njalo uhambisane nemigomo yesivumelwano nomphakathi.

Ngakho, umbandela ayisihluthulelo nomthetho, ngokuvumelana iphuzu ezivamile umbono - khona izinhlaka zomthetho, isekelwe ezimisweni yeningi. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kusho umgwaqo isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona esimweni imodeli lamazwe aseNtshonalanga. Ngo okuyinto isiko yeningi kukhona isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ingqikithi zivumelwano kudinga, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukuzinza isimo ukuqaliswa nemibandela yesivumelwano nomphakathi. Yikuphi akuyona njalo kungenzeka ukuba sifinyelele kobushiqela kwemibuso yobushiqela, njengoba inqubo zomthetho uyaphuma lokulawula sabantu.

izimiso ezisemqoka ukuze ngokomthethosisekelo

Cabanga, ukuthi umqondo oda eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. abacwaningi abaningi babheka le ncazelo elandelayo: izisekelo uhlelo yomthethosisekelo - indlela yemvelo kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, okuvumela ukwakha isisekelo sokuthethelelwa kabusha amalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko kanye nezinye izindlela ukuqaliswa bakulelo zwe kwezinhloso zenzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, eziyisisekelo esibalulekile somnotho wezwe uhlelo yomthethosisekelo - ngakho uma ulandele incazelo evamile, lesakhiwo yangasese, kwezamabhizinisi, ukuzimela kwamandla wokuphatha wamakhotho. Labo ukuthi abhekwa zezombusazwe - iyona izikhungo kwamandla, uhlelo abanye igunya zokuphatha ngaphakathi imodeli federal, ezingeni lohulumeni basekhaya. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, izisekelo zomphakathi kohlelo lomthethosisekelo - lawa izici umphakathi, lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuzimisela izakhamizi ukuba zibambe iqhaza emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, isibonelo, nezinga elifanele imfundo nokuqeqeshwa.

Ngakho, izisekelo izici zezombangazwe, zenhlalo nezomnotho kohlelo lomthethosisekelo kunikeza ukuthuthukiswa efanele umthetho lapho kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi lapho sibhekene ziyizinto ezihlukile yayo (ngabanye noma, isibonelo, osomabhizinisi) siyofeza ingxenye yayo yesivumelwano nomphakathi.

Izimpawu oda ngokomthethosisekelo

Politologists ukuhlukanisa izici ezilandelayo esibonisa uhlelo eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Okokuqala, lokhu empeleni kuyinto uhlobo ukusebenza isimo - ngokuvamile in a isici ehlukile, ungagqamisa ethile kwesinye isifundazwe, okwenza uhlelo zaso zezombangazwe ngokungafani eyodwa esenzelwa kwesinye. Kukhona amazwe ezithinta timphawu letehlukene-aspect kohlelo zokuphatha kanye nangesimo sezepolitiki, kodwa izimiso ezifanayo ukuqaliswa inqubo yentando yabantu, ezifana RF - ezweni federal, France - ebumbeneko, kodwa kuwo womabili la mazwe umongameli likhethwa ngu kuso sonke isibalo sabantu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, e-United States - ezweni phezu zokuphatha nezombusazwe iphrofayli eduze ukuthi we Russian Federation, kodwa inqubo yentando yabantu we baseMelika waqaphela ezimisweni ezahlukene.

Enye iqoqo izici, eveza okushiwo zezimiso eziyinhloko soMthethosisekelo, - izimfanelo izindlela ngokusebenzisa okuyinto ukugcwaliseka izithakazelo sabantu. State, uma ulandela incazelo ezidumile essence yayo - liwumkhiqizo inkontileka nomphakathi. Inani labantu base-insimu ethile namandla, okuyinto ubeka abantu, ukhetha noma ukuqaphela ukuba semthethweni kwanoma iyiphi ngezizathu, isivumelwano lapho izithakazelo esibalulekile abantu abasemqoka okudingeka ukuba wethulwe isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. Empeleni, ngo-umkhuba ngokuvamile ukusebenza kohlaka indlela zomthetho, okuyinto, ngokusho iphuzu ezivamile buka, kuyinto umbandela ayisihluthulelo nomthetho.

Kubaluleka uhlelo ngokomthethosisekelo Russian Federation

Kubaluleka oda yomthethosisekelo - zezombusazwe, zezikhungo, kwezomnotho, ezisebenza isimo isiRashiya, wawuthi kunengqondo, ikakhulukazi umthetho waseRussia. Bala izimiso eziyisisekelo efanele. Umthethosisekelo walesi Russia, okokuqala kunakho konke, ushumayela wombuso weningi. Lokhu kungabonakala nasemkhakheni ngesibonelo ukwakhiwa eziningana umthetho eziyisisekelo isimo. Ikakhulukazi, Isigaba 1 soMthetho-sisekelo begodu wathi: Russia - kombuso wentando yabantu. Futhi, idokhumenti iqukethe ulimi kokuzindla ngakho yokuthi umphathi oyinhloko yobukhosi umthombo wamandla WaseRussia abantu yezwe. Kanye nentando yeningi, njengoba wazi - kungcono uhulumeni wentando yeningi.

Sibiza amanye izici esiphawulekayo oda lomthethosisekelo eRussia, okuyinto kungatholakala ngokuhlaziya umthetho eziyisisekelo isimo sethu. Ngokwesibonelo, igxila izinto njengokubonisa ebaluleke kakhulu kwamalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko, okungamele ukuphathwa komphakathi kumigomo federalism futhi abanye igunya ezingeni lomasipala ukusebenza kule imodeli republic ukwehlukana amandla, khona bunyenti zezombusazwe, ukuhlukahluka lwezinhlobo ezahlukene ubunikazi.

Imodeli Russian of nomthetho

Umqondo uhlelo ngokomthethosisekelo Russian Federation, abanye abacwaningi exhumene izimiso komlando ukuqaliswa uhulumeni ezweni lethu. Kukhona theory owawuthi uMthethosisekelo - kuba kunalokho uhlaka ibonisa lamalungelo nenkululeko ngenhloso ekuletheni uhlelo kuleli zwe ukuze European, onobuhle Western. Lokho emva kabusha kwezomnotho futhi kwathatha kusuka sezenhlalo a imodeli kosozimali laqala ukuhlonishwa njengezibonelo, okuyinto okumelwe balwele ukuzifinyelela. Kodwa umkhuba state-isakhiwo eminyakeni yamuva, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, ebonisa ukuthi ukusungulwa soMthethosisekelo ifomu ukuthi okwamanje isebenza ngokwengxenye kuphela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa izinselele waseRussia kunemibandela phezu ukuthuthukiswa ethize yomlando. Mhlawumbe, ngokososayensi, umthetho Western-isitayela kuyahambisana ngokugcwele namaqiniso RF amadivayisi zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukubaluleka ngokoqobo kwesifundo zalesi simo kungenzeka ebalulekile isici yokukhipha isipiliyoni ewusizo, kodwa musa ukukopisha imodeli Western.

Ungase futhi wazi ukuthi kukhona labo lapho Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo njengoba emthethweni oyisisekelo phakathi amazwe amaningi emhlabeni. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, UK. Lokhu Eqinisweni, abacwaningi bakholelwa, kungase kubonise isidingo ubuyekeze izimiso zamanje yenhlangano zokubusa lezombusazwe Russian Federation esivuna lelitimele, kwaguqulwa njengoba sishilo, ukuze ngqo komlando imodeli tekutfutfukisa talelive. Noma kunjalo, i-Russia inemtsetfosisekelo, okuyinto obonwa ochwepheshe abaningi ngamazwe ku oyiyo, kanye okuqukethwe ulimi ngempela ezingeni kwaleyo mithetho ukuthi yamukelwa amazwe ngamasiko yeningi athuthukile.

Ukuhlanganisa kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo kanye nezomthetho

Abanye abacwaningi uncamela ukuhlukanisa phakathi umqondo kohlelo lomthethosisekelo futhi isimo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ke bungabonakala amaqembu ngesikhathi esisodwa ezimbili zemibono ngalolu daba. Kukhona inguqulo ukuthi umqondo we-oda ngokomthethosisekelo wombuso kufanele uhunyushwe ngokubanzi. It phikisana ubunkimbinkimbi, yizinhlobonhlobo lesi simanga. Nakuba kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi, kungase kungagcini khona izindlela kungukuthi ngokwanele sihambisana definition zomthetho. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa, njengoba umthetho e nencazelo yalo samanje, abantu kukhuphukele muva. Kodwa kwadlula isikhathi eside isimo obusayo kohlaka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi umthetho wendabuko, ngokuvamile engabhaliwe okwakudingeka. It is hhayi libhekene ukuzinza kanye reproducibility ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba kwenziwa kohlaka ukuze eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo.

Kukhona elinye futhi iphuzu umbono. Kuyinto, isimiso, ngokunengqondo evela okokuqala. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo mqondo kohlelo lomthethosisekelo WaseRussia nakwamanye amazwe eziphambili iyincane kakhulu kunaleyo elihambisana isici wekuba sive echaza. Kodwa nje ngoba namuhla cishe kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni sethule, noma kunjalo, izimiso zomthethosisekelo. Eqinisweni, owokuqala eside Abasekeli lo mbono kubhekwa ekhethekile icala lesibili. Kusukela oda ngokomthethosisekelo namuhla, njengoba umthetho, - esibalulekile isimo. It yakhelwe kube yingxenye yesimiso sezombangazwe obhekene eqinisa izimiso wezokuBusa ngokuBambisana, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, ukuqaliswa izindlela yokukhuluma izithakazelo zabantu. Umqondo nezimiso kohlelo lomthethosisekelo, abacwaningi basikisela, kumele ixhumane ngqo ilungelo. Cabanga ngokuningiliziwe nobukhulu okuhambisanayo ngaphezulu.

ukuze koMthethosisekelo kanye kwesokudla

Umqondo uhlelo ngokomthethosisekelo kuhlobene ngokuqondile, isimiso somthetho. Kushaywa kwemtsetfo amalungiselelo elawula izindlela lenhlangano zokubusa zezombusazwe futhi uthuthukise abantu - yezimfuneko zokuhlola ayisihluthulelo oda eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Kuyafaneleka ikhuluma kwakuwukuthi ezithile imithombo efanele komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo we Russian Federation libhekene khona amazinga eziningana imithetho, okuyizinto kwakuwukuthi degree of ukubaluleka zomthetho. Kuyini lokhu ngezigaba?

Umtsetfosisekelo njengemtsetfo lomkhulu eyisisekelo isimo

On isinyathelo phezulu lwetemtsetfo we Russian Federation kufanele, eqinisweni, uMthethosisekelo. Iveza izimiso eziyisisekelo ukuphathwa komphakathi, kanye bamele izimfuno sabantu. Ayikho enye umthetho aphule uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, kungenzeka neziphathimandla ekhishwe izenzo zomthetho osizayo ukuze kuqaliswe ukusebenza amalungiselelo athile imithetho eyisisekelo supply isimo. Kusolwa ukuthi izisekelo oda yomthethosisekelo (ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo) okufanele ibe yisisekelo sokuthuthukisa izwe-aspect wesi wezomthetho izinqubo ezenzeka ezingeni nokuxhumana ezikhonzini nobudlelwano zomphakathi.

Ngo kwakuwukuthi ngqo umthombo oyinhloko umthetho Russian Federation imithetho - federal, kanye nehambisana nomthethosisekelo. Nazo ngokufanayo, kumelwe uhambisane lesifunda iziqondiso imithombo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, e kwakuwukuthi kubo izenzo zomthetho nabazali bokutholwa lapho ezingeni lamasipala.

Ngokwenkolelo zomthetho zaziwa kahle kakhulu emazweni amaningi athuthukile, umthetho eziyisisekelo - umthombo, okuyinto ine amandla aphakeme zomthetho. umthetho-sisekelo we Russian Federation kubonisa ngokugcwele lesi simiso. Futhi usukela hhayi kuphela e-aspect eshiwo ngenhla iziqondiso kwakuwukuthi. Ikakhulukazi, noma yiziphi izinguquko umbhalo soMthethosisekelo yamukelwa izinqubo eziningi ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye umthombo wamukela kwezinkambiso wesi. avikelwe Ngakho uhlelo eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. izinqubo elawula uhlelo lapho imithetho zenziwa, omunye nenqubo ayo ayinhloko.

Izindlela zika lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela oda ngokomthethosisekelo

Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho Russian Federation Federal Assembly athuthukiswe futhi bamukela ngokuxoxisana iziphathimandla mphathi umongameli wezwe. Yebo, noma kanjani, inqubo ukwamukelwa kwabo kungenazo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi Federal Assembly - umzimba ukuthi isebenza njalo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kwakuthiwa ukwenza izinguquko imithetho noma zamukele entsha it can nge imvamisa ngokwanele okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, nokwenza izinguquko angumtfombo umthetho can kuphela Russian Constitutional Assembly. Nokho, amandla akhe alinganiselwe. Ezinye ehlinzekelwa kuMthethosisekelo ayikwazi ukushintshwa, futhi uma ngokoqobo ezenzekayo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe kanye nezinye izinto ngakho elineminyaka kwenziwe ukuthuthukiswa yomthetho entsha eziyisisekelo yezwe. Kumelwe ziyokwamukelwa two-thirds lonke inani amasekela we Constitutional Assembly noma nabantu bakuleli zwe ngaleso inhlolovo kazwelonke.