Umlobi, ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni Soviet eyisiboshwa sezombangazwe Marchenko Anatoliy Tihonovich: Biography, izici imisebenzi kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Marchenko Anatoliy Tihonovich - omunye weziboshwa ezombangazwe nenkathi yamaSoviet, owafa ngesikhathi ekhonza isikhathi. Lo muntu kuye kwenza abantu ukuhlukana ezweni ukushushiswa zezombusazwe. Ukuze ukuthi ikhokhwe inkululeko kuqala, bese ukuphila Anatoliy Tihonovich Marchenko. Biography, imiklomelo kanye namaqiniso fun mayelana umbhali - konke lokhu, kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngokuningiliziwe esihlokweni.

Isiphetho sokuqala nesibaluleke yokuphunyuka

Anatoly wazalwa eSiberia ngo-1938. Uyise wayengumGreki isisebenzi ujantshi. Umlobi esizayo iziqu grade 8, ngemva kwalokho wasebenza uwoyela umkhakha, izimayini kanye ukuhlola lokuyoshumayela. Ekuqaleni kuka-1958, ngemva sekusuke isidumo mass ezenzeka ehostela abasebenzi ', waboshwa. Marchenko Anatoly ngokwakhe akazange iqhaza ukulwa, kodwa wagwetshwa iminyaka emibili ejele. Ngemva konyaka, Anatoliy Tihonovich ubalekile ejele. Ngokushesha ngemva ukweqa kwakhe ku leli koloni kwavela izindaba ededelwa, kanye nokususwa nerekhodi lobugebengu. Uthe lesi sinqumo senziwa ngu Ephakeme KaHulumeni of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Esikhathini kusuka 1959 kuya 1960, Anatoly Marchenko ezulazulayo ngaphandle amaphepha kuleli zwe, anokwaneliseka imisebenzi uyinqaba.

Ukuzama ukushiya USSR, ukuboshwa entsha

Marchenko ezama ukweqa eSoviet Union ekwindla ka-1960, kodwa-ke, eboshelwe emngceleni. Inkantolo yamgweba iminyaka engu-6 ejele ngenxa umbuso. Kwathi Mashi 3, 1961. Marchenko wayedonsa isigwebo emakamu zezombusazwe zalo Mordovia futhi ejele uVladimir. Ekugcineni, wagula, isithulu yakhe.

Ujwayele Daniel Yu nezinye

Anatoliy Tihonovich wadedelwa ngo-November 1966. Wadedelwa kakade omnene emzabalazweni amalungelo abo, Umphikisi okuqina umbuso wamanje kanye imibono evamile, simkhonze. Anatoly Marchenko esezinzile uVladimir esifundeni (Alexandrov), ubesebenza njengomshayeli Loader. Nakuba ekamu, wahlangana Yuliem Danielem. Lokhu umbhali wamethula abameleli lezihlakaniphi ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni eMoscow.

abangane okusha phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Larisa Bogoraz, umkakhe esizayo, Anatoly Tikhonovich kwasiza lokho kukuwe - ukudala incwadi ku emajele amaSoviet zezombusazwe kanye amakamu 1960. "LobuFakazi wami" zaphela ekwindla ka 1967. Babé ethandwa kakhulu samizdat, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana yashicilelwa phesheya. Lo msebenzi liye lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi zaseYurophu.

"LobuFakazi wami," futhi intengo zabo

Eningiliziwe Umlando ubufakazi ekamu zezombusazwe zalabo empeleni aphulwe + ayetholakala ezindaweni eU.SSR eNtshonalanga. Ngempela, abaningi ngesikhathi babekholelwa ukuthi bekungaba yinto engenangqondo kangakanani, ubudlova ovulekile futhi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu zezombusazwe ngokumelene ephikisayo esikhathini esidlule ngemva kokufa kukaStalin. Marchenko wayekulungele ukubopha le ncwadi. Nokho, i-KGB akazange alinge khiqiza it, umlobi kuhlelwe ukuba axoshe phesheya. Ngisho okulungiselelwe isimemezelo ku bokuhlukaniswa Marchenko Soviet yisakhamuzi. Kodwa leli cebo ngasizathu simbe akazange igcwaliseke.

imisebenzi lesibonwa, izinsuku entsha

Anatoliy Tihonovich ngo-1968, yaqala yazama isandla sakhe njengoba isikhulumi. Isihloko oyinhloko eziningana imibhalo yakhe uhlobo of "izincwadi evulekile" babe ngesihluku esiyinqaba kweziboshwa zezombusazwe. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngomhla ka-July 22, wabhala nencwadi evulekile ukuze eziningana amaphephandaba akwamanye amazwe futhi iSoviet. Lathi usongo ukucindezelwa we ePrague Spring esebenzisa lempi. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa Marchenko waboshwa ejele lezingane ngo-Moscow. I icala ayebekwe lona, sephula passport umbuso. Iqiniso lokuthi ex-iziboshwa awavunyelwe ukuhlala enhloko-dolobha kuleyo minyaka. Agasti 21, 1968 Marchenko wagwetshwa unyaka owodwa esejele. Wakhonza lo musho esifundeni Perm (Nyrobsky ngeso lokhozi ekamu lokujezisa).

Ngobusuku obandulela ikhishwe icala elisha seluqaliwe ngokumelene Anatoly Tikhonovich. Wabekwa icala yombandeka isimiso samaSoviet "ezisungulwe abanyundelayo" iziboshwa. Ngo-August 1969 Marchenko wagwetshwa iminyaka emibili emakamu.

Ngemva kokukhululwa, ngo-1971, Anatoliy Tihonovich bazinza Kaluga Region (Tarusa), kanye L. Bogoras, ngaleso sikhathi kwase abe ngumkakhe. Marchenko kwaba ngaphansi kweso zokuphatha.

Eyokuqala indlala isiteleka Marchenko

Ngo-1973, uhulumeni futhi lalifuna ukuthumela Anatoly phesheya. Waphoqwa ukuba abhale isitatimende ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe, esongela isikhathi uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka. Lokhu usongo wabulawa ngo-February 1975. Marchenko Anatoly wagwetshwa iminyaka emine besekudingisweni ngenxa yokwephula imithetho lokugada zokuphatha. Ngokushesha ngemva kokufinyelela lesi sinqumo, Anatoliy Tihonovich indlala isiteleka futhi agcinwe izinyanga ezimbili. Wabe wadingiselwa e-Irkutsk esifundeni (Chuna isigodi).

Izihloko journalism, MHG

Marchenko, ngisho nalapho esekudingisweni, baqhubeka nemisebenzi lesibonwa nokulotshwa kwalo. Wachaza umlando kunjalo amasha ngokumelene naye, kanye kokukhipha inqubo ngesihluku encwadini yakhe eyayinesihloko esithi "Ukusuka Tarusa ukuba Chuny", esanyatheliswa kuyi-New York ngo-1976.

Enye esasivela wadala Marchenko journalism kukhona izingozi "Munich" inqubomgomo appeasement ka eSoviet Union ukuba ngayo embusweni Western. Lokhu esiningiliziwe esihlokweni, Anatoly Tikhonovich "tertium datur - wesithathu unikezwa ', wadala 1976 nge L. Bogoras. Abalobi ukugxeka isiqondiso lapho engxenyeni yokuqala ka-70s ukuthuthukisa kwamaZwe. Abaphikisi kungasiko umqondo ka detente njengoba enjalo, kodwa ngokumelene West yoqondayo yaseSoviet yokuthuthela lo mbono.

Ngo-May 1976, Marchenko kwahlanganiswa eMoscow Helsinki Group (eMoscow Helsinki Group), kodwa zangawaphatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo emsebenzini walo, ngokwengxenye ngoba wayengumuntu esekudingisweni, ngokwengxenye ngenxa ukungavumelani esekelwe Final Mthetho yokutholwa emhlanganweni Helsinki.

Ukuqala incwadi entsha

Anatoly Marchenko wadedelwa ngo-1978 (ngesikhathi kokukhipha nokuvalelwa ngaphansi komthetho Soviet likhona eside injengosuku lunye ezintathu). Marchenko esezinzile uVladimir esifundeni (Karabanovo), wasebenza njengendlela kubhayela Stoker. Iqoqo mlando samizdat "Memory" (edition yesithathu, 1978) kwakukhona iqoqo izinto anikezelwe iminyaka lelishumi ukukhululwa "ubufakazi bami." Ngaphezu kwalokho, isahluko 2 sencwadi ethi entsha Marchenko wafakwa ke, "Phila iyonke." Lo msebenzi lichaza umlando kokudalwa 'ubufakazi bami. "

"Live njengawo wonke umuntu" futhi izihloko zezombusazwe-lesibonwa

Ekuqaleni 1981 Marchenko Anatoly waqhubeka esebenza e-ncwadi, "Phila iyonke." Kwakudingeka alungiselele kushicilelwa ke, esehlanganise isikhathi kusuka 1966 kuya 1969. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Anatoliy Tihonovich idale ezihlokweni eziningi focus zezombusazwe kanye lesibonwa. Omunye wabo enikelwe usongo Soviet ukungenela ezempi ezindabeni Poland emva kwempi ye "ISolidarity".

ukuboshwa Kugcine Marchenko

Ngokokuqala yesithupha Marchenko Anatoly waboshwa Mashi 17, 1981. Lokhu ukuboshwa Wagcina ngaye. Lesi sikhathi, iziphathimandla azizange ufuna bhila a "angahlangene nezombangazwe" zingenakubekwa cala. Anatoliy Tihonovich wasolwa yokususa uthuthuva inkulumo-ze emelene eSoviet Union. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuboshwa, Marchenko uthe ukholelwa-KGB futhi CPSU zezigebengu futhi ngeke iqhaza uphenyo. Ekuqaleni kuka-September 1981 eNkantolo yesiFunda uVladimir yamgweba iminyaka engu-10 emakamu, kanye okwalandela inkomba esiyiminyaka engu-5.

Andrei Sakharov, esihlokweni sakhe esithi "Gcina Anatoly Marchenko," esibizwa ngokuthi i umusho "ubudlova ngamabomu" ibhuku mayelana Gulag (Marchenko ngaye kwabokuqala) kanye 'ukuziphindiselela undisguised "ngokwethembeka kwakhe, amandla kanye ukuzimela waqina futhi ingqondo.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Umlobi Marchenko Anatoliy Tihonovich egweba emakamu zezombusazwe lasePerm. Ukuphatha njalo owabeka ukuba ukuhlukunyezwa. Marchenko ukuthi bancishwa ukuxhumana kanye nokuvakasha, ngokuba icala kancane wafaka yeseli isijeziso. Kunzima kakhulu ukuba beze kweminyaka omlobi Anatoly Marchenko. umbhali wencwadi ethi, yebo, zivinjelwe. Ngo-December 1984, onogada ngesihluku beat Anatoly Tikhonovich. Ngo-October 1985, i-"ukwephula esihleliwe" Marchenko wayiswa ezibophayo kakhulu izimo Chistopol ejele. Lapha walinda ngabodwa sekuyaphela. Ezimweni ezinjalo, indlala kwasala kuphela kungenzeka ukumelana naye. Owokugcina kubo, isikhathi eside (izinsuku 117 ubude), Marchenko waqala Agasti 4, 1986. Anatoly Tikhonovich imfuneko yayizophela ukuhlukunyezwa iziboshwa zezombusazwe eSoviet Union, ukukhululwa kwabo. Marchenko imise isiteleka indlala Novemba 28, 1986. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kwalokho, yahlatshwa wagula. Wathunywa ngo-December 8 esibhedlela sendawo Anatoly Marchenko. Umlando wakhe uphela ngalolo suku, kusihlwa. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho umbhali wafa. Ngokusho version olusemthethweni, ukufa kwenzeke ngenxa esingamahlalakhona cardio-pulmonary.

Winning AT Marchenko

Marchenko iwine, kodwa akakwazanga ukuthola ngayo. ikamu zezombusazwe ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kwakhe sekususiwe. Kwaba yinto ngenakugwemeka hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi esiphuthumayo, njengoba uDaniyeli wakhuluma. Disemba 11, 1986 Anatoliy Tihonovich wangcwatshwa emathuneni Chistopol. Emva kwezinsuku 5 (ngemva A. Sakharov, academician abadingisiwe, uMikhail Gorbachev ngokuthi) kwaqala inkathi entsha emlandweni wezwe lethu. Ngeshwa, ukuphila awazange alinde Anatoly Marchenko imiklomelo. Ngo-1988, yena waba kwakhe yaklonyeliswa Prize. Sakharov.

Imisebenzi yakhe waqala ukunyatheliswa ezweni lakubo kusukela ngonyaka ka 1989. Anatoly Marchenko, owafunda incwadi ethi, futhi kuze kube namuhla konke ukuphila kwami belwa nabulungisa. Kuyinto intela lo muntu omkhulu.