Umlando iwayini: umsuka isiphuzo lasendulo

Mhlawumbe akukho esinye isiphuzo emlandweni wesintu akuzange kumenze mpikiswano kangaka futhi impikiswano. Ezindaweni eziningi nabantu namanje onilwelayo ubuqhawe futhi bathi yasungulwa ukusetshenziswa isibilile juice izithelo zomvini, futhi labo abathi isihloko, cabangela: kuphela, isibonelo, ungaveza isiphuzo yangempela yonke imithetho! Umlando iwayini ezingaphezu kweyodwa yeminyaka. Ososayensi, abavubukuli oenologists (abacwaningi abacwaninga iwayini), by the way, namanje abakwazi ukunikeza impendulo esiqondile yombuzo bendabuko: "Ngubani, lapho, lapho" Kodwa, ngokusho idatha yamuva, iminyaka engu-10 000 edlule abantu kakade wayazi ukuthi yini amagilebhisi kwamasiko (noma Vitis Vinifera). Futhi ngalezo zinsuku ubumnandi ukudla amajikijolo nokuphuza ijusi kuyo. Phakathi kumbiwa, ososayensi baye ekhishwe shards ubumba amphorae mhlawumbe nge izinsalela iwayini, futhi documentary umlando wokuqala iwayini - imidwebo nemibhalo, ubufakazi isiphuzo - kuhlehlela emuva 4th yeminyaka BC.

Yiqiniso, kunzima ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi, lapho abantu baqala bakamalalahlengezela kudla isibilile juice. Asho ukuthini igama elithi "iwayini"? Lena - isiphuzo nge ongaphakeme / iphesenti isilinganiso utshwala owenza ukuvutshelwa oludakayo lamagilebhisi (kumele, juice), noma uginindela. Ngokusho umlando wesimanje, viticulture kanye Distilleries utshalwe ngisho ezikhathini zasendulo impela, ekuqaleni isintu. Ngokwesibonelo, eSiriya eCaucasus, eMesophothamiya nabaseGibithe umbuso umvini wabonakala iminyaka 7000 edlule. Yabe seyaziwa kakade bese ukuhlunga ukupheka izindlela ezahlukene. A isiqinisekiso kunamaqiniso imivubukulo: baseGibhithe lasendulo bas-imifanekiso, i-cuneiform, ezitsheni yaseMesophothamiya, kanye namanye imithombo. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi abantu babazi ukuthi ukupheka, baphuze iwayini.

prehistory waseGibhithe

IGibhithe laba kwelinye lamazwe lokuqala yaseMediterranean, lapho abantu baqala ukuhlakulela amagilebhisi. Lapha iwayini akhiqizwa izinto eziningi ezincane bese esetshenziswa isiphuzo saphezulu ikakhulukazi ezenkolo, emikhosini nemikhosi. Qaphela ukuthi iwayini uye wavunyelwa kuphela inani elilinganiselwe kwezikhulu nabapristi.

amaGreki asendulo

Cishe eminyakeni engu-3000 edlule, eGreece, iwayini isiko yayisivele aqine. Umlando of Wine waqala lapha eKrethe naseKhupro, Samos futhi saseLesbos - Phuza lemikhakha kwaba usizo kakhulu. AmaGreki ayengewona ku isimo sezulu ezifanele, futhi ngenxa yalokho imivini isiGreki definition angabhekwa phakathi best ukuze sifeze iwayini. Umlando kakade ngesikhathi kushiwo nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100 we ayiphuze 150 izinhlobonhlobo imivini.

Izici Ezihilelekile Kule ke ukukhiqizwa

Ngenjongo ukuvutshelwa iwayini (abasha) ewela ngaphakathi kahle ivulekile emiphongolweni iziqukathi, okuye fumigated nesibabule (inqubo eyathatha izinyanga eziyisithupha futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingaphezu). iwayini elimnandi etholwe nokucindezela ukuvutshelwa, isitoreji kamuva abandayo. Iwayini ngokuvamile waphikelela phezu omisiwe. Lezi iziphuzo bazulazula kancane kakhulu, ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu kuphela kamuva, umdlalo iwayini ezichithekile phezu amphora, banikezwa amalebula: Lithi endaweni ukukhiqizwa, ngesikhathi sokuvuna, khona izithasiselo, umbala. Iningi silangazelela ke zikhula izinhlobo ezingcono kakhulu iwayini. Cellar for ukuvutshelwa lase futhi ifakwe ngokufanele.

Dionysus nendima yakhe

Ngokusho zamaGreki, ubuciko idatha possessed Dionysus, unkulunkulu, okuyinto yayibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi inkosi ibhizinisi iwayini. Esikhathini izinganekwane of the omunye igama likaNkulunkulu lasendulo yayingesinye Bacchus (kule nguqulo Latin - Bacchus), futhi udumo ejabule kakhulu. ERoma lasendulo, wayeyoba ukulawula ukuphuza ijusi isibilile. Bacchus (Bacchus) orgy ezizinikele (imikhosi ezikhethekile). A komsebenzi kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni kudlalwa toastmaster futhi inceku.

legend Greek

Selokhu ezikhathini zasendulo lwesintu ezijulile wahlanganyela viticulture. Ngokusho kwenye legend ngesiGreki, umvini wathola Estafilos umalusi. Kuthiwa waqala wokuthola imvu elahlekile. Ngemva kwalokho, wakwazi ukubona ukuthi edla amahlamvu yamagilebhisi. Estafilos wanquma ukuqoqa imivini ambalwa elingaziwa ngesikhathi isithelo, ukuletha oinos amajikijolo, inkosi yayo. Oinos isibambo ijusi kusukela emagilebhisini. Futhi ngiqaphela ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi siphuzo baba elimnandi nokuningi: Kwatholakala ukuthi iwayini. Umlando yokukhiqiza ngokuvamile, kufanele kuphawulwe, wehlukile kakhulu.

izithako engeziwe

Ngokusho ubuchwepheshe ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo wanezela nalokhu: usawoti nomlotha, Gypsum, ngobumba olumhlophe, uwoyela kanye pine nuts omnqumo, alimondi nechobozekile imbewu fennel, Mint Thyme, usinamoni noju. Izithako eyayisetshenziswa version lasendulo ngesiGreki, manje evelile: nanamuhla elisaqhubeka ukuzisebenzisa ukukhiqiza iwayini. Ikhwalithi ngezinye izikhathi zakhe zincike nabo ngqo.

Iwayini eGrisi lasendulo, ngokusho izifundo, has wokuqukethwe lelisetulu alcohols, lokucuketfwe ushukela, akhiphe okuqukethwe. Ngokwesibonelo, lesi siphuzo ikhiqizwa amagilebhisi, kodwa izithasiselo abilisiwe imivini juice noma uju etholwe obukhulu kakhulu. Iwayini ngamanzi zizalela umkhuba kuphakama hhayi kuphela kusukela isifiso ukunciphisa imiphumela yayo oludakayo, kodwa futhi ngenxa emakamu kakhulu lesi siphuzo njengoba iwayini, omlando wakhe iphindela endulo.

Skorusa emiphongolweni namasiko

Lawa kwakungamadodana zewayini edume kunayo bezikhathi zasendulo. Lapha libhalwa ezingaphezu kuka-300 eziyinkulungwane amphorae, eyayibonakala aziwa ke kuzo izinga iwayini, futhi kwakunabamemezeli abangaba ngu-200. AmaGreki asendulo, njengo abaseRoma, baye njalo ayethanda iwayini amnyama abomvu. Kufundza ngababili ngokuvamile kabili ngosuku (okungenani) sekudla kwakusihlwa, njengesidlo sasekuseni. IziPhuzo isiphuzo ephelezelwa amasiko. Ekuqaleni, bonke baphuza iwayini ngaphandle diluting kubo, e ahloniphe unkulunkulu Dionysus, futhi ngemva kokuchitha amaconsi ambalwa emhlabathini, njengophawu yokwahlukaniselwa baphuze unkulunkulu othandekayo. Khona-ke wasuthisa asemigodini - esitsheni ingenkulu kakhulu, kokuba izibambo ezimbili. Lokhu Ware iwayini elixutshwe namanzi abandayo emthonjeni (ngezabelo ahlukahlukene). Ukuphuza ubephelezelwa ingxoxo, futhi izivakashi walalela umculo izinkondlo, ujabulela ukusebenza abadansi. Ngokusho imithetho ekhona ke udinga ukuba uphuze impilo bonke ababekhona, ubonga onkulunkulu (ngaphandle Dionysus), ukuze abantu bahlale bekhumbula ulahlekile emkhosini. Ngezinye izikhathi futhi sizilungise mncintiswano: ngubani iziphuzo ngaphezulu. Thina waphuza izingilazi zotshwala ezimbalwa ketshezi ebomvu abameleli main wobulili namandla. Futhi abesifazane ngokuvamile akuvamile ungeniswe etafuleni.

umlando waseRoma

Indaba impumelelo iwayini baqhubeka eRoma yasendulo. The main zokukhiqiza futhi kulinywe amasu umvini ukuze bathole isiphuzo yanqotshwa amaRoma, yebo, lathathwa amaGreki. Ngalezo zinsuku ngaphezulu anda ngisho nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ngobuningi, futhi inkathi imperial isivele zonke izifundazwe of umbuso iwayini okwandile. Phakathi nale nkathi, iwayini eyigugu saseChios (kusukela esiqhingini saseChios E-Aegean Sea) kanye Falernian evela e-Italiya (Falerno).

izingcweti Roman iye yathuthuka kakhulu ukuhamba komsebenzi Distilleries, imishini sifakwe emanzini / ukuvutshelwa iwayini kwelanga lakhiwe, uyephuza eminingi yesivalo amphora imbiza. Ngokwesibonelo, emibhalweni Horace kukhona ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama isiphuzo eneminyaka engu-60 ubudala, ngo-uPliny Omdala akhuluma ngawo iwayini 2 eminyaka yokuchayeka. Kulula ukukholwa, ngoba kokubili iwayini lamanje eqinile (Sherry, Sauternes) lapho zihlatshwa iminyaka engu-100 angathuthukisa kuphela. Izakhamuzi zaseRoma zaziphinde waphuza iwayini enongiwe futhi abayisebenzisa ekuphekeni.

iwayini sidilizwa nokuthengiswa

ESontweni lamaRoma inkathi ukuhweba isiphuzo oludakayo kwakuyilungelo Italy. Kwaze kwaba nje isampuli ayikuvumeli benezincwadi unlimited iwayini umvini. ukuthekelisa Italian singene wonke amagumbi wonke, zize zifinyelele nakubazalwane, isibonelo, India, eScandinavia, ezindaweni Slavic. AmaCeltic, ngasendleleni, awudayise yisigqila eyodwa amphora quality iwayini kuleyo minyaka. Futhi ngaphezu Kuhlolwe incekukazi abalimi abakwazi ukukhiqiza oludakayo, futhi wacaphuna izinceku ngcono kakhulu ezinye ubuchwepheshe.

Iwayini (iwayini ukwenza, njengoba sekushiwo, safinyelela ngesikhathi ngezabelo abalulekile) baqothulwa ngaleso sikhathi e ngempela semali lengenako. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokusho idatha zomlando, nceku ngamunye wathola nsuku zonke okungenani 600 namamililitha isiphuzo eshibhile futhi kulula (ekhiqizwa kusuka bagasse). Ukuphuza eNkosini ephelezelwa ezicini ezithile, okuyinto zazifana yamaGreki asendulo. Kodwa ukuphuza iwayini eRoma eyayivumela amadoda kuphela Usufike engu-30 ubudala.

Gallium nezinye

izivini Okokuqala ngaphandle kwe-Italy baqala ukuvela eGaul (6-7 BC leminyaka), kodwa, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi, imivini zokuqala itshalwe khona kuphela ukudla. Kodwa maduze nje, eGaul isiphuzo (wekhulu 1st) buthola impela udumo ebanzi: ke aqala ukukhiqiza inqwaba. winemaking Developed hhayi kuphela kusukela Gauls. Bekanye izinhlobo amazwe eseRoma, izifunda eziningi European ufune i futhi amagilebhisi asendle. Ngokwesibonelo, ezigodini iDanube futhi Rhine, le Rhône, nakwezinye izindawo. Ekhulwini lesi-5 ubuqili ukukhiqizwa, ngandlela-thile, wafunda ezindaweni eziningi Wik futhi eYurophu Ephakathi.

ukukhuluma Cishe, indawo esemngceleni we iwayini futhi ukukhiqiza iwayini - ngezinga 49th of enyakatho-latitude umugqa, evamile eyenziwa kusukela umlomo Loire (France) kuya eNyakatho eCaucasus and ezindaweni eCrimea yesimanje. Zonke izifunda eziningi kakhulu iwayini-likhula, okuyinto zitholakala ngasenyakatho, engezwa kule imizamo endaweni eminyaka ubudala kusetshenzwa ngenkuthalo ku ukukhethwa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea namanje Antica bamakoloni waseGreece kutshalwa umvini, kodwa kamuva isiko lalo libhujiswa cishe ngokuphelele by amaSulumane.

umlando Persian

NamaPheresiya Ubuye legend ayo umsuka iwayini. Ngolunye usuku inkosi Jamshid, uhlezi ngaphansi komthunzi etendeni, ukubukela ibandulo labaSebenzi abacibishelayo zabo, abacibisheli, baphazanyiswa isimo eyayembuleka buqamama. Bird kahle esikhulu hit umlomo inyoka sika. Jamshid ngokushesha oda imicibisholo: ukubulala isilwane esihuquzelayo ngokushesha. Omunye isibhamu wakwazi ubungambulala inyoka, kanye ikhanda. Lapho inyoni waphunyuka emlonyeni inyoka, nakuba wandizela umbusi wasePheresiya kwachitheka imbewu ngoqhwaku. Wabo futhi uthole nezihlahla branched ukuthi ahlinzeke eziningi izithelo izithelo. Jamshid ngempela bathandile ijusi kusukela lezi amajikijolo, kodwa lapho nje waletha kancane juice oludakisayo eqala sicasuka bese Wathenga utshwala ukufihla. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, futhi omunye isancinza enhle yenkosi baqala ukuhlupheka sezinhlungwini ezinzima ikhanda, kodwa lezo bafisa nokufa. Yathola esitsheni sichithwe juice isibilile waphuza yonke indlela kuze kufike phansi. Ngokushesha nceku yawa angenandaba, kodwa wangafa kodwa ilele. A wake up, uba yisigqila futhi, kuhle, enempilo, umoya onamileyo. Kuleli izindaba, ephulukisa Jamshid proznal. Khona-ke, ngabe senginquma ukwenza umemezele lokhu juice omuncu izithelo okumnandi yomuthi.

The Ages amnyama

Ngalezo zikhathi lasendulo, ukusabalala iwayini ukuthi lula izici eziningana: ekuqiniseni isikhundla kobuKristu nangasekuqaleni ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo nge-navigation.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abefundisi hhayi kuphela ukukhuthaza ngokugcwele ukusetshenziswa iwayini ukuze umuntu enze imicikilisho yokushiswa, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, sandla ukukhiqizwa yayo mass nokuphuza. Futhi namhlanje ayazise izinhlobo ngokwesiko akhiqizwa zezindela.

Futhi sibonga ukuthuthukiswa lamazwe zasolwandle, lapho iwayini ikhiqizwa, akwazi ukwenza ezifanele ukuhweba izixhumanisi nomakhelwane aseduzane kanye nobunye amazwekazi. Okusatshalalisiwe ngokulandela oyiphutha wokuthi iwayini waya kubantu Chinese-Japanese ku wale mikhumbi, kodwa eqinisweni, lezi iziphuzo ikhona khona ngaphambili, nje kaningi uvinjelwe ababusi.

Mayelana ukuthuthukiswa ukuthekelisa e-UK steel funa sherry ne Madeira - British waqala ukuphuza iwayini, njengamanzi. NgeNkathi Ephakathi akekho wezwa itiye, bakhonza ngesikhathi ekudleni ngakunye iwayini. Izwe liye unqotshwe kuzo kakade.

Indima ubuKristu

Ngo ukuthuthukiswa iwayini ukwenza iye yaba nendima enkulu ku ukwamukelwa ibandla lika Krestu AseYurophu, wakhuthaza ukukhiqizwa iwayini. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, viticulture besekele ngabaningi oda zenkolo. Usuku zonke indela bekumele baphuze 300 grams, kodwa futhi nge ukwanda kwaleli lungiselelo akekho wajeziswa. Okokuqala asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni imiphongolo ngokhuni, eyayibonakala kusungulwe Gauls. Futhi ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe owaziwa: iwayini is batheleka emgqonyeni, lapho zazigcinwa, futhi kuzo okufanayo futhi zithutha. ubuchwepheshe European kusukela waqala sikhathi babe eduze nemvelo zesimanje zokukhiqiza.

Umlando iwayini eRussia

Ngokusho kwamaphepha olusemthethweni, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi imboni yewayini eRussia kwahlelwa 1613-m. Khona-ke Astrakhan ngezizathu sezindela abatshalwé izithombo kuqala emvinini, baletha ngabathengisi. Amagilebhisi uyasinda kahle. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ne-oda Tsar Mikhail Romanov wabeka "nengadi inkosi sika."

Phela, in the amamitha 1640 e-Astrakhan wamenywa abavela kwamanye amazwe ukuze wensimu uJakobe Boatman umndeni. Wafundisa emaphuzwini angekho obala ubuciko winegrowers wendawo ukuhlakulela bunch futhi inqubo ngcono isimiso sokunisela ngenkasa esikhundleni Chigiri esetshenziswa ukunisela ngu windmills. Unyaka nonyaka, inqubo ukukhiqizwa ngcono, futhi kakade 1657-m ezivela e-Astrakhan, batch lokuqala imikhiqizo iwayini wathunyelwa etafuleni lenkosi.

By the way, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwezinye izindawo eRussia Distilleries uvele emakhulwini amaningi (Dagestan indawo, endaweni esezansi emfuleni Don), eRussia ngokuvamile babe sebebona kukuhle Mead, ubhiya Mash. Industrial ukukhiqizwa isiphuzo kuphela waqala ngaphansi uPeter Omkhulu - Tsar ihlonishwe ubuchwepheshe angaphandle, ukubethula ezweni lonke. Futhi ngifuna ukuba isiphuzo ezifana iwayini, umenzi kwadingeka yayo.

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, kwekulu winegrowing amapulazi zadalwa phezu Insimu RSFSR. Futhi ngo-1928, kwathiwa kusungulwe brand ethandwa "champagne namaSoviet", eyakhululwa emihlanganweni izitshalo Abrau-Durso (ngo-1936 - yonkana eSoviet Union).

Umlando champagne

Kwakukhona izigameko ukuthi lwaqala ngemva twist. Ukuze ufunde umlando iwayini, ezifana Champagne iwayini ezahlukene - ukukhanya okukhulu - ngokwanele "emuva" phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amathathu nesigamu. Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, buvela France, esifundeni main ukwenziwa iwayini elikhazimulayo isiba Champagne - sifundazwe French. usuku Kasibili tochoy lokuzalwa vesicular iwayini ngokwesiko kubhekwe lo 1668 th, lapho Godino, Abbe-yohlu lwezincwadi laseReims Cathedral, uchaza isonto encwadini "baphuze nge anemibala, awube mhlophe, amagesi alula ocebile." Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka izwe sihlangabezane yangempela boom elikhazimulayo. Champagne eFrance is ekubambeni ku, okuvumela ukuba ngcono ukukhiqiza futhi ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe.

Futhi by the way, kungenzeka ukuthi elikhazimulayo uvele ngengozi. Winokur endulo futhi kwaba izici eyaziwayo ezinye iwayini ukuthi isibilile, entwasahlobo futhi baqale lwalungabola, futhi iziqukathi akhiwa amagesi. Lezi izakhiwo kuthiwa ngokwesiko kubhekwe side effect iwayini, futhi akazange ayeke ke ukubaluleka okukhulu. Kunalokho, ngisho umphumela akuyona kakhulu eliphezulu zabasebenzi Distillers. Kodwa engxenyeni kwekhulu le-17 kwesibili, isimo sashintsha. Iwayini akhiqizwa emizini yezindela isiFulentshi, isibe zithandwa kakhulu. A winemakers abanamakhono futhi bahlakaniphile, njengokuthi "Dom Perignon" futhi "Punch", asungule bese ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe kokukhiqiza ekhanya iwayini.