Umkhakha phesheya e-Europe kanye nezici zayo

Ukuze Europe zihlanganisa amazwe ngaphandle CIS. Insimu yabo ingaphezu 5 million amakhilomitha square futhi cishe ezinhlanu eziyikhulu abantu ekhaya. Ekhuluma Europe angaphandle, sisho sithi amane bazimele ezihlobene hhayi kuphela isiphetho zomlando, kodwa futhi usondelene nalo kakhulu izindikimba kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko.

International Europe ingenye izikhungo main impucuko womuntu. Kuyinto lapho kwazalelwa agglomerates ezisemadolobheni, okwatholwa ezinkulu womhlaba, kanye inguquko enkulu yezimboni. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngenkathi "Eurocentrism" esikhathini esidlule, Europe angaphandle kuthatha indawo, hhayi nje kuphela kwezombusazwe emhlabeni, kodwa futhi umnotho walo.

umnotho

Ukutadisha phesheya e-Europe umkhakha (11 ekilasini - isikhathi lapho isihloko ligxile esikoleni), sicabanga njengethuba esifundeni sonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusho kongoti, izwe esisogwini insimu yalo, lifaka wokuqala emhlabeni ezindaweni yomkhiqizo wezolimo nezezimboni. Ungaphuthelwa isikhundla esifundeni anothile e nokukhishwa nemisebenti kanye netimphahla ku amasheya exchange negolide, kanye nokuthuthukiswa international kwezokuvakasha izibopho.

Amandla ezomnotho eYurophu angaphandle itholakala emazweni obune 'Big Eziyisikhombisa. " Ohlwini kwabo IFrance neJalimane, Italy naseNgilandi. Kuyinto lezi uthi babe ehlukahlukene yasakazwa ezimbonini ezahlukene kanye nemikhakha eminingi eyehlukahlukene. Nokho, ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamazwe amane ehamba phambili sibhekana nezinguquko ezithile. Ngakho, phakathi namashumi eminyaka edlule indima umholi Germany iwine. Lokhu akusona isimanga. Ngemva kwakho konke umnotho wezwe okhula ngamandla kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sitfunti salo "workshop zomhlaba" ilahlekelwe United Kingdom.

Amanye amazwe phesheya e-Europe, ogama umnotho has kubaluleke kakhulu umnotho, kube eSwitzerland neSpain, Belgium, iNetherlands kanye neSweden. Kula mazwe, kuphela izimboni ezimbalwa achazwayo, ezithinta ukuqashelwa international.

Indawo ekhethekile esifundeni elalihlala amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Kuzo, kusukela Eighties sekwephuzile, kuba inguqulelo asebenzayo ezenzeka kusukela ukuhlela emaphakathi kanye nobunikazi yomphakathi we komzila of ubudlelwano emakethe.

ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha

Ngesisekelo emnothweni eYurophu kuyinto umkhakha angaphandle. Kufeza indima ehamba phambili, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi emazweni amaningi share sengonyama kwemnotfo kwezolimo kanye nezinsizakalo. Umkhakha phesheya e-Europe ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka, kuba uhlobo lomuntu.

Izici

ukuthuthukiswa Human kanye nezimo zomlando noma ngenye zaguqulwa phakade eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke. It kushintshiwe futhi model of umkhakha kwezilwandle eYurophu. Ngakho, uma ngaphambi 2nd neMpi Yezwe, esifundeni wayedume imikhiqizo ezibizayo eliyingqayizivele ngemva kokuqedwa ezempi zika ibhizinisi lakhe abangu reoriented ukuze izidingo emakethe mass.

I share main imikhiqizo isayensi-olunzulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, wafika evela e-United States. umkhakha European phesheya isibe odumile yemishini kanye nezimoto, electronics kanye nenqubo imishini. Isifunda waqala ukukhiqiza izimpahla ngoba uquqaba.

A mkhuba efanayo ayikashintshi kuze kube sekupheleni ngeminyaka yoma. Phakathi nale nkathi, umkhakha angaphandle eYurophu emenza uhlobo nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi phakathi amazwe esifundeni. Ngakho, emazweni Mediterranean baqhubeka ukukhulula izimpahla eziningi ezahlukahlukene amakhasimende. Ngalesi sikhathi e-England, eFrance naseJalimane ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa izindiza nemikhumbi. Konke lokhu kuye kwanciphisa igebe US esifundeni.

Cabanga amagatsha eyinhloko umkhakha angaphandle e-Europe, lapho babe isisindo okwamanje.

ubunjiniyela

Uma ucelwa: "Cacisa legatsha oyinhloko webhayisikobho ethile umkhakha angaphandle e-Europe," kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele ububanzi, abasebenzi amaphesenti angaphezu kuka amathathu abantu esifundeni. Kuyinto ubunjiniyela, ukuhlinzeka omunye yasakazwa umkhiqizo amabanga emhlabeni.

Lokhu legatsha oyinhloko webhayisikobho ethile umkhakha angaphandle eYurophu umelwe cishe kuwo wonke amazwe esifundeni. Nokho, unikezwa kwenkululeko ezingeni yentuthuko emazweni ngamanye lihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona iqembu elithile abaholi e-Europe. Kula mazwe, kukhona cishe lonke uhla ezimbonini, umsebenzi okuyinto kwanelisa izidingo zasekhaya esifundeni hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ikuvumela ukuba uthumele imikhiqizo kwamanye amazwe.

Kukhona eYurophu kanye namazwe angaphandle elinento eyodwa noma ezindaweni ezimbalwa athuthukile zokukhiqiza zobunjiniyela. Kulokhu, isidingo ezithile imikhiqizo is ifinyelelwe ngo ukungeniswa.

Abaholi beqembu ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa Germany, Britain futhi ngezinga elincane, lokhu kuhlanganisa eFrance nase-Italy. Isithombe esisodwa noma ngaphezulu izindawo umkhakha ubunjiniyela itholakala eNetherlands and Belgium, neSweden kanye neSwitzerland.

Umkhakha Izimpawu Europe angaphandle angeke sehluleke nomthelela kanye namazwe ezifana Denmark nase-Austria, Finland naseNorway. Kulezi uthi, imishini ibuthakathaka. Nokho, ziyisici izimboni elilodwa noma amabili, okuye baqashelwa emakethe emhlabeni. Ngokwesibonelo, Finland idume uginindela nephepha yayo imishini, Norway - shipbuilding, njll ...

Ngokuvamile ubunjiniyela umkhakha amazwe yeYurophu ukhiqiza cishe amabili nanhlanu ikhiqiza amaphesenti angu bezwe balobu ingxenye. Phakathi kwamazwe esifundeni iza yendwangu, ugesi, imishini kwezobuchwepheshe, ukulinganisa kanye amathuluzi esayensi, amaloli nezimoto, kanye nogandaganda.

Bani khiqiza it?

I izimboni amaningi asethuthukile phesheya e-Europe embonini yezimoto. EJalimane, ezisebenza kukhathazeka ngempumelelo ngokuthi "Daimler", "Volkswagen", "Mercedes" futhi BMW. Isuka EFrance ukuza brand izimoto "Peugeot-Citroen" futhi "Reno." Italy idume "Fiat" zalo.

EJalimane, i-Netherlands kanye UK kuyinto shipbuilding athuthukile. Emhlabeni wonke ezaziwa izinkampani ezifana "Bosch" futhi "Philips", "Moulinex" futhi "Tefal". ukukhiqizwa kokukhululwa eyinhloko amafoni, amakhompuyutha zasendlini zakhelwe eJalimane, baseFrance naseNetherlands. ESwitzerland, eyenziwa eliphezulu amawashi ukukhululwa.

Engineering umkhakha kwezilwandle eYurophu ngokuyinhloko sigxila human resources etholakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa amagatsha eyinhloko umkhakha kunomthelela base yesayensi yale ndawo kanti futhi izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu kwengqalasizinda yayo.

chemical umkhakha

Lesi yisihloko sesibili ngobukhulu umkhakha vanguard esifundeni. Chemical umkhakha kwezilwandle eYurophu, kanye uhla lwamanani, engxenyeni kwekhulu elidlule yesibili lakhula ngokushesha kakhulu. Futhi kwaba ejwayelekile sonke isifunda.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, umkhakha chemical Iyakwazi umthombo omusha izinto zokusetshenziswa. Yena bashintshele uwoyela ushintsho yayo njengoba umthombo oyinhloko amakhemikhali organic. Lokhu kwaba yisisekelo of izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nemikhiqizo ye umkhakha. Njengoba esikhathini ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, le umkhakha igxile lignite namalahle, sodium ne-potassium nosawoti, kanye pyrites, konke ukukhiqizwa salo ezindaweni yentuthuko yabo.

Nge reorientation yalesi mkhakha kwaba shift yayo imithombo kawoyela. Ngakho, engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye esifundeni kwakungamadodana Petrochemical izikhungo ezinkulu, elakhiwa zemifula we Rhine futhi iThames, Elbe futhi Seine kanye Rhône. Kulezi zifunda, imboni ngokuphelele ngokuhlanganiswa yokucwenga.

Reorientation ka umkhakha abathintekayo ezindaweni esempumalanga eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Lapha, emigwaqweni emikhulu kanye negesi amapayipi sezisunguliwe izitshalo Petrochemical futhi zokuwuhluza. Inkampani esemqoka yalolu hlobo kukhona ePoland, Slovakia, eHungary eCzech Republic. Zazakhiwe endleleni ka iphayiphi namafutha ngamazwe, izinto zokusetshenziswa ngaphambilini akhishwa ezazivela eSoviet Union, futhi namuhla - ezivela eRussia.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi 2nd neMpi Yezwe ekutholeni izinga yentuthuko umkhakha kwamakhemikhali yokukala umthamo lalinabashumayeli sulfuric acid it. Okwamanje, leli nani incike inani plastic kukhiqizwa.

Ukusatshalaliswa izitshalo chemical

Kutfutfukiswa ngobukhulu vanguard angaphandle umkhakha eYurophu engalingani. Ngakho, esenziwe Italy naseNgilandi, Germany neFrance ngokugcwele funa yayo yasekhaya imikhiqizo zamakhemikhali, njengoba, ngaphezu, futhi abathuthi ezinkulu. Ngokuphathelene emazweni aseScandinavia, endaweni yayo iyakhiwa kahle ukukhiqizwa ngabanye kuphela, efana ukukhiqizwa nitrogen fertilizer. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inqwaba imikhiqizo chemical amazwe nabo abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Kukhona kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu futhi onguchwepheshe kuphela ibanga emincane izimboni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Switzerland athuthukile yasekhemisi, eNetherlands and Belgium - embonini Petrochemical. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, kula mazwe baxhumene obuseduze eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke ngo-timbiwa ke emaphesentini angu-65 ukukhiqizwa yayo.

Kodwa ngokuvamile emazweni angaphandle Europe umdayisi enkulu imicu yokufakelwa and zokwenziwa, epulasitikini, upende varnishes, imithi, udayi kanye nitrogen fertilizer. Kule ndawo kwemikhiqizo emisha abasafufusa embonini zamakhemikhali, amazwe ase-United States.

Uma udinga incazelo omunye ezimbonini zaphesheya e-Europe, kubalulekile ukuba bahlolisise isimo samanje emkhakheni amakhemikhali esifundeni. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwaba khona ukuthambekela nokuncipha ukungeniswa. Nokho, kulesi simo, hhayi ngaphandle ukubanjwa kweqhaza monopolies American, okuyinto ngenkuthalo ukudala awabo amabhizinisi e-Europe. Umsebenzi wabo kuhloswe ukudalwa imikhiqizo emisha zamakhemikhali.

Amandla

Le phanorama angaphandle kwezomnotho e-Europe, kanye umkhakha zamakhemikhali, igxile igesi yemvelo kanye namafutha. Le nto ikhiqizwa eNorth Sea, futhi amazwe kusuka eRussia kanye namazwe asathuthuka. Okwamanje, kwakukhona ukwehla elibukhali ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusetshenziswa amalahle eJalimane, eNgilandi, Belgium, Netherlands neFrance. Umumo salokhu fuel iyagcinwa kuyilapho ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga yesifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, ePoland nase-Czech Republic, ingxenye enkulu ye impahla eluhlaza for uphethiloli kanye umkhakha weze-energy kuyinto lignite. Lugxile eziningi TPP ngokusebenza lapha. Futhi amalahle esithathwayo hhayi kuphela kwamachibi abo siqu. yokungenisa wayo bese ethula izintuba enkulu yaseYurophu.

I geography kanye nesakhiwo amandla kagesi esifundeni, uthembele emandleni enuzi. Bona asebevele besebenza e-Germany Belgium, Czech Republic futhi Hungary, Bulgaria kanye UK, kanye eFrance.

I nemingenela we Rhône kanti nezitshalo iDanube Hydropower nokuphehla ugesi. Nokho, ngaphandle nje kwemibhoshongo Switzerland, Sweden and Norway amandla kagesi play, ngokuvamile indima esekelayo. Okusanda izindleko PSPs ezakhiwa eYurophu angaphandle.

umkhakha Metallurgical

Imboni ubumbe embonini esifundeni ngisho nangaphambi obhekwe intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Okokuqala, i-iron ne-steel umkhakha athuthukile kulawo mazwe lapho kukhona fuel Metallurgical noma izinto zokusetshenziswa. Phakathi kwala mazwe kubalwa kweJalimane neFrance, eNgilandi naseSpain, Luxembourg neSpain, Czech Republic nePoland. Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe 2nd namafemu ngobukhulu ezakhiwa noma enwetshiwe ezindaweni iseduze nezimbobo. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa orientation ukungenisa Scrap Metal kanye ephezulu ebangeni nsimbi.

Kuze kube manje, lesi sitshalo esimanjemanje kakhulu futhi makhulu kunawo wonke, etholakala eduze port kolwandle, elakhiwa ngo-Italian Taranto. Nokho, muva nje, mini-izitshalo zakhelwe ikakhulukazi esifundeni.

Amagatsha ebaluleke kakhulu angaphandle yokusansimbi non-ayoni eYurophu ingase ihlanganise aluminium futhi umkhakha zethusi. Ukukhiqizwa aluminium zitholakala emazweni izinqolobane of bauxite. Lona-Italy, nase France, Romania, Greece kanye neHungary. ukukhiqizwa okunjalo futhi etholakala e-Austria, eJalimane, eSwitzerland nase-Norway. Azikho izinto zokusetshenziswa yayo, kodwa uveza semali ugesi.

ukukhiqizwa yethusi ithuthukiswe eFrance naseJalimane, Poland, England nase-Belgium.

AmaHlathi kanye Nezimboni Khanyisa

Yimaphi amanye amagatsha umkhakha ziye kabanzi ithuthukiswe esifundeni? Omunye wabo - imboni ihlathi kwezilwandle eYurophu. Okokuqala, iholwa imithombo yayo of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Yingakho le industry ikakhulukazi athuthukiswe kahle eFinland naseSweden. Lawa mazwe - ebaholi bendzabuko e-sawmilling nezemithi, uginindela nephepha nokuthengiswa.

ngokukhethekile kufanele kube umkhakha ukukhanya kwezilwandle eYurophu. Kuyinto kule mboni futhi waqala lonke kwetimboni esifundeni. Ngesikhathi samanje nosuku, umkhakha ukukhanya angaphandle iYurophu salahlekelwa wangaphambili.

Isisindo ebalulekile yesifunda babe ezindaweni yendwangu like Flanders (Belgium), Yorkshire futhi Lancashire (England), Lyon (France) kanye Milan (Italy). Zonke izikhungo zokukhiqiza izingubo nezicathulo uvele ngaphambi kwekhulu le-19, phakathi nazo lezo zinsuku zokuqala inguquko kwezezimboni. Bahlale abakhuthele namuhla. Nokho, muva nje, nokuthambekela kwezinhliziyo ukukhanya umkhakha nokuchema eningizimu yeYurophu. Lokhu kungenxa zigcine ekhona amaholo aphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinkulu basefektri esifundeni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Portugal. Italy nalo likhiqiza eziningi izicathulo, ukuthi ivolumu salo yesibili kuphela China.

Abantu lamazwe eziningi zeYurophu alondoloze amasiko kazwelonke, okuyinto ukuthola isisho ekukhiqizeni zezinsimbi zomculo, ifenisha, ubucwebe kanye izihloko ezenziwe metal namabhodlela, amathoyizi nokunye. D.

Ngokwesibonelo, Belgium waziwa okuzingela ngezibhamu (Brownings) kanye idayimane ukucubungula. Kuyinto akukho ngozi maphakathi nezwe ukuba ahwebe amadayimane itholakala ku Antwerp. Ngo-Liechtenstein, wakha ibhizinisi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ekukhiqizeni namazinyo yokufakelwa. Le mikhiqizo zidayiswa emazweni angaphezu kwayikhulu.

Khanyisa, ihlathi umkhakha kwezilwandle eYurophu, nakuba ayengafiki ukudlala indima yokuhola umkhakha esifundeni, kodwa ziyingxenye ebalulekile emnothweni yayo jikelele.