I ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo izimfunda. Abathengi futhi izingxenye edlelweni simiso semvelo

Ecosystem - umqondo ukuthi ichaza irherho elihle letjhebiswano ngaphakathi phi gwamanda we eziphilayo, ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo oxhumene ( "oikos" (Gr) -. 'Ahlala "futhi" uhlelo ").

Ngakho, lapho sicabangela ubuhlobo phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane eziwuhlupho, amagciwane ayehlala isikhala edlelweni, sithi yonke le - semvelo ka izimfunda.

zemvelo: systematization emaqenjini

Abakwazi ingahlukaniswa kanje:

1. Ground - emathafeni, ehlathini, amahlathi lezihlahla, zotshani, ehlane.

2. Amanzi ahlanzekile - imifula, amachibi, amadamu, amaxhaphozi, amanzi exhaphozini.

3. Marine - Ocean eshalofini, upwelling (ezindaweni umbukiso yamanzi olwandle olujulile), esizalweni somfula (umlomo thutheleka fula ku ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle), izixhobo.

Izimiso Zemvelo kungaba ubukhulu ezilandelayo:

• micro - mncane impela (isib, ixhaphozi hummock);

• Meso - Usayizi medium (lokhu kungaba, isibonelo, edlelweni, noma echibini);

• Macro - esikhulu kakhulu (ocean noma amazwekazi);

• Global - iplanethi.

izingxenye ezihlanganisiwe lwemvelo kanye izici zemvelo

Noma yimuphi ecosystem siqukethe iqoqo izingxenye biotic: le eziphilayo ukuthi abahlala kuwo, futhi abiotic (non-eziphilayo) - mineral, inhlabathi organic, i-nitrogen, carbon, amanzi.

izici zemvelo neqhaza ngokungaqondile ekuthuthukiseni imiphakathi zezinto eziphilayo, isikhala limited kohlelo. Lokhu solar emisebeni, umswakama, izinga lokushisa iphethini umfutho womoya.

Kuyadingeka ukuba niphathe Ukungenela komuntu e izimpilo zemiphakathi abakhe - kuba izici ezenziwe umuntu esingagcini nje ushintshe semvelo, kodwa futhi ukuba alibhubhise.

Meadows: systematization

Meadow ngokuthi endaweni kuvinjelwe, igcwele utshani. ERussia, ezimfundeni kuthiwa ngokwesiko ihlukaniswe okuyigugu (yemvelo zemvelo) kanye yokufakelwa. (Ethathwe ukujikisa, ikakhulukazi esemathinini isikhathi esiqondile).

zezikhotha Native baye ngokwesiko asetshenziselwa haying nokuklaba izinkomo. Zinikeza sokuvuna ocebile ngamakhambi kanye edlelweni ecosystem kwayona isekela isidingo empilo ende buhlobo yokuziphilisa nezidalwa. Disaster zindawo kubhekwe ukuba ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, igcwele underbrush (eduze ihlathi) kanye Lokusakaza ukhula. Grassland Native kuyinto sincipha isibalo sawo.

izimfunda Artificial ezindaweni babhekwa ethathwe kwezitshalo bamasimu noma yavela ngemva ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi. Basuke seeded utshani zisetshenziswa, anikeza isivuno eliphakeme. Sihlale njalo siqaphele isimo umhlabathi, okwenza amaminerali kanye organic umquba kudingeka. Izimfunda ecosystem kulokhu wahluka ngokuphelele zemvelo, enziwe futhi anakekelwa eyayenziwe kuphela.

Yenziwe amadlelo emfuyo asetshenziswa kokubili izimfunda zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa. Ilungelo kubhekwa ukuhlukaniswa izingosi ezinjalo emkhakheni ukusetshenziswa enye, kuvumela ikhava utshani abuyiselwe.

izingxenye biotic nezimfunda-ecosystem

Meadow kungokwalabo naphakathi ngobukhulu imiphakathi izidalwa eziphilayo, ngakho yakhiwa zonke izakhi esivela phi of them.

Izakhamuzi abizwa ngokuthi zezikhotha simiso semvelo izingxenye biotic. Ngokusho ngezigaba yokutholwa, kuba abakhiqizi, abathengi kanye decomposers.

1. ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (основа любого органического вещества). Abakhiqizi - izitshalo ukuthi ukuguqula amandla elanga ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis isomer glucose C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (isizinda iyiphi into organic).

2. Consuments - abathengi umshiya ecosystem, zidla izitshalo, izinambuzane noma ezinye izilwane.

3. Decomposers - kukhona eziphilayo adla izinto ezifile.

abakhiqizi nezimfunda

Lesi sitshalo esikhulu kule edlelweni - utshani. Kukholakala ukuthi kwesinye imitha square angaba khona ngapha nangapha mayelana izitshalo ezahlukene, anamakhulu mane.

edlelweni Basic utshani - okusanhlamvu (amane zinhlobo). It uThimothewu, fescue obomvu kanye edlelweni, rye utshani, engadini yezithelo utshani, bluegrass , edlelweni foxtail, edlelweni brome ozimisele esimhlophe. Akha mass oluhlaza, unikeze Turf ezinhle, sikhule kancane entwasahlobo, ekwindla ukhule futhi (banikezwe nemiphumela). Lezi amakhambi - isihlanganisi engezansi ezimfundeni.

Ngakusasa edlelweni ezivamile - okusanhlamvu (kusuka nanhlanu kuya amabili zinhlobo):-clover, uphizi isikhundla. Bona avundisa umhlabathi nge nitrogen. Lona uqimba yesibili.

Utshani izitshalo bomkhaya Umbelliferae, Labiatae, Buttercup, clove - ngokuyisisekelo uqimba lwesithathu.

Utshani - isixhumanisi lokuqala elibalulekile eziwukudla, imiphakathi ezweni. Ayikho ngaphandle futhi zezikhotha ecosystem. Izilwane (izilwane herbivorous), izinambuzane, izinyoni ukudla kokubili imifino kanye imbewu. I utshani zasendle ngaphezulu edlelweni, amakhasimende ezingase zibe ngaphezulu kungaba ziphila kuleli sayithi.

consuments

Abathengi ecosystem izimfunda zihlukaniswe oda ezintathu:

1. Ukuze abathengi (abasebenzisi) ye-oda kuqala abamele nezilwane ngqo ukondla abakhiqizi (abakhiqizi), okusho ukuthi izitshalo. Lokhu izinambuzane (izimvemvane, izinyosi, iminenke), ezincelisayo herbivorous (namagundane, izinkomo, amahhashi, izimvu, izimbuzi, onogwaja), umshiya izinyoni (izigwaca, inyoni, intendele).

2. I-oda yesibili baphathe consuments carnivores, ezidla uhlaza ukudla. It Izimpungushe, onogwaja, inyoni insectivorous (wagtail, corncrake, snipe, Tit, amane) ngisho izicabucabu.

3. ngu oda wesithathu abathengi carnivores, ukudla carnivores. Lokhu izinyoni (kestrel, harrier, uklebe, ikhayithi) nezilwane (isib, izimpungushe).

Abacekeli nezimfunda-ecosystem

Noma yimuphi eziwukudla kufanele ivalwe, ke kubangelwa imijikelezo yokuzalana. Ngakho-ke, kumelwe kube khona izinto eziphilayo uyakwazi okonakele zonke izinsalela organic. еструкторами. Zibizwa ngokuthi decomposers, noma d estruktorami. Zenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu - kuba ubunjalo Odokotela, alivala umjikelezo biogeochemical.

Ukuphi izinsalela? Lokhu phansi efile kuthi laba abangaphansi komhlaba (izimpande) izitshalo, amaqabunga ekwindla bawa, efile (noma yisiphi isifo, noma efa, noma uqedele inqubo khona), izinyoni nezilwane, izinyoni, imfucumfucu, izilwane kanye nabantu. Konke lokhu ndaba amandla-ocebile organic, ibizwa ngokuthi detritus.

I-ecosystem kwezindawo zezikhotha kwenza kube nokwenzeka khona izilwane ezilandelayo adla detritus (detritophages):

• izinyoni - izinkozi, amanqe, iqhude, jackdaws;

• izinambuzane - izintuthwane, izibungu isinambuzane, ukuthuthukisa komhlaba, nomswani mabhungane, centipedes ezimbili pair;

• nemisundu eminingi.

Konke abameleli ngenhla ye izitshalo edlelweni kanengi ngabathengi, hlala niche ahlukene isigaba sabefundisi abathengi. Zidle izinsalela efile, ngaleyo ndlela ekuhlanzeni imvelo, izishiya okuqinile izinsalela undigested (indle).

izimfunda decomposers

Meadow utshani, okuyizinto abakhiqizi, ekukhuleni kwabo kumelwe athathe enhlabathini ziyoncibilika therein namaminerali.

On izwe (kuhlanganise edlelweni) izinto amaminerali ufake inhlabathi ngezindlela ezimbili - biotic futhi abiotic.

1. Emvelweni kuphela isikhunta nomhlabathi nezilwanyana ezincane uyakwazi ukuguqula compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi eziphilayo zibe wezinto elula organic. Bangabaholi decomposers main kweMvelo eliwumhlaba. Le ndlela biotic.

2. ukuphazamiseka Mechanical (nqabela-ncibilika), amakhemikhali futhi ukusabela photochemical ezenzeka ngokwemvelo, is iguqulwe ibe izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi organic atholakale decomposers elula organic wezinto ezingaphili. Lena indlela abiotic ukuba.