Umhubhe ngaphansi Amur eKhabarovsk

Amur River Umhubhe, okuyinto unesithombe kulesi sihloko - eKhabarovsk lempi imfihlo nokwakhiwa civil. izici zayo ahlukile. Umhubhe - kuphela enjalo into kwamanzi ensimini ka-Russia. amandla ukwakhiwa Strategic and engakaze wazama. Futhi Umhubhe isetshenziswa ezikhathini zanamuhla izinjongo zokuthula.

prehistory

Izinhlelo ekwakheni izakhiwo ujantshi ezokuthutha uvele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Umhubhe ukuba zakhelwe ngaphansi Cupid. Ngo-1906, izilinganiso kanye izifundo sezenziwe. Ngokusekelwe kulezi izifundo kwakukhona abanye Umhubhe amaphrojekthi kwamanzi, futhi ibhuloho loMfula.

Projection umdwebo esethulwa emihlanganweni embukisweni lase-Amur mumbe eKhabarovsk Territory. Lo mcimbi sanikezelwa usuku weminyaka le Romanovs - the tercentenary. On umdwebo kwelivi ukuboniswa indlela isitimela bophezela kwamanzi. Kodwa ukwakhiwa yephrojekthi kwenzakala kukhethwe ibhuloho ngaphesheya koMfula Amur njengoba efaneleke kakhulu.

ngononina izindawo

Ngo-1930. eliseMpumalanga Ekude waqala ukwakhiwa ezinkulu. Lokhu kwaholela ekwandeni ukugeleza wezimpahla TRANSSIB. Sesitimela, elakhiwa ngo-19-20 eminyaka., Adingekayo isandiso. Futhi ngo-Ephreli 1920 ibhuloho nezipani abangu yasha ngu abashokobezi ngoba abaphuca indlela Japanese. Trans-Siberian sesitimela eliphuliwe iminyaka emihlanu. IMpumalanga Ekude nginqume eSiberia neRussia. A kujantshi sidlula Manchuria.

Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe emhubheni ongaphansi kwesikhumulo River Amur ngokuthi ibhuloho kwaba sengozini kakhulu ngenxa usongo lwebutho Japan. Ikusasa ukwakhiwa kwamanzi ngokushesha waba kuhlukaniswe futhi wathola Cha 4 Yabantu Commissariat. Ngakho-ke, ngale ndaba Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa.

Ukulungiselela ukwakhiwa

Ngaphambi ukwakhiwa Umhubhe undersea mumbe eKhabarovsk kwesokunxele spetsekspeditsiya kusukela "Soyuztransproekta". Uhlu abacwaningi kuhlanganisiwe ochwepheshe "Metroproekta" kanye Military Academy iqanjwe Kuibyshev. ukwakhiwa nsimu inethiwekhi lokuqala amaphuzu geodetic. Le brand metal e monoliths ukhonkolo.

Imisebenzi eyenziwa brigades ezimele ezintathu. Uma omunye wabo kwakukhona ngeziphambeko kusukela plan, ulungisa zenziwa, bonke abahloli ezintathu iphelile. Khona-ke ochwepheshe ezilandelayo - abahloli, ukusebenza phezu. Futhi kwamanzi Umhubhe-eksisi babekwa, kuboshelwe brand.

Zonke umsebenzi kwenziwa ngokushesha - e kwezinyanga ezinhlanu nje kuphela. Phakathi ukwamukelwa komgwaqo wahlola 9 ezahlukeneyo. Ukwenza umklamo kanye academician Vedeneev Institute "Metroproekt". Ekugcineni evunyiwe version, ikhumbula izivikelo anti-aircraft. Ukwakhiwa Kwadingeka ukuba kwakhiwe isigamu sekhilomitha kusuka kwebhuloho. Sesitimela emhubheni ongaphansi kwesikhumulo Amur ekugcineni evunyiwe mumbe eKhabarovsk Mashi 1938

Qala ukwakha isikhungo imfihlo

Ngokwe yesinqumo sikahulumeni, ekwakheni izakhiwo imfihlo waqala ngo-1937, kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi "inombolo into 4". Nakuba ngokuvamile bomsebenzi baqala ngaphandle isabelomali jikelele nokuthuthukiswa TEHPROEKT. Futhi ukwakhiwa umhubhe kwaba okufanayo. project zobuchwepheshe ukulinganisa jikelele bathunyelwa isayithi kamuva - ngo-May 1939 ukuze kwakhiwe i Umhubhe undersea bekumelwe wachitha ruble ayizigidi ezingu 294.5. Ukwakhiwa Kwakuhlelwe owayezobekwa ekupheleni kuka-1939

Ubani eyingoduso ukwakhiwa?

Ngo-1937 waqala mhubhe. Kwaba izinkampani zokwakha ezahlukene eziyishumi nanhlanu. Bakhandwa emsebenzini nobunjiniyela lempi amayunithi. Amur River Umhubhe Yakhiwa ngaphansi kobuholi Wabantu Commissar ka Railways of eSoviet Union L. M. Kaganovicha. Lubhekele inombolo into 4 waqokwa NA Ermolaev. Waba futhi kubona kukhona nonjiniyela omkhulu. Yermolaev abaqondiswa wonke umsebenzi wokwakha kuze ekupheleni kwako.

Ukufakwa phansi izakhiwo kanye umsebenzi ehilelekile imfucumfucu amabutho ujantshi. Eyokwakha emhubheni ngale ndaba abangu abasisiwe Metrostroi abasebenzi 900 main iphrofayela umsebenzi. Ochwepheshe Chief waqokwa I. D. Gotsiridze. Yasiza ukwakha Umhubhe izakhamizi zomphakathi kunokuba aye empini. Ongaphumelela kwi-career ye-kwezisebenzi zasejele. Sekukonke, nengxenye ekudalweni emhubheni abantu 5.500 ngonyaka.

Iziqu kanye gasket-eksisi eyinhloko

Ngaphambi saqala ukwakha emhubheni wesitimela ngaphansi Amur emfuleni, kuqala imiphini ezine avulwa. Phansi emhlabathini ekhiqizwa amabhodi - ezingeni design. ucingo ngamunye e amaqembu focus ezintathu wezokwakha. Benza abami eksisi eyinhloko izakhiwo kwamanzi, ukugxila iphuzu design.

Izici kokwakhiwa Ukungena

Penetration sasisibi required ngokunemba high. Umhubhe ehamba ngaphansi kolwandle akuyona ezilandelanayo kusukela ebhange ebhange, emgceni locondzile kanye ijika, eyinkimbinkimbi ngisho thwi. Axis alikwazi kungekho efanayo amasentimitha angaphezu kwayisihlanu. ukuphambuka Greater kusukela kuyinsakavukela akuvunyelwe. Futhi sibonga umsebenzi bushelelezi futhi olunembile ochwepheshe, i Umhubhe kwamanzi ngaphansi Amur kwadingeka amamilimitha angu sboyka akukho kuka nanhlanu.

ukwakhiwa mhubhe kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga iqiniso lokuthi kwezinye izindawo lo mhubhe kabi enezikhukhula. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, ngesilinganiso ukunwebeka kwemisila izimbobo ilingana cishe ezinhlanu amamitha nsuku zonke. Kulabo izikhathi, lezi zilinganiso bebelokhu engakaze yenziwe emhlabeni wonke. Kulesi yokwemba senziwa izihlangu non-ngomshini. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa ngaphandle lenziwe cishe abayizigidi ezingu-1.5 amamitha angama-cubic kilometer kwenhlabathi akhishwa ayizinkulungwane 137,6 cubic metres ngokhonkolo.

Ukushintsha isikhathi ukwakhiwa

Ngo-June 1941, kwaba nomhlangano umhubhe yaqedwa. Ngalezo zinsuku ngaphambi kokuphothulwa imisebenzi adingekayo okungenani elinye eziyisithupha izinyanga. Kodwa on the subject wathola incwadi yocingo evela State Defense IKomiti esisayinwe uStalin. Engakufunda umyalo ukuvumela isitimela singena emhubheni kwamanzi esikhathini esifishane. Imisebenzi ziye yashesha kwaze kwaba sekugcineni. Ekugcineni yezinsiza adiliza, kanye yesikhashana somgwaqo. I isikebhe sizinze ukusebenza otsypali 8,000 cubic metres yemfucumfucu. Futhi indlela eyinhloko yalungiswa. I emhubheni ongaphansi kwesikhumulo Amur mumbe eKhabarovsk wayekulungele ukuya.

Kuvulwa Umhubhe isebenze

Stalin isikhathi waphawulwa ngokukhethekile, emva ukwakhiwa okwakumelwe angene operation - 20/06/1941, abakhi kwadingeka ukuba kanje ngomlomo Umhubhe kwamanzi, usuku waya Ingxenye yokuqala, lapho kwakukhona izisebenzi kanye nabaqashi. Izincwajana zemininingwane umshayeli wagijima V Vozheyko.

25/04/1942 IKhomishane Uhulumeni ukuthatha Umhubhe ukusebenza njalo. Kulokhu, abahloli uhlolwa isakhiwo esihle, futhi umsebenzi abahloli - esihle. Ubude emhubheni ongaphansi kwesikhumulo Amur kwaba 7198 amamitha. Ukuze operation evamile, it kwaba ifakwe Ukushisa, ukupholisa ukukhanyisa izinhlelo. setha Kusobala amanzi afakwe isithiyo nokumemezela alamu.

Uhlangothi lwasempumalanga kobuso bakhe, kukhona ezintathu lapho kwenziwa ngendlela evulekile endaweni 1350 m ubude. Ububanzi engaphakathi ingxenye kwamanzi umhubhe kuyinto 7400 mm. Engxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli isakhiwo itholakala ngaphakathi eKhabarovsk West - eduze esiteshini post-Pokrovskiy.

Ngesikhathi lo mhubhe wakhiwa ezingeni ubuchwepheshe lempi eziphambili kakhulu. Ukwakhiwa kwaba nesilinganiso esikhulu ukuphepha. It has 7 air conditioning eshisayo. Omunye itholakala esiqhingini, kanti bonke abanye - ku kokubili loMfula Amur. Ngakho-ke, lo mhubhe wahlala iminyaka leminyenti. Futhi operation kuze kube manje.

Ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili wonke amasango futhi Tindlelanchubo emhubheni kwamanzi kuqashwe ngokucophelela. Kuze kube yimanje sezisunguliwe, ngaphezu angabanjwa, anti-izindiza amabhethri. Omunye wabo kwakungu-loMfula i-Amapayipi Mad. kamuva Fighter Lelikov ibhethri zamtshela ukuthi esikhundleni sakhe umlayezo mayelana indiza engaziwa, okwakubekelwa uphokophele ekufezeni kwebhuloho. Bahlabe umkhosi, anti-aircraft ibhethri ngokushesha icala izinhlamvu zangempela.

Ngemva kwesikhashana indiza saqala ukubonakala. Mhlawumbe ayekufuna zokungena kuya emhubheni ongaphansi kwesikhumulo Amur. izindiza Okokuqala zalandelwa izingqapheli. Kodwa umshini emoyeni ngaphambi kokuba ifike etholakalayo umlilo "flak" umngcele aphambukela Manchukuo. Combat isikhali babewaxoshile. Ngakho-ke, anti-aircraft izibhamu we-ke namanje omunye Salvo senziwa.

Subsea Umhubhe phakathi neminyaka yempi

Kusukela ngo-1944 kuya ku-1945, ikakhulukazi zithutha ngokusebenzisa wezimpahla Umhubhe emiselwe ilwa neJapane. Khona-ke lo jantshi kwamanzi yaguqulwa ngoba ukudlula amayunithi empi nabo bonke izinhlobo zokuthutha. Lapho impi isiphelile, umhubhe liyalondolozwa njengoba luhlobo imfihlo. Sesitimela emhubheni ongaphansi kwesikhumulo Amur owayemqaphile ngamasotsha nezinja.

Ukusetshenziswa Umhubhe ngemva kwempi

Kusukela ngo-1960, u-ujantshi elasetshenziselwa ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ezihlukahlukene, ukuze umthamo Amur ibhuloho. Kusukela Umhubhe has indlela eyodwa kuphela, ukunyakaza wayalwa esiqondisweni eyodwa kuphela - entshonalanga. Ngo-1980 yaqedwa kukagesi kujantshi we-Far Eastern eKhabarovsk-Bireh. Ngemva kwalokho, steel nomgibeli izitimela ukuhamba singena emhubheni e Umq. H. Futhi suburban.

Umhubhe ezikhathini zanamuhla

Ezikhathini zanamuhla zinomsebenzi kwaloliwe emhubheni ongaphansi kwesikhumulo Amur abadinga ukulungiswa ezinkulu. Sekuyisikhathi lo msebenzi wokwakha zasetshenziswa kakhulu iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Umhubhe kuyinto into ehlukile ufuna ukulondoloza. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa isakhiwo kwaba nojantshi elide kakhulu kwamanzi emhlabeni wonke.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi emhubheni ukulungiswa ezinkulu kudingeka, into uhlala njengoba ephephile futhi enokwethenjelwa njengakuqala. Sesitimela womgwaqo wenziwa kahle. Futhi ukukhubazeka encane ingangqubuzani ubuqotho Umhubhe. Ngo-2009, ukuvuselelwa Amur ibhuloho owawuse. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, anakho ngezindlela ezimbili.

Amur River Umhubhe a operation eside isikhathi waqala ugoqe. Ezindaweni eziningi, kuqhume encane. Umphini okwami waqala ukubola. Esikhathini Umhubhe eliluqoqayo izicucu zezinsimbi zanda futhi isikebhe sizinze. Budinga ekushintsheni izindawo ngosayizi. Futhi manje abakhi izinhlelo - yokulungisa Umhubhe kwamanzi esiyingqayizivele. Ngakho-ke, amaphrojekthi wokwakha kabusha kakade kuyalungiswa. I ukuvuselela grand kuyokwenzeka ngokushesha, okuzokwenza alungise leso simo.