Umbuso wengcindezelo: umqondo, izinhlobo. nemibuso yezombangazwe bobushiqela kanye kobushiqela

Imibuso wengcindezelo awela kobushiqela wobushiqela. Zimelela isimo esekelwe kokubusa umashiqela noma isinqumo i elite angawodwa. Emazweni ezinjalo, abantu abavamile abakwazi bakucindezele neziphathimandla. Nge imibuso non-yeningi elihlobene ne nezimpi eziningi, nobuphekula nezinye ezethusayo despotism.

Izici kobushiqela

Noma yimuphi umbuso non-yeningi phuca abantu umthombo isimo amandla. Ezweni nge isimiso esinjalo ukulawula izakhamuzi esikhathini esiningi abakwazi ezindabeni zombuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu ezakho elite, beswela amanye amalungelo nenkululeko. Imibuso Non-yeningi zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili - wobushiqela kanye bangomashiqela. Nor is yiliphi elinye icala, de empeleni waba intando yeningi alikho. Zonke umthombo zokuphatha namandla bagxila ezandleni iqembu elithile labantu, futhi kwezinye izimo ngokuphelele oyedwa.

Isisekelo eyinhloko lapho oba le wobushiqela non-yeningi umbuso - sibalo umholi, ngokuvamile kuletha iqembu elinamandla (iqembu, ibutho lezempi, njll ...). Amandla esimweni ubanjelwa kuze kube muva nje ngenxa nganoma iyiphi indlela. Maqondana ukusetshenziswa umphakathi ezihlanganisa ubudlova. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uhulumeni wobushiqela uzama ukuvela esisemthethweni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, lezi imibuso ukufuna mass ababasekelayo ngenxa yokuduma, yamaSoviet, umthelela kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho.

Ngaphansi kobushiqela bancishwa umphakathi yabo yombango eyathatha izisekelo nokuzimela. imisebenzi yakhe kubalulekile ngezindlela eziningi ogosudarstvlivaetsya. Party bobushiqela ubelokhu wafuna angene izakhiwo zomphakathi - kusukela iziphathimandla zikamasipala kwimibuthano kwezobuciko. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kucwaninga kungathinta ngisho nempilo yakho kanye obuseduze yomuntu. Empeleni, bonke abantu lesihlanu elincane umshini omkhulu isimiso esinjalo. umbuso wengcindezelo aqhephukile phansi noma yisiphi isakhamuzi sizama ukugxambukela konke ayeziphilisa ngakho. Kobushiqela kwenza ekujezisweni okungagcini nje ngokumelene abantu abajwayelekile, kodwa nakuSathane umashiqela wasondela. Ziyakwazi ezidingekayo ukuze siqinise futhi silondoloze amandla, njengoba ukwesaba njalo kuvuselelwe igcina abanye at bay.

inkulumo-ze

Umphakathi ejwayelekile wobushiqela sinezici eziningana. Cishe ihlala ngaphansi kohlelo eyodwa yangaphandle control amaphoyisa, i-ayitholwa kolwazi abezindaba. Isimo wobushiqela ngeke kube khona ngaphandle kokulawula okwandile phezu ukuphila nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Imibono kwalo hulumeni, njengoba umthetho, kuba nakancane. Iqembu elibusayo isebenzisa iziqubulo mayelana wedwa okukhulu ngekusasa labantu bayo kanye mission eziyingqayizivele umholi kazwelonke.

Noma yimuphi umbuso non-yeningi iyadingeka ukusebenzisa in ze yabo isithombe isitha ngokumelene nobani lwempi. Abaphikisi bangase babe ebumbene angaphandle, Democrats, kanye namaJuda zabo, kulaks futhi abalimi ngakho. E. izitha kanye izinambuzane amandla esinjalo siyachaza zonke ukwehluleka kwabo kanye disorder yangaphakathi emphakathini. mpendulo okunjalo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba kuhlanganisa bantfu zokunqanda izitha engabonakali futhi kuyiqiniso, kukuphazamise kubo kusukela ezinkingeni zabo.

Ngokwesibonelo, zezombusazwe isimo umbuso wase-USSR njalo waphendukela isihloko izitha phesheya futhi ngaphakathi ezinhlwini izakhamuzi zaseSoviet. ESoviet Union izikhathi ezihlukahlukene balwa nonxiwankulu, ngezibhakela, izinambuzane exubile ekukhiqizeni, izinhloli ukuze izitha eziningana zakwamanye amazwe. "Usadlondlobele" umphakathi wayo wobushiqela eU.SSR safinyelela 1930.

le igunya nemibono

Amandla okusebenzayo ifaka ingcindezi izitha zabo ngemibono, namandla isidingo uhlelo iqembu elilodwa. kuphela ikuvumela ukuba bakhiphe ngokuphelele noma yimiphi ingxoxo. Amandla uthatha uhlobo a mpo, lapho abantu "kusukela ngezansi" aqikelele ukuthi ihlanganise elilandelayo jikelele party umugqa. Ngesimo mbhoshongo kukhona iqembu amaNazi eJalimane. Hitler kwakudingeka buyindlela ephumelelayo ezingase nokuqalisa imiqondo sokudumisa. AmaNazi bengalamukeli ehlukile uqobo. Bona okwalapha asebenzelana ngayo abaphikisi bakhe. On abaphundlwe emkhakheni wezombusazwe kukaHulumeni omusha ke sekulula lokufeza busebenze.

Ubushiqela - lena ngokuyinhloko iphrojekthi ngemibono. Omashiqela bangachazela inqubomgomo yayo umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa (njengoba amaKhomanisi ukhulume engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba), noma imithetho yemvelo (njengoba amaNazi wagomela, uchaza ukubaluleka kubalulekile Kwesizwe-German). inkulumo-ze bobushiqela uvame ukuhambisana imfundo yezombusazwe, ukuzijabulisa nezenzo mass. Lawa kwakungamadodana German izindwendwe ithoshi. Futhi namhlanje ukufana esivela umbukiso e-North Korea nase carnivals e-Cuba.

inqubomgomo kwamasiko

Classic ngaphansi kwalowo mbuso wobushiqela - umbuso is ngokuphelele subordinated isiko kanye ukusizakala ngezinhloso zabo. Emazweni omashiqela kuvamile izakhiwo omkhulukazi, kanye namatshe esikhumbuzo wabaholi. Cinema nezincwadi enzelwe ukumemeza oda yasebukhosini. Ngo imisebenzi enjalo akakwazi ngokomthetho kube ukugxekwa uhlelo olukhona. Ngo namabhayisikobho kuphela uqokomisa konke okuhle, futhi isithembiso "ukuphila isiye yaba ngcono, ukuphila isibe merrier" kuzo kubalulekile.

Terror in a Ukudidiyela uhlelo njalo isebenza ngokuhlanganyela obuseduze ukukhuthazwa. Ngaphandle ngemibono ukwakheka nje leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa nethonya layo omkhulu labantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokwenyuswa esikhundleni ayikanye uyakwazi kuthinta ngokugcwele izakhamuzi ngaphandle amagagasi njalo zobuphekula. kombuso wobushiqela nezombusazwe esimweni ngokuvamile ihlanganisa le miqondo emibili. Kulokhu, isenzo ukusabisa babé isikhali ze.

Udlame kanye ukunwetshwa

Kobushiqela ngeke kube khona kungekho abomthetho futhi ukubusa kwabo uqapha zonke izici zokuphila emphakathini. Ngaleli thuluzi, iziphathimandla ziyakuvumela ukuhlela nokulawula okugcwele abantu. Egadiwe is everything ebuthweni lempi nokuthi imfundo kwezobuciko. Hhayi ngisho nesithakazelo emlandweni indoda uyazazi amaGestapo, NKVD, Stasi futhi izindlela zabo zokubumba zokusebenza. Kubo, liye zihamba nodlame kanye nokuqondisa ingqikithi abantu. Arsenal zabo izimpawu ezingokoqobo i umbuso wengcindezelo: ukuboshwa imfihlo, sokuhlushwa, isikhathi eside ejele. Ngokwesibonelo, e-USSR black uphondo ngingqongqotha emnyango waba uphawu lokuhlala lonke zangenkathi yangaphambi impi. "Ngokuba nokuvimbela" ukwesaba kungenziwa iqondiswe ngisho labantu abaqotho.

uhulumeni wobushiqela kanye bangomashiqela sivame ukuba ukunwetshwa indawo omakhelwane bayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kwesokudla-wing imibuso yase-Italy neJalimane, kwaba khona lonke unokuthile akucabangayo mayelana nokuthi le "isidingo esibalulekile" isikhala sokukhula komnotho esikhathini esizayo nokuchuma isizwe. Ngashiya lo mbono okucashile njengoba "revolution emhlabeni," ukusiza sabasebenzi kwamanye amazwe, njalo njalo. D.

authoritarianism

isihloli Famous Huan Lints uchazele ikhomishana ngokutshalwa izici eyinhloko kombuso kobushiqela. Lena umkhawukho wesikhathi bunyenti, ukuntuleka imibono yokungabi nandaba ecacile ekuqondiseni ezingeni eliphansi ukuzibandakanya kwabantu ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe. Ukukhuluma nje, ukuthi authoritarianism kungenziwa ngokuthi sibi kobushiqela. Zonke lezi zinhlobo kohulumeni non-yeningi, kodwa lamadigri remoteness ziyahlukahluka kusuka izimiso ilawulwa intando yeningi.

Kuzo zonke izici ukhiye authoritarianism Yileso yokuntuleka bunyenti. Sidedness wamukela ukubukwa angase aziphilele nje de empeleni waba, njengoba kungenzeka fixed emthethweni. Imikhawulo ngokuyinhloko kuthinta amaqembu ezinkulu isithakazelo futhi izinhlangano zezombusazwe. Ephepheni, zingaba amathuluzi esilufifi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, authoritarianism uyavuma khona "ezimele" amaqembu uhulumeni, okuyinto empeleni unodoli noma neze ukuba nomthelela nesimo esingokoqobo. Ukuba khona kweziqu ezimelele ezinjalo - indlela ukudala imodi hybrid. Angaba Umbukiso yeningi, kodwa zonke izindlela zayo zangaphakathi usebenza ngokuvumelana emgqeni jikelele, kuchazwe ngenhla futhi unexceptional.

Ngokuvamile authoritarianism kuphela itshe engenile endleleni eya kobushiqela. amandla ombuso kuncike nesimo zikahulumeni. Kobushiqela ayikwazi lakhiwe ngobusuku obubodwa. Ukuze udale isimiso esinjalo, kuthatha isikhathi esithile (kusukela eminyakeni eminingana ukuze emashumini). Uma uhulumeni waqala "crackdown" sokugcina ke esikhathini esithile ke usazoba kobushiqela. Nokho, njengoba ukuhlanganiswa zomthetho oda wobushiqela kuyoba ezingasho ulahlekelwe lezi zici ebucayini.

hybrid imibuso

Lapho uhlelo kobushiqela kahulumeni angashiya izinsalela zemiphakathi noma ezinye izakhi zalo. Nokho, ngokuphambene lolu eziyisisekelo nemibuso yezombangazwe umqondo onjalo ukuncika kuphela esigabeni sabaphathi bayo siqu futhi ahlukile wonkana. Bona futhi bazibuse ngilunge. Uma izakhamuzi futhi ucele umbono wabo (isib, ngesimo plebiscites), khona-ke kwenziwa "show" kuphela ukuze bagunyaze oda usumisiwe. isimo kobushiqela ayidingi labantu luphumelele (njengoba kuqhathaniswa uhlelo wobushiqela), kusukela ngaphandle ifemu emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni yabo okwandile ukwesaba laba bantu kuyaye kamuva bephuma ukumelana isimiso esasikhona.

Yini enye engingabuye ezahlukene kakhulu umbuso wentando yeningi kanye non-yeningi? Futhi kuzo zombili izindawo kukhona uhlelo lokhetho, kodwa isimo salo ngendlela ehluke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, e-US wezombusazwe lithembela ngokuphelele intando izakhamizi, kuyilapho ohlelweni kobushiqela okhethweni kukhona ungumkhohlisi. Isilinganiso uhulumeni onamandla angasebenzisa imithombo zokuphatha ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela emihle e referenda. Futhi okhethweni lobumengameli noma ePhalamende, wayevame yakhetha ekhuhla emkhakheni wezombusazwe, lapho abantu banikezwa ithuba ukuvotela "kwesokudla" obengenele ukhetho. Kulokhu, izichasiso inqubo yokhetho zigcinwa ngaphandle.

Lapho amafilosofi kobushiqela yokuzibona kungenziwa isikhundla ukubusa wenkolo, isiko kanye namasiko. Nge kulezi zinkanyezi imodi izenze esisemthethweni. Ukugcizelela esikweni, ukungathandi yokushintsha, conservatism - konke lokhu sici for yiliphi izwe yalolu hlobo.

I Junta ezempi kanye ubushiqela

Authoritarianism - umqondo jikelele. Ukuze kungenzeka ukuba baphathe ezihlukahlukene control izinhlelo. Ngokuvamile kulolu chungechunge lihlangabezana samasosha bureaucratic isimo, ogxile wobushiqela lempi. Ukuze uhulumeni onjalo libhekene ukungabi nemibono. Lo mfelandawonye yokubusa iyona umfelandawonye ezempi kanye nosaziwayo. US wezombusazwe, njenganoma iyiphi enye iyizwe yelinyenti, ngandlela-thile exhunyiwe nalawa maqembu enamandla. Nokho, uhlelo ilawulwa intando yeningi, futhi kwezempi noma nosaziwayo ephethe isikhundla evelele nelungelo.

Injongo eyinhloko yawo umbuso ngenhla echazwe kobushiqela - yokuchitha labantu esebenzayo, kuhlanganise ukwehlukana ngokwamasiko, ngokobuzwe futhi izinkolo ezincane. Zingase ingozi ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukuba omashiqela, ngoba babe self-inhlangano kunenye abakhileyo ezweni. Esikhathini lempi isimo kobushiqela konke okuthunyelwe abelwe ngokuvumelana sabaphathi wezempi. Lokhu kungaba ngesikhathi kubusa umashiqela womunye umuntu, kanye Junta lempi yakhiwa iqembu elibusayo (lase Junta eGrisi 1967-1974.).

authoritarianism Corporate

Kuhlelo lwenkampani imibuso non-yeningi bathambekele ayitholwa ukumelwa emandleni amaqembu athile isithakazelo. kuphakama isimo esinjalo emazweni lapho ukuthuthukiswa komnotho ifinyelele liphumelele, futhi inkampani unentshisekelo ekubambeni iqhaza ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe. authoritarianism Corporate - liphakathi kuka iqembu elilodwa umthetho bese iqembu mass.

Ukumeleleka elilinganiselwe izithakazelo kwenza kube lula ukulawuleka. Umbuso, esekelwe ungqimba ethile yomphakathi, ungakwazi ukuthatha amandla, ngesikhathi esifanayo akunika ama-handouts elilodwa noma ngaphezulu amaqembu. isimo elinjalo lalikhona Portugal e 1932-1968 GG. lapho Salazar.

I zobuhlanga kanye wamakoloni authoritarianism

Ifomu eziyingqayizivele authoritarianism kwavela nengxenye yesibili yekhulu XX, lapho amakoloni eziningi zaleli zwe (ikakhulukazi e-Afrika) yakhululeka ekubusweni amandla abo wamakoloni. Emiphakathini ezinjalo, liye lalondolozwa futhi ezingeni eliphansi inhlalakahle yabantu. Yingakho authoritarianism okuthunyelwe samakholoni lapho yakhiwa "kusukela ngezansi". tikhundla Key atholwe elite, okuyinto has izinsiza zezomnotho ambalwa.

Ukusekela imibuso enjalo babé iziqubulo of inkululeko yezwe, okuyinto dwarfs yimuphi omunye izinkinga zangaphakathi. Ngenxa ukuzimela ngengqondo maqondana wangaphambili labantu wedolobha usulungile ukunikeza iziphathimandla iyiphi iziyisikhombisa uhulumeni. Isimo kula imiphakathi, isiko uhlala Friend, ke uhlushwa bebancane eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ukuxabana nomakhelwane.

Ifomu elihlukile authoritarianism kungenziwa ngokuthi okuthiwa intando yeningi zobuhlanga noma ubuzwe. Lokhu umbuso inezici eziningi isimo khulula. It has inqubo lokhetho, kodwa ukhetho avunyelwe kuphela amalungu kwezakhi yobuhlanga ethile, kuyilapho bonke abanye abakhileyo ezweni ephonswe olwandle ezombusazwe. Isikhundla elinamandla noma fixed de jure noma de empeleni waba. Ngaphakathi amaqembu nelungelo waphawula ejwayelekile intando yeningi ukuncintisana. Nokho, ukungalingani ekhona izinhlanga ungumthombo ukungezwani emphakathini. isilinganiso Akanabo Ubulungisa alondolozwa amandla wombuso kanye nemithombo yawo zokuphatha. Isibonelo okusobala kakhulu intando yeningi ngokobuhlanga - umbuso okusanda kwenziwa eNingizimu Afrika, lapho sobandlululo inqubomgomo eyinhloko.