Ukuqedwa komuntu ngamunye: kanjani ukubhalisa ngendlela efanele? Indlela yokufaka isicelo se-bankruptcy nat. Umuntu webhange, uma kungekho mhlaba?

Ngokwezibalo ze-United Credit Bureau, isikweletu sonke samaRussia ezinhlanganweni zokuhweba singaphezu kuka-700 billion ruble. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sibalo sikhula unyaka nonyaka. Lesi simo sinezimbangela eziningi, kodwa okuyinhloko yinkinga yezezimali nezomnotho, okwenqaba abaningi basekhaya bethu imithombo engenayo. Uma izibopho zemalimboleko sezivele zidlula ngokweqile inani lemali engenayo futhi ukhokhele izikweletu ezingenakwenzeka, isakhamuzi singakwazi ukuzisho ukuthi silahlekile. Ungayifaka kanjani ukukhokha komuntu ngamunye, yini eyinhloko yale nqubo?

Izisekelo

I-essence yonke kanye nezici zenkambiso yokuqothula izakhamuzi kubonakala kuMthetho we-Federal Law No. 476 "On Insolvency", owawamukelwa ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari 2014, futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-2015 kuphela. Indlela yokwenza inqubo yokwehliswa komuntu ngamunye? Lo mbuzo ukhathazeka abaningi baseRussia.

Ngokusho kwalesi senzo somthetho, akubona bonke abantu abangaba abafaka izicelo zokukhansela isikweletu. Indlela yokufaka isicelo sokuqothulwa komuntu kumalimboleko? Kulokhu, izimo eziningana kufanele zihlangabezane:

• Isikweletu esiphelele, kanye nemali ekhokhisiwe, sesivele sidlulile emgqeni wama-ruble angu-500 000.
• Isakhamuzi asizange sikhokhele isikweletu isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu.
• Inani lokukhokha nyangazonke kumalimboleko lidlula inani lemali engenayo.
• Ukubaluleka kwezinto zomnikazi wesikweletu ngeke sikwazi ukumboza izibopho zezikweletu ezikhona.

Ngakho-ke, umuntu olahlekile uyisakhamuzi esingenayo imali eyanele nempahla ayengayithengisa ukuze akhokhe zonke izikweletu. Uma zonke izimo ezingenhla zifinyelelekile, inqubo yokuqedwa ingaqalwa.

Lo mthetho uchitshiyelwe, ngakho-ke manje abakweletayo bangazifaka ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwezenzo ezisebenzayo zezikhungo zezikweletu ezizofakela ukukhokha. Ungafaka kanjani lesi simo?

Lapho isikweletu esiphelele singakafinyeleleki ezingeni elibucayi, lowo obolekisa angaxoxisana nababolekisi ngokuhlelwa kabusha. Kodwa, uma izingxoxiswano zingakhulumi, futhi inani lesikweletu likhula njalo, kubalulekile ukufaka isicelo enkantolo. Abantu bangabika ukungeniswa kwezimali zabo ezinsukwini ezingama-30 ngemuva komzuzwana lapho beqaphela ukuthi abakwazi ukukhokha kuma-akhawunti abo. Lesi sikhathi sinikezwa ukuthola umphathi wezezimali nokufaka isitatimende sesimangalo.

Imiphumela

Ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo sokuqedwa, kufanele uzijwayele nemiphumela yale nqubo. Abanecala abaningi bavame ukucabanga ukuthi le nqubo ilula futhi ihlelekile kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ukuqashelwa kokungabikho kwenhlawulo kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhokha, umboleki ulahlekelwa impahla yakhe. Zonke izinto zompahla ezinenani elifanele zingathengiswa, futhi imali ekuthengisweni kwayo izokhokhela izikweletu. Ngemuva kwenkambiso, umuntu olahlekile uzoba nomlando omubi wesikweletu. Futhi esikhathini esizayo, isakhamuzi sinqatshelwe ithuba lokuthatha imali nemalimboleko. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wokuthola impahla noma ukugcinwa kwempahla, kanye nokuthengiselana okuyinhloko eminyakeni engu-3 emva kokuqashelwa kokungabikho kokungabikho, kuzodingeka ukuthi uthole imvume kumphathi wezezimali. Isakhamuzi-sokuphazamiseka kungakapheli iminyaka emi-3 sinelungelo lokuthatha izikhala zokuphatha futhi ikakhulukazi ukuvula ibhizinisi.

Isikhathi senkambiso sithatha, njengomthetho, izinyanga eziyisithupha, ngaleso sikhathi lowo obolekayo unqatshelwe ithuba lokuhamba phesheya (ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangaphezu kwemingcele yedolobha), kanye nelungelo lokuphatha impahla yakhe. Konke ukuthengiswa kwamanje kanye nemisebenzi yenziwa iqhwa, nalabo abenzile ngaphambi nje kokufaka isicelo enkantolo, bahambisana nokuqinisekiswa okuphelele. Baqedwa ngokuqinile uma ochwepheshe bengabaza ukuhlanzeka kwabo ngokomthetho.

Yini okumelwe yenziwe ngaphambi kokufaka isitatimende sesimangalo?

Ngakho-ke, uma unqume ukwakha ukuchithwa komuntu wemvelo, ukukhipha kanjani nokuthi yimaphi amadokhumende okumele uwafake ekufakeni isimangalo enkantolo?

Ukuze isicelo kudingekile:

• Yenza uhlu lwababolekisi nabanokweleta (kubalulekile futhi ukucacisa imininingwane, imigomo yokubuyisela kanye nemali yemali, uma lowo olahlekile enezikweleti, isabelo samalungelo esimangalo sisungulwa).
• Ukukhipha isitifiketi sefomu 2-NDFL endaweni yomsebenzi.
• Thola ukukhishwa kwe-PFRF kusuka ku-akhawunti yomuntu siqu.
• Yenza amakhophi epasipoti, izitifiketi ze-TIN nezakwa-SNILS, umshado, ukuzalwa kwezingane, ukusebenza ibhuku lokurekhoda, isinqumo sokubona isakhamuzi njengokungasebenzi.
• Thola okukhipha ku-EGRIP (evumelekile izinsuku ezingu-5).
• Lungiselela ukuqala kwamadokhumenti afakazela izidingo zezikweletu zezikweletu eziqinisekisa ubunikazi bendawo.
• Thola okukhishwe kuma-akhawunti asebhange.
• Thola isitifiketi-kukhishwe kubhalisa wabanikazi bamasheya.

Ngaphambi kokuba uthumele isicelo kuyadingeka:

• Khetha inhlangano yokuzilawula kanye nomphathi wezezimali.
• Yenza ukuhlolwa kwempahla yezinto.
• Khokha imali yombuso futhi udlulisele izimali ezikhokhweni zenkantolo emsebenzini womphathi wezezimali.
• Thumela isaziso sokuqaliswa kwenqubo yokukhokha kwabakweleta ngokunamathiselwe kwawo wonke amakhophi wamadokhumenti angenhla.

Izindleko zenqubo

Embuzweni wokuthi ungayifaka kanjani ngokuhleleka komuntu, kubalulekile ukuthi uthinte ohlangothini lwezinto ezibonakalayo. Inqubo, ngokuyinhloko, ihilela inani elikhulu lezindleko. Ababolekayo abaye baveza isifiso sokumemezela ukungena kwabo, sebenzisa isilinganiso samaRuble angama-40 000 ngisho nangaphambi kokuba icala lisekhotho. Yini okudingeka uyikhokhe?

1. Izinsiza zehhovisi lokuhlola (intengo yabo inqunywa inani lemali eyisisekelo kanye ne-1% yenani lezinto ezixabisiwe zendawo).
2. Ukungaziwa kwamakhophi (okudingekayo kokubili ukufaka enkantolo nokuthumela izaziso kubakhokhisi).
3. Imali yombuso ingu-6000 ruble.
4. Izinsizakalo zemenenja yezezimali (ama-ruble angu-10 000 + 1% wemali etholwe kusukela ekuthengisweni kwefa eliphansi).
5. Izinsizakalo zommeli oqeqeshiwe (ebhala isitatimende sokumangalelwa, ukumelelwa enkantolo yezithakazelo zesakhamuzi esasihlehlisiwe).
6. Ezinye izindleko zokuthutha kanye neposi.

Ukulandelana kwezenzo

Indlela yokufaka isicelo sokuqedwa? Kuyini ukulandelana kwezenzo zomboleki? Okokuqala, kufanele uthintane nommeli oqeqeshiwe kule nqubo. Njengoba umthetho wakhishwa muva nje, uqukethe inani elikhulu lamaphuzu angacacile. Ngokuvamile ukubonisana kokuqala akukhokhwa.

Uma ulinganisile zonke izinzuzo nezindleko futhi wanquma ukuyeka, kufanele ubhale isitatimende esifanayo. Ungakwenza lokhu ngokuzimela noma ngokusebenzisa umboleki. Okulandelayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi ulungiselele iphakheji lezincwadi ezingenhla, unamathisele kwisicelo kanye nefayela ngenkantolo. I-Insolvency ibonakala kuphela enkantolo.

Isicelo kufanele sibe negama lenhlangano ezilawulayo, ezobe iqoke umphathi wezezimali noma wokubambisana. Ungaphinda ucacise ukhetho othize ozosebenza njengomphathi. Ngaphambi kokuba isicelo sithunyelwe, kubalulekile ukwazisa umkweletu ngamunye ngeposi. Ngemuva kwalokho, kubalulekile ukukhokha imali yombuso. Izidingo zokukhokha kwayo ozothola kuwebhusayithi yenkantolo. Khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi udlulisele amadokhumende ehhovisi lezobugebengu (ngokusobala ukuthi kukhona umuntu ofake isicelo noma ummeli ogunyaziwe).

Ukufakwe kwesitatimende sesimangalo

Sihlolisise ukulandelana kwezinyathelo ezibandakanya ukuchithwa komuntu ngamunye. Indlela yokufaka isicelo enkantolo ukuze uqaphele ukungeniswa kwecala?

Isakhamuzi sinelungelo lokuhambisa uhlelo lokusebenza kokubili kokushicilelwa nezinhlamvu zesandla. Inguqulo ephrintiwe ingcono kakhulu. Njengo-trustee ongakwazi ukufaka isicelo enkantolo, ummeli, umphathi wezezimali, angenza. Futhi idokhumenti ingathunyelwa ngeposi elibhalisiwe ngeposi. Isikhathi sokuqala sekhotho sikhethwe, njengomthetho, inyanga eyodwa emva kokufakwa kwesicelo. Lesi sikhathi siyadingeka ukuthi ababolekisi bavumelane nezicelo zabo.

Isitatimende sokumangalelwa kufanele senziwe ngokomthetho ngokulandelana kwesibonelo. Kufanele iqukathe izingxenye ezintathu:

• Ikhophi yedokhumenti (igama lenkantolo nezixhumanisi zalo, igama eliphelele lomboleki, ummeli, umphathi wezezimali kanye negama lezinhlangano zezikweletu ngamakheli).
• Okuyinhloko (ulwazi mayelana nemalimboleko ethathwe, amagama amabhange kanye nezinhlangano zezikweletu, amadokhumende abakhiwe ngawo, isikhathi sesikweletu nezizathu zalo, ubukhulu, ukulungiswa kokungakwazi ukulungiswa kabusha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenziwa ukuzama ukubhekana nalolu daba).
• I-Resolutive (uhlu lwamadokhumenti afakwe kwisicelo, isicelo sokwamukelwa kokungabonakali kwesakhamuzi somboleki, usuku lokufaka, isignesha).

Ingabe kukhona okunye?

Ngaphambi kokuba ufake i-bankruptcy, udinga ukucabanga izikhathi eziningana mayelana nokweluleka kwesinyathelo esinzima kangaka. Le nqubo inenye indlela - izingxoxo zokuqala nezinhlangano zezikweletu kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu.

Isimo sulula kakhulu nezakhamuzi ezifanele ibhange elilodwa. Kulesi simo, kuyoba lula ukuvumelana. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukuthumela incwadi ebhange, lapho isimo sizochazwa khona ngokuningiliziwe. Isibonelo, uma umboleki elahlekelwa umsebenzi wakhe ngenxa yokukhishwa kwenhlangano futhi wacela ukukhishwa inzalo ngesikweletu. Ibhange lingaya emhlanganweni bese linikeza:

• Ukumiswa okuphelele kokukhokha imali;
• Ukukhokha okukhethiwe kwenzalo;
• Ukwandiswa kwesikhathi sokubolekwa;
• Shintsha ngosuku lokukhokha;
• Ukuguqulwa kwesinye izinga lesithakazelo, imali, uhlobo lokukhokha.

Ezimweni lapho inani lesikweletu likhula njalo futhi seluvele liphawuleka kakhulu, umbolekayo kungcono ukuzama ukuxhumana nebhange bese ucela ukuhlelwa kabusha. Uma lowo obolekayo engatholi othintana naye, ababolekisi banelungelo lokuqalisa izinyathelo zokuphoqelela nokuqeda izinyathelo ngokumelene nombolekisi, ngenxa yalokho okuzokhishwa ngakho isibambiso.

Kunzima kakhudlwana isimo kulabo abakhokhwa amabhange amaningana. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlelo ezikhethekile zokukhokha imali, lapho ungafaka khona wonke inani lesikweletu, okungukuthi, ungahlanganisa izikweleti eziningana zibe ezinkulu. Kubalulekile ukuthi ibhange liqiniseke ukuthi ubunzima bezimali bomboleki buyesikhashana futhi kubangelwe izizathu ezingaphezu kokulawula kwakhe.

Ukulungiswa kwezikweletu kuyindawo enenzuzo kakhulu kulabo ababolekisa kunokwakheka komuntu ngamunye. Indlela yokukhipha isicelo sokuvuselela isikweletu ebhange, abasebenzi bayo bayothuthukisa. Uma kuziwa enkantolo, inkantolo ingakwazi ukubona isakhamuzi njengokungabonakali noma ukushintsha imigomo yesivumelwano semali mboleko.

Ungayifaka kanjani ukukhokha komuntu ngaphambi kwebhange?

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi abaningi abanecala bathatha imali mboleko emabhange. Indlela yokufaka isicelo sokuqedwa komunye umuntu ebhange? Le nqubo ayifani nejwayelekile, echazwe ngenhla: udinga ukuqoqa iphakheji lamadokhumenti bese ufaka isitatimende sesimangalo ngenkantolo yokubambisana. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukumemezela ukubhaliswa kwayo kuphela ebhange, ngoba le nqubo isetshenziswa kanyekanye nabo bonke abakweleta.

Uma kungekho mhlaba

Ungayifaka kanjani ukukhokha komunye umuntu, uma kungekho mhlaba? Ngenxa yalokhu, kudingekile ukuba ufake isicelo enkantolo yokubambisana. Obolekayo kumele akhombise ukuthi akanalo impahla yezinto. Kulesi simo, inkantolo ibhala yonke imali yesakhamuzi esisakhamuzi esingenasici. Ngaphezu kwalokho, konke ukuthengiselana okuyinhloko nempahla engu-3 ngaphambi kokuqala kokuqedwa komthetho kuyothathwa ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni nokusemthethweni.

Yini engakwazi ukuhoxiswa?

Akuzona zonke izinto zendawo ezikhishwayo futhi zingathengiswa ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhokha. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa:

• Indawo yokuhlala, lapho yindawo kuphela yokuhlala isakhamuzi-izikweletu nezihlobo zakhe;
• Izembatho, izicathulo, izinto ezisendlini, izinto ezisetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke;
• Izinto nezinto ezidingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe noma ezisetshenziswa njengendlela yokukhiqiza imali engenayo uma inani lazo likhokha imali engaphansi kuka-100;
• Amadivayisi nezimoto ezidingekayo ukuhamba kwabantu abakhubazekile;
• Izakhiwo zomgomo wezomnotho;
• Izilwane, izinyoni, izinyosi, imfuyo;
• I-Fuel, uma isetshenziselwa ukupheka noma ukushisa indawo ephilayo.

Izimo eziphikisanayo

Ekhuluma ngokushiyeka komuntu, indlela yokukhipha amadokhumenti adingekayo ukuze afake isicelo enkantolo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izingxabano zingavela ngesikhathi kuqhubeka. Isibonelo, ababolekisi bangase bacabange ukuthi inani lesikweletu esingafunwa kusuka esakhamuzi esingenasisekelo alanele. Izimo ezinjalo eziphikisanayo zingaba yisizathu sokwenza ubugebengu obuhlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukusebenzisa usizo lommeli oqeqeshiwe.

Uma inani elibolekwa abakweleta lidlula i-ruble isigidi sezigidi, isakhamuzi singakwazi ukufaka isicelo enkantolo ukuze siqaphele ukuchithwa komuntu ngamunye. Indlela yokwenza le nqubo, izici zayo nemiphumela, umboleki ngamunye kufanele azi. Umthetho we-insolvency waqala ukusebenza isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokufaka isimangalo kunengqondo ukufaka isicelo sosizo olusemthethweni lwezomthetho.