Ukukhiqiza ukukhiqiza yimuphi uhlobo lomsebenzi? Amabhizinisi nezindawo zezitshalo ezikhulayo

Ngaphezulu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zemikhiqizo eyadliwa ngabantu bomhlaba inikezwa igatsha elihola phambili kwezolimo - isitshalo sikhula. Lesi yisisekelo esiyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa komhlaba wezolimo. Cabanga ngesakhiwo salo bese ukhuluma ngempumelelo kanye namathemba okuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe.

Imikhakha yesitshalo ekhula

Umhlaba wezitshalo uhlukile, ngakho leli gatsha lihlanganisa izindawo eziningi. Okuyinhloko yilokhu:

• okusanhlamvu;

• Amazambane nezilimo eziyizigaxa;

• izitshalo zobuchwepheshe;

• imifino namakhabe;

• izithelo namagilebhisi;

• ukondla.

Ake sicabangele izici zendawo ngayinye ehlisiwe.

Ukukhiqiza okusanhlamvu

Ukutshala okusanhlamvu yingxenye eyinhloko yokukhiqizwa kwezwe kwemikhiqizo yezolimo. Ukukhiqiza ukukhiqiza kwezwe akukwazi ukucabanga ngaphandle kwalesi sigaba esiyinhloko. Izitshalo zemifino ngokuvamile zithatha indawo engaphezu kwesigamu sezwe elihle emhlabeni, futhi kwamanye amazwe - cishe zonke izindawo ngaphansi kwezitshalo. Yilezi ziko ezakha isisekelo somsoco wabantu bezwe ngalinye, kanye nesabelo esibalulekile sezindleko zokudla emfuyweni.

Izitshalo ziyasebenza njengezici ezimboni eziningi. Ukukhiqizwa kokudla okusanhlamvu emhlabeni kufike ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngonyaka, kanti amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi- 1.6 wevolumu egcwele ingqolowa, irayisi kanye nommbila. Masikhulume ngamasiko aleli qembu.

Ngokolweni

Ehola umthamo womhlaba wokusanhlamvu kakolweni okhula. Umdabu wase-Arabia steppes, sekuyaziwa iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, futhi ezweni lanamuhla seliyisisekelo esingenakunyakaziswa sembonini efana nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo. Lokhu akukwazi ukugcizelela kakhulu. Ngenxa yemizamo yabalimi, izinhlobo zekoro zesifunda zanda namuhla emhlabeni wonke. Izindawo ezinkulu ezinikezwe umhlaba ovulekile ziseNyakatho Hemisphere, ubukhulu obuncane - eNingizimu yezwe. Izindawo ezikhula emhlabeni wonke okhulayo ukolweni yizintaba zaseMelika ezixhuma emachwebeni aseCanada enyakatho, izwe elihle lase-Argentina, eRussia, eChina namanye amazwe amaningi kanye namazwekazi. Abanikeli abakhulu kakhulu bakakolweni namuhla yi-USA, Australia, Canada.

Ilayisi

Endaweni yesibili ngokwemifino yezitshalo irayisi, okuyinto eyinhloko yomkhiqizo omkhulu wabantu bomhlaba, ikakhulukazi emazweni ase-Asia. Ilayisi iyisisekelo esihle kakhulu sokukhiqiza ufulawa, isitashi, utshwala, ukulahlekelwa kwalezi zinkampani kufakazela ukudla okufuywayo kwemfuyo. Izazi-mlando zithi abantu baqala ukukhulisa ilayisi ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo eningizimu yeChina esikhathini sokuqala seminyaka eyi-BC. E. Ukulima kwalesi sivuno ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bokukhula kwezitshalo, futhi mhlawumbe kungenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo nesesimweni esiphezulu. Yingakho izindawo ezisemqoka zokulima irayisi zigxile emazweni aseNingizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia, evumela ukuvunwa kwezwe kube ngu-90%. Umholi ongenakuphikwa ekuqoqweni irayisi yiChina. Abakhiqizi abakhulu baseThailand, e-India, e-Indonesia, eBrazil, eJapane.

Ummbila

Ukusetshenziswa kommbila kuyahluka kakhulu. Emfuyweni yamazwe ase-US naseNtshonalanga YaseYurophu, isetshenziselwa ukutshala isitshalo esikhulu. E-Afrika, e-Asia, eLatin America nasemazweni aseningizimu yeYurophu, kuyisiko lokudla. Ummbila isitshalo semvelaphi yaseMexico, lapho sisakazeka khona emhlabeni jikelele. Ukukhula kugxila kakhulu ezindaweni ezinomoya ofudumele, oshisa noma oshisa kakhulu. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokukhiqizwa kommbila yizindawo ezihlwanyelwe eMelika, ezahlakazeka ngasendleleni eya ngasentshonalanga ezivela emaGreat Great. I-USA, eCanada, eBrazil, e-Argentina nase-Australia bayithengisa.

I-tuber namazambane akhula

Isiko se-tuber esasakazeka kakhulu yizo amazambane - azalwa emazweni aseNingizimu Melika, ahlwanyelwe namuhla kuzo zonke izingxenye ezinomsoco. Ukuhola ekukhiqizeni amazambane yiRussia, i-United States, i-Poland, i-China, i-India.

Indima ebalulekile idlalwe yi-sugar beet kanye nomhlanga, ehlonywe emazweni asebandleni nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba, njengeChina neCuba. Kwezinye amazwe ezisathuthuka (iDominican Republic), ukukhiqizwa okunjalo kwezitshalo kuyisisekelo senqubomgomo kahulumeni. Amazwe athuthukile akhiqi ngaphezu kwengxenye yeshumi yomshukela wezwe.

Isimo sokukhiqiza isithombo sebhitrudi sihlukile. Isifunda sokutshala kwawo yizindawo ezihamba kahle: iqembu eliphakathi laseYurophu (amazwe e-EU nase-Ukraine, kanye nase-USA naseCanada). Abakhiqizi base-Asia - Turkey, China, Iran.

Ukusekelwa kwamafutha

Kuze kube yimanje, amafutha yemifino akhiqizwa emafutheni amafutha abe yi-two-thirds yamafutha aphelele asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke. Ama-oilseeds afaka amantongomane, i-sesame, i-rapeseed, i-sunflower nabanye abaningi. Ukwanda okukhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo evela kulezi zitshalo okwamanje kuhlotshaniswa nokufaka amafutha emifino emazweni athuthukile ekudleni kanye nokutholakala okufana kwemikhiqizo emazweni asathuthuka.

Izikhundla ezihamba phambili ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ye-soy iyabanjwa yi-United States, iqoqa amantongomane - i-India, iqoqa imbewu yokudlwengula nokudlwengula - iChina.

Amazwe athuthukayo, okukhulisa ingxenye ekhangayo yamasiko alo mboni, namuhla kunciphisa ngokuthekisayo ukuthunyelwa kwamafutha e-oil mayelana nokudala nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo embonini yabo yamafutha namafutha. Futhi abathengisi izinto zokusetshenziswa futhi, kodwa bakhiqiza ukukhiqizwa kwabo siqu.

Izimila ezinezakhi ze-tonic futhi zilinganiswa ngokuqondile (itiye, ikhofi, i-cocoa), zikhula ezindaweni ezinqunyelwe kakhulu - ezimabhantshini ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ukulima kwabo kugxile emazweni aseningizimu yezwekazi lase-Asia, lapho isimo sezulu esishisayo sinika ithuba lokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo. Lona yi-Malaysia, India, njll.

Ukutshala imifino

Kanye nezitshalo, izithelo nezitshalo zilawula umnotho wamazwe amaningi. Ubukhulu obukhulu bomhlaba owenzelwe ukutshala kwawo cishe ukuncintisana nezitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Njengoba isimo sezwe esanda sikhula sokusetshenziswa kwemifino nezithelo, umkhiqizo wabo wokukhiqiza kanye nokuthengiswa kwezinto ezivela ngaphakathi kukhula namuhla.

Umkhuba oqhubekayo wokungena emakethe yomhlaba ngesabelo esibalulekile samafutha, ishukela, izithelo nezithelo ze-tonic ezivela emazweni asathuthuka ahlala engashintshi.

Imikhiqizo engeyona ukudla yokutshala izitshalo

Kusukela emazweni angewona amakethe okudla, amasiko afaka amafutha kanye nerabhaja adlala indima ebalulekile. Isitshalo esikhulu esine-fiber yikotini, ubuholi obubonakalayo ekukhiqizeni okwabelwana ngamazwe ase-Asia, inani elincane kakhulu - amazwe aseMelika kanye namazwekazi ase-Afrika.

Eminye, amasiko amancane ayigugu kakhulu - i-flax ne-jute - ihlala ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu. Izingxenye ezingaphezu kwezingxenye ezintathu zomkhiqizo we-flax womhlaba - eRussia naseBelarus, iJute ikhule eBangladesh. Abakhiqizi bendabuko benjoloba yemvelo bangamazwe aseningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwe lase- Asia (i-Indonesia, iThailand). Emazweni asathuthuka ase-Asia, ukulima kwamasiko aqukethe ama-alkaloids - ugwayi, i-opium poppy, i-hemp ye-Indian - isici. Lezi yizinto zokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo nezamanje zokuthengisa.

Okukhethekile kwezitshalo ezikhula eRussia

Naphezu kwekutsi iRussia lizwe elinesimo sezulu esinzima kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, imikhakha yayo yezolimo ayikaze ilahlekelwe abaholi bezwe ekukhiqizeni ushukela wezinyosi, amazambane, imifino, okusanhlamvu kanye nama-oilseeds.

Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo kufaka cishe wonke amagatsha okukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, ngaphandle kokutshala izitshalo ezingavamile, njenge-cocoa, ikhofi, i-raber.

Izindawo zokuhlwanyela zasendlini zigxile emazingeni aphansi asezindaweni zasemaphandleni - ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni esifundeni seVolga, e-Urals naseNtshonalanga Siberia, nasezindaweni eziseningizimu zaseCaucasus. Ubuchwepheshe bezitshalo ezikhula eRussia bukhulu kakhulu futhi buhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kokubili kokudla, nezitshalo zobuchwepheshe nezitshalo. Futhi kule nqubo cishe yonke indawo ehlwanyelwe kuyo yonke indawo yezulu ehlanganisa izwe ihilelekile.

Ukukhula kwezitshalo eRussia

Kanye nokutshala izitshalo zomhlaba, leli gatsha eRussia alinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu, ingxenye eyinhloko yalokho ukolweni. Izindawo eziningi zomhlaba ovuthiwe, izimo zezulu ezithandekayo, izinhlobo zezinto eziguquguqukayo kanye nezinkolelo ezikhulayo zenze ukolweni akuyona nje isisekelo sokuthola ufulawa, okusanhlamvu kanye nokucubungula okuqhubekayo ekukhiqizeni amabhaka, kodwa futhi ingxenye enkulu yezomnotho yezolimo ezifuywayo. Namuhla iRussia iphakathi kwabaholi abathathu abaphezulu emhlabeni - abahlinzeki bekolweni. Izimo zemvelo zaseRussia zivumela ukukhula kokubili ubusika kanye nohlobo lwama-spring. Isivuno sezitshalo zasebusika sikhulu kakhulu kunezitshalo zentwasahlobo, kodwa lokhu kungenxa yezimo kanye nezwe lokukhula. Njengoba izinhlobo zasebusika zisengozini kakhulu futhi ziba ne-thermophilic, ziyakhula, njengokubusa, ezindaweni ezingasentshonalanga zezwe, lapho isimo sezulu sisesimweni esincane.

Okubalulekile futhi engaphansi kwekolweni ngokwezokukhiqiza, nokho, kuncane kakhulu, ibhali - ibhali. Lithatha cishe ingxenye yesine yesamba sembewu yokusanhlamvu. Ukuba yizinto ezibonakalayo embonini yebhiya kanye nesisekelo esihle sefolishi, ibhali linamanye amanani amaningi: kuyamangaza ukumelana nesithwathwa, kunesikhathi esifushane sokutshala, okuvumela ukuba kuhlanzwe cishe ngaphandle kokulahleka.

Ukukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu eRussia akugcini kuphela ekulimeni ukolweni nebhali, njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kungumkhakha (lokhu kuqinisekiswa yizinhlelo zokusekela kahulumeni), kufaka phakathi izinkomba eziningi. I-rye eyakhiwe, i-oats, i-corn, i-buckwheat nelayisi incane kakhulu emanzini amaningi okusanhlamvu okuhlwanyelayo, kodwa noma kunjalo ama-acreage futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isivuno salezi zitshalo sanda kancane kancane.

Ukulima kwezitshalo nezitshalo ezimbonini eRussia

Kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo zasekhaya akuzona izitshalo zokusanhlamvu kuphela. Izindawo ezihlaba umxhwele zihlala ngokutshala amazambane, ngokujwayelekile zifakiwe ekudleni kwethu. Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukutshala izimboni ezimboni kusekuncane, ngoba amaRussia athola isivuno esikhulu kunawo wonke ezindlini zomndeni.

Enye yezitshalo eziyigugu, ezizinhloso eziningi, ezikhulile ikakhulukazi esifundeni seCentral Black Earth isithombo sebhitrudi. Iyalinywa ukukhiqizwa ushukela, futhi imikhiqizo yokudoba nokucutshungulwa iyisijobelelo esihle kakhulu emapulazini emfuyo.

Asikwazi ukukhohlwa ngotshani we-sunflower, okuyizinto eziwusizo zokupheka cishe wonke amafutha emifino akhiqizwa futhi adliwe eRussia.
Okubalulekile, kodwa hhayi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yezici zemvelo zezwe, izinkombandlela - ukukhula kwemifino nokukhuphuka kwamakhabe. Ngokwesiko, ama-beet, iklabishi, anyanisi, utamatisi, izaqathe, njll zikhulile. E-Orenburg kanye nase-Volga ephansi, ama-melon namaqanda akhuliswa ngempumelelo. Ukukhiqizwa kokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo akuyona nje isisombululo senkinga yokudla, kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezwe, okuqinisekiswa ngumkhuba wokusekelwa kohulumeni kubakhiqizi bezolimo.