Ukukhetha Natural. Ukukhetha Material. Izimiso eziyisisekelo Ukukhetha impahla

Umama Wethu imvelo kuhlakaniphile kakhulu. Engaqinile hhayi ezifaneleke umzimba nje ayinakho amathuba okusinda. Kungenzeka yini imithetho yemvelo ukuvumela izilwane ezigulayo wanika inzalo efanayo okungenamsoco? Lutho neze, ukuze bonke eziphilayo kufanele silwe okusinda yabo. I owawina le mpi sinamandla, ezinzima, ezinamandla futhi unempilo. Ukukhetha Ngakho zemvelo. Ukukhetha Material nokuthi sizokuthinta esihlokweni kabanzi.

Umqondo kwemvelo

Uma ukunikeza incazelo, singasho ukuthi le nqubo, okuholela ekwandeni inani abantu iphila kunazo futhi kwaguqulwa. Engaqinile nengenawo ingashintshwa abanakukwazi ukuncintisana. ithiyori Zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uyazicabangela ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, Ukukhetha impahla, njengoba imbangela wonke ezincwadini nemfundo supraspecific izigaba.

Ukukhetha Natural, nakuba kubhekwa ukuba imbangela lithathelwe eziphilayo imvelo, kodwa akayedwa kuyinto imbangela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo emvelweni. Igama elithi owethulwa Charlz Darvin, okuyinto eziningi imisebenzi yakhe enikelwe ekutadisheni lo mbuzo.

Kusukela lapho-ke kulandela kwemvelo

Zofuzo kunoma iyiphi umzimba okwazi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, okungase kwenzeke ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ngo inqubo kwemvelo kuyinto ukuhlanganiswa kwabo, kodwa yilabo kuphela abenza kube nomthelela kule lithathelwe eziphilayo imvelo. Kaningi ukubizwa ngokuthi kuyabonakala kwemvelo indlela, njengoba kulandela kusukela izici eziningana:

1. umzimba ngamunye akwazi sizale ukukhanya okuningi kakhulu kunalokho olungakwazi ukuphila khona.
2. Kunoma labantu, kukhona ukwehluka zofuzo, kuba impahla eluhlaza for kwemvelo.
3. Okushintshwe eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ehlukene phakathi ngokwabo basinde hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ikhono nokuzala.

Lezi zici ukutlama wokuncintisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ekusindeni nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha, futhi bobabili isimo ezidingekile kwemvelo emvelo nge ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Emvelweni, wahlela ukuba eziphilayo benezici kunenzuzo lezinceku ukudlulisa ukuba nenzalo yabo, kuyilapho abantu ngaphandle bokuphakama ezinjalo, nethuba kulencane kusishiya ngakho.

Ukukhetha indlela

Iqiniso lokuthi kakhulu ubunjalo wabeka indlela ethi ayifane naleyo Ukukhetha yokufakelwa, okokuqala wakhuluma sikaCharles Darwin futhi Alfred Uoles. Babeqiniseka ukuthi imvelo akudingekile lokumba zonke izimo - kwanele ukwakha ezihlukahlukene enkulu izinyoni, phakathi lapho ezinamandla ukusinda. Ukukhetha indlela kungenziwa elabekwa kanje:

1. Ukuvela abantu izici inoveli.
2. Uma izimpawu ziwusizo, umzimba uyasinda futhi ushiye inzalo.
3. Inzala ifa izimfanelo ewusizo futhi baqala ukuze uthumele ukuba izizukulwane ezizayo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imivubukulo yanamuhla zofuzo ukwenza izinguquko zabo, ngokuyisisekelo imfundiso kaDarwin ayiguquki. Mhlawumbe kuphela izinguquko zenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu, kodwa hhayi njengoba ngokushelela njengoba athi, ngenxa yezinguquko, okuyizinto ngakanye ngokwemvelo.

Indaba kokuqala for kwemvelo

ukushintshashintsha Ukubambezeleka indaba okuholela ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Zonke izinguquko lezinceku zibangelwa izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa. Kodwa ngenxa yokushintsha yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isithakazelo kuphela labo ezithinta amaseli ocansini, ngoba ngokusebenzisa wabo yokudlulisa ulwazi ukuze isizukulwane esilandelayo.

izinguquko eziningi abe umlingisi esikhubazayo, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka ngokushesha avele njengoba izakhi zofuzo evelele kuthiwa ukuyiveza. Kodwa kungaba buthelela kuphi kusukela pool isakhi sofuzo sabantu ungamuki lapha, nokho, futhi musa kuthinte nokufaneleka futhi akubonakali phenotypically.

inqubo Mutational kuyinto eqhubekayo, inani yokwanda koshintsho zanqwabelana ngokuqhubekayo, futhi ngesinye isikhathi, zikhona isakhi sofuzo esikhubazayo ezimbili futhi imfanelo wabonakaliswa ngempela. Material for Ukuhlolwa kunokwehlukahluka zofuzo, kodwa ushintsho olunjalo musa njalo kungaholela ekwandeni nobungqabavu kanye nezimo. Shiya ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezimbalwa, kunalokho, ukunciphisa izinga njengoba avuse thuthuva ezahlukene izinqubo umzimba.

Kodwa zikhona izibonelo lapho ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezibonakala eziyingozi nezinguquko kule nemibandela khona kuyasiza. Ngo Izimpukane abe kuguquka ukuthi kunciphisa ijubane emsipheni amaza. Uma umzimba kuyinto homozygous ngoba imfanelo unikezwa, ke kuguquka kuyabulala, kodwa kugcine ukusebenza heterozygotes, nakuba eliphansi in ukuqina abantu enempilo. Kodwa lapho zihlatshwa labantu izimpukane ukulungiselela emsipheni heterozygotes ziphumelela kangcono abantu evamile ngenxa ijubane ishayela phansi buthakathaka umthelela ubuthi emzimbeni.

Izinhlobo kwemvelo

Indaba kokuqala for Ukukhetha - ukushintshashintsha zofuzo, kodwa kungase kuphakame unhlangothi uyakwazi ushintsho ibanga ezahlukene. Kuye Ukukhetha zaloluhlobo zinzima okulandelayo:

• Kuqondiswe. It kuyahlukahluka nenani isilinganiso isici isikhathi eside. Lezi zihlanganisa ukwanda ubukhulu umzimba.
• Ukukhetha okuphazamisayo kuhloswe ukukhethwa izinkomba kakhulu (isibonelo, likhulu kakhulu noma, kunalokho, encane).
• Stabizirizuyuschy aqondiswe kuwukubonakaliswa kakhulu amanani isici.

Ngokocansi - liphinde ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Material ukukhethwa alolu - yiliphi trait kukhulisa ematfuba kokuzalela ngokwandisa elikhangayo yomuntu kwabobulili obuhlukile. It is kahle kubonakala kwabesilisa kwezinye zezinhlobo (isibonelo, izimpondo zenyamazane omkhulu izinyamazane, imibala egqamile izimpaphe e izinyoni).

Ifomu kwemvelo

ifomu Ukukhetha kungenziwa labizwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kodwa inqubo Ukukhethwa impahla cishe njalo okufanayo:

• Iwusizo le mfanelo ngoba abantu abaningi.
• Isidingo futhi kubalulekile esihlobene okusinda ezimweni ezithile.
• nomthelela omuhle ukuchuma kwezinhlobo sici.

Indaba for the Ukukhetha yokufakelwa - liphinde ukushintshashintsha zofuzo, kodwa ngemibandela abasakwazi nezinye. Kukhona izimpawu entendeni, okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuze umuntu, hhayi umzimba, bona kungaba ngempela yingozi. Omunye kungaba ucaphune isibonelo sesiwa, ababiziweyo pectoral Sandpiper ukujula. Banezinhliziyo goitre ezinkulu, okubenza babe engavamile futhi ekhangayo phambi komuntu, kodwa ubunjalo abantu okunjalo kuyoba ngingakwazi nhlobo ukuzisiza futhi ayikwazanga ancintisane nozakwabo. Bamane ngeke bakwazi ukuthola ukudla kwabo. It kuvela ukuthi ukukhethwa impahla has izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlukile kakhulu zemvelo kanye Ukukhetha yokufakelwa.

Kuye umphumela ukukhethwa kwabaphathi kokuhlukana sici labantu yilezi ezilandelayo izinhlobo ke:

1. Ukushayela.
2. Kucinisa.
3. Ukubhidliza, noma okuphazamisayo.

Kukhona isidingo cabanga Ukukhetha ngayinye ngokuningiliziwe.

Izici Ukukhetha ashukumisayo

izimo Isizathu salokhu Ukukhetha sishintsha njalo kukhona khona kwezinhlobo. Abantu abanokuqonda yalokho, kukhona izimpawu ukuthi siphambuke inani eliyisilinganiso ngenxa yokuthi ukwaziswa kwemvelo, inikeza ukushintshashintsha zofuzo, zisesimweni esingcono. Esizukulwaneni ngesizukulwane isici shift kwenzeka indlela ethile, kwakheka umphumela onjalo esisiza eziphilayo sisinde kule ndawo entsha.

Isibonelo okuphawuleka ukuvela coloration e inundu enenhlamba. Ungishiya kusukela yaqala ukugxila iziqu of birch, okuyizinto mhlophe. Ngenxa yalokho, IZIMPIKO zovemvane nazo emhlophe.

Kodwa nge ukuthuthukisa umkhakha emkhathini unendle, emoyeni kwakunokuvungama okuningi intuthu futhi umule ukuthi sahlala zemithi. Ngenxa yalokho, umbala yayo isiye kude emhlophe. Kuzo zonke izimvemvane yesizukulwane winner nguye ngenxa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kwadingeka umbala mnyama, njengoba ukukhanya kwaba ngempela obonakalayo ngoba izinyoni futhi avame kudliwa. Ngakho imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuyiyona kancane kancane eshintsha ohlangothini izimvemvane umbala.

Ukubonakaliswa Ukukhetha ezibangela ukuzinza

Cabanga eliletha ukuthula ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Ukukhetha Material lapha - njengoba ukushintshashintsha zofuzo, kodwa wesenzo isivele aqondiswe okuvela ngeziphambeko kusukela kuyinsakavukela. Asikwazi ukukunika isibonelo: i-bonke eziphilayo, kubonakala, wenzalo anda muhle kuphela ngoba kuholela ekwandeni ngobukhulu labantu. Kodwa eqinisweni akusiyo. Izinzuzo kukhona umuntu nenzalo isilinganiso njengoba uveze inzalo eminingi kunzima.

Ukukhethwa esivuna ezomhlaba kungabonakala izici eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni ugu akukhetha ukuba kwamaphiko Usayizi medium. Ephambi kwezinduna lifushane kakhulu nzima ukundiza, futhi uma isikhathi eside kakhulu umoya liphazamisane indiza.

Kucinisa Ukukhetha kunomthelela ekuqongeleleni ukushintshashintsha kwemiphakathi. Ngisho izimo esitebeleni kwezinhlobo musa eziholela ukumisa kwemvelo kanye kwemvelo ngokuvamile. Lolu hlobo lwe-izibonelo zalokho ihlinzeka ukusebenza esitebeleni yomzimba izimo evamile kuma.

Ukukhetha okuphazamisayo

Kulesi uhlobo ukukhethwa nemibandela khona Site obudluleleko isici. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana khona.

Ukukhetha okuphazamisayo kuholela ekwakhekeni polymorphism, futhi akwazi ukuba ngisho imbangela kumiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha ngokwemvelo.

Lokhu Ukukhetha ngokuvamile kuziwa phakathi force lapho labantu kuthatha olwenzeka endaweni inhomogeneous. Timo letehlukene ukuzivumelanisa niches ezahlukene kanye nemibandela. Ngokwesibonelo, umsindo isitshalo has amafomu amabili - enye iqala eziqhakaza futhi bathele izithelo phakathi ehlobo, kanti owesibili - ngemva kokuvuna hay, okungukuthi ngo-August.

Iqhaza omuhle futhi Ukukhetha omubi

Kunalokho, akusiyo indima kanye Ukukhetha kwamafomu nemiphumela ehlukile.

1. Positive Ukukhetha imiphumela ukwanda isibalo eziphilayo kokuba ewusizo ukusinda mibandela, izimpawu, okwandisa Ukuqhubeka kwalezi zilwane zikhona iyonke.
2. Negative, noma-ke ubizwa nangokuthi Ukukhetha asikiwe, kuholela ekubhujisweni abantu nge izimpawu kakhulu kunciphisa nokusinda ezingozini kanye ukuqina. Lokhu Ukukhetha labantu kusiza ukususa alleles elimazayo.

Ukukhetha imiphumela

Siye sathola ukuthi ukukhethwa impahla, kubhekwe ezakheke ngayo. Kodwa kubalulekile ukucacisa lokho imiphumela inika Ukukhetha ethile. Ukushayela kuholela ukuvela amadivayisi amasha, lokhu ubonisa imiphumela yezenzo zakhe:

1. Yebo, ukuqongelela. Lo mphumela libonisa ekuqongeleleni izici ewusizo izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Lokhu awasebenzi kuphela umzimba kodwa futhi ukuba ejensi ngabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda forebrain, ukuthuthukiswa cortex cerebral - konke lokhu isibonelo ukukhethwa ukushayela accumulator.
2. umphumela zokuguqulwa ukuthi iyakhula izimpawu ewusizo futhi kwehlise owabonakaliswa labo abaye balahlekelwa nokubaluleka kwazo oluhambelana.

Ukukhuluma olujwayelekile mayelana Ukukhetha (kokuhlukana okokusebenza kwemvelo), ungakwazi igama nomphumela ukusabalalisa kanye izisekelo.

Esokuqala siwukuthi kule izimo ezikahle kakhulu, izinto eziphilayo ngokuvamile ukusinda futhi sizale. Lapho mibandela abangakwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo, nezinkinga nokusinda ezingozini kanye nenzalo.

Ukusekela umphumela ukuthi izici oluhambelana angeke encishisiwe, kungase ukwandisa noma ahlale ezingeni elifanayo.

Material yokukhethwa yemvelo ukushintshashintsha zofuzo, kodwa hhayi isici kuphela esenza sibe kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo.

Indima kwemvelo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo

Ngisho uCharles Darwin wanika entendeni kuya kwemvelo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo. Modern zokwenziwa theory iphindze ibuke Umlawuli yayo enkulu yentuthuko kanye ukuvela ezincwadini e eziphilayo.

Emakhulwini eminyaka 19-20 kuvulwa uhlobo ngokuqhubekayo we yofuzo zezici kuye kwaholela nalokho abanye ososayensi abaphika indima indima ebalulekile kwemvelo. ithiyori Zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuthiwa futhi neo-kaDarwin kusekelwe ukuhlaziya ambalwa of ukuvama alleles ezweni elinabantu ukuthi siyashintsha ngaphansi kwethonya ukukhethwa zemvelo efanayo.

Kodwa isayensi akusho yima, okutholwe emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene ukuqinisekisa ukwehluleka classical zokwenziwa theory ukuchaza zonke ezicashile kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo.

Impikiswano kanye mpikiswano ngendima izici ezihlukahlukene ekuthuthukiseni zomlando zomhlaba abahlala futhi uyaqhubeka namuhla. Mhlawumbe lena yiyona ndlela umbuzo cishe kungenakwenzeka ukunikeza impendulo eqondile. Kodwa singasho into eyodwa: sesifikile isikhathi, lapho wonke imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo idinga ukushintshwa.