Ukuhlola izinhlelo - Iphutha ukuthola inqubo umkhiqizo isofthiwe

Ngo ukuthuthukiswa software, ingxenye enkulu inqubo ukukhiqizwa kusekelwe ukuhlolwa software. Kuyini futhi kanjani umsebenzi onjalo sizoxoxa ngani kulesi sihloko.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ngemva kokubhala isivivinyo?

Lokhu kusho inqubo egijima isofthiwe ukuthola izindawo zokusebenzela engalungile ikhodi. Ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle, yakheke ngamabomu isethi nzima idatha input. Injongo eyinhloko wokuhlola ukudala ithuba kangcono ukwehluleka software. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlola uhlelo athuthukile kungenziwa lula umsebenzi ojwayelekile we umthamo ukusebenza futhi enze imisebenzi. Lokhu konga isikhathi, kodwa ngokuvamile sihambisane kungathembeki kwe-software, ukungeneliseki yomsebenzisi, nokunye.

ukusebenza

Yeka indlela abaphumelela kahle futhi ngokushesha amaphutha, nomthelela obalulekile izindleko kanye nesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa software elidingekayo. Ngakho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abahloli ukuthola iholo izikhathi eziningana ezincane kuno developers, izindleko amasevisi abo ngokuvamile-30 - 40% yezindleko lonke phrojekthi. Lokhu kungenxa inani le-, kusukela ukufuna iphutha - lokhu kuyinto inqubo engavamile futhi kunzima ngempela. Kodwa ngisho noma isofthiwe sidlulile inombolo negama tivivinyo, akukho 100% isiqinisekiso sokuthi iphutha ngeke kwenzeke. Vele awazi uma sezenzekile. Ukuze ukhuthaze abahloli ukukhetha izinhlobo ukuhlolwa ukuthi maningi amathuba okuthi athole iphutha, amathuluzi ehlukene ugqozi asetshenziselwa: kokubili zokuziphatha nezinto ezibonakalayo.

Indlela umsebenzi

I elikhulu kulapho ukuze lelisu izindlela ezehlukene ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha software kube khona kusukela ekuqaleni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele banakekele izakhiwo design efanele, imigomo ecacile inkomba, futhi kubalulekile ukuba senze ukulungisa zokuxhumana, lapho umsebenzi wokwakha sekuqalile kakade. Kulokhu, lo umhloli ukuze umsebenzi ekutholeni nekubona inombolo encane amaphutha bahlale umphumela wokugcina. Lokhu uyosindisa kokubili isikhathi nemali.

Yini ebonisa?

Lesi yisici esibalulekile imisebenzi ukuhlolwa, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ukuthola ngempumelelo zamehlo ikhodi. Ziyakwazi ezidingekayo ukuze ukulawula isicelo lesifanele. Yini ehlanganisiwe isivivinyo? Siqukethe idatha kanye namagugu abo sokuqala lapho kufanele sitholakale njengoba nomphumela (noma Intermediate). Ukuze ngempumelelo ukuhlonza izinkinga, nokushintshashintsha, ukuhlolwa kufanele kube ngemva algorithm yasungulwa, kodwa akazange aqale uHlelo. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukusebenzisa izindlela eziningana ukuze kulinganiswa idatha edingekayo. Kulokhu, okwandisa amathuba ukuthola iphutha ngoba ungakwazi ukuhlola ikhodi ngelinye ihlo. ukuhlolwa Inxanxathela Kumele unikeze ukuqinisekiswa imiphumela kwangaphandle imikhiqizo siphelile isofthiwe, kanye nomsebenzi wakhe algorithm. Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile futhi ahlinzeke amacala ngamahlumela ezinga eliphansi omunye onganakiwe. Ngakho, umkhuba amaphutha kungaba ngokuvamile kwembula ukuthi umjikelezo usebenza isikhathi esisodwa noma eziningi esingaphansi okuhleliwe. Begodu kuqakathekile ukuhlolwa i-computer, lapho ungaqinisekisa ukuthi elamukelekile ku imishini ezahlukene. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze siqiniseke ukuthi isofthiwe sizosebenza kuwo wonke amakhompyutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa computer, lapho ukuthuthukiswa oyokwenziwa, kubalulekile kudalwa ukuthuthukiswa multi-platform.

lokuxazulula inkinga Ubuciko

Izinhlelo ngokuvamile aim ukusebenza omkhulu amasethi wedatha. Sikhona yini isidingo sokuba ukudala ngokuphelele? Cha Yande atholwe umkhuba wokusebenzisa "miniaturization" zohlelo. Kulokhu kukhona ukwehliswa elilingene ngokwezimboni ivolumu idatha njengoba kuqhathaniswa naleyo okufanele sisetshenziswe. Ake sibheke isibonelo: kukhona uhlelo, okuyinto kwakha matrix usayizi 50x50. Ngamanye amazwi - kumele ngesandla faka amagugu 2500. Kungenzeka ngokuqinisekile, kodwa ngeke kuthathe isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kodwa ukuze avivinye ukusebenza, isofthiwe uthola matrix kabani umgamu ngulona 5x5. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukufaka amagugu ezingaphezu kwezingu-25. Uma, esimweni esinjalo, a, ukuhlinzwa evamile ayinamaphutsa, kusho ukuthi konke ukuze. Nakuba zikhona izingibe abalele yokuthi nge miniaturization isimo kwenzeka, okuholela ushintsho iba lesebaleni zinyamalale okwesikhashana. Libuye ezingavamile kakhulu, kodwa namanje kwenzeka ukuthi kukhona izimbungulu entsha.

izinjongo wajaha

Ukuhlola akulula ngenxa yokuthi le nqubo akuyona amenable ukuba kube semthethweni lilonke. izinhlelo ezinkulu cishe ungalokothi ube lokuma olunembile kunesidingo. Ngakho-ke, isiqondiso usebenzisa eziningi idatha ngokungaqondile, Nokho, okuyinto, abakwazi ukubonakalisa ngokugcwele izici nemisebenzi yentuthuko isofthiwe olususwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kukhethwe ukuze umphumela lesifanele ibalwa phambi kanjani umkhiqizo isofthiwe ziyovivinywa. Uma ungenalo kuthuthukiswe, it is okulinga cabanga simayelana nani, nokuthi uma umphumela umshini uthola in the uhla olulindelekile, kuyothiwa wenza iphutha ngesinqumo sakhe, ukuthi yonke into ilungile.

Hlola ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke

Njengomthetho, uhlelo lokuhlola kwenzeka imiqulu okuyizinto ezidingekayo ubuncani yokuhlola ukusebenza esezingeni elilinganiselwe. Imisebenzi efundelwa ushintsho nemingcele, kanye ngezimo ezimbi abasebenza kuzo. Inqubo yokuhlola zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu:

• Hlola ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Kulokhu thina avivinye ukusebenza kuqala isofthiwe athuthukile. Umphumela kumelwe sihambisana kulindeleke.
• Ngena izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Kulezi zimo, kusho ethola imininingwane umngcele, okungaba nemiphumela emibi ukusebenza kwe-software wadala. Njengoba isibonelo, sisebenza nge inani elikhulu kakhulu noma amancane noma ngisho sokungabi nhlobo ulwazi wathola.
• Ihlola ezimweni ezehlukile. Luhilela ukusetshenziswa kwedatha zingaphezu ukwelashwa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kukubi kakhulu lapho isofthiwe ubona kubo njengoba ewusizo ukubala futhi inika yi ozwakalayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe uma kukhishwa ukuthi ezimweni ezinjalo kukhona nokwenqatshwa nanoma iyiphi idatha akukwazi ukucubungulwa kahle. Kuyadingeka ukuhlinzekela ekwazisa umsebenzisi ngakho

Ukuhlola: Izinhlobo

Dala software ngaphandle iphutha kunzima kakhulu. Lokhu kudinga isikhathi esiningi. Ukuze uthole umkhiqizo omuhle ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa izinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlola: "Alpha" futhi "Beta". Yiziphi? Lapho abantu bakhuluma ngokuthuthukisa ukuhlolwa-alpha, kusho isibuyekezo ukuba yayiziphatha isimo ukuthuthukiswa "laboratory" izimo. Lena esigabeni yokugcina ukuhlolwa ngaphambi kokuba isimiso ngeke adluliselwe abasebenzisi bokugcina. Ngakho-ke, onjiniyela ozama niguquke esiphezulu. Ukuze kube lula ukusebenza, idatha kungenziwa ngemvume ukuze udale kwezikhathi izinkinga nezisombululo zazo. Ngaphansi yohlolo lwe-beta ukuqonda supply isofthiwe inani elilinganiselwe abasebenzisi, ukuze bakwazi ukusizakala uhlelo kanye ukuhlonza amaphutha uke aphuthelwe. Isici esikhethekile kulokhu iqiniso lokuthi ngokuvamile isofthiwe alisetshenziswa inhloso yazo. Ngenxa yalokhu ukwehluleka lapho kwakungekho lutho uzohlonzwa abonwe. Lena ejwayelekile futhi ukukhathazeka ngakho akudingekile.

ukuhlolwa Ukugcwaliswa

Uma izinyathelo zangaphambilini seziqedile ngempumelelo, luhlala lokufeza ukwamukelwa ukuhlolwa. Yena kulokhu kuba okokugcina icala nje. Ngalesi test iza isiqinisekiso sokuthi akukho izinkinga ezengeziwe eziye zatholakala futhi isofthiwe kungenziwa ikhishwe emakethe. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kuyoba umphumela, eduze kakhulu kuyakushiswa ukuqinisekiswa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinyathelo seziqedile ngempumelelo. Nansi inqubo yokuhlola iyonke. Manje ake sixoxe kabanzi nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe futhi ukhulume ithuluzi eliwusizo ezinjalo, njengoba izinhlelo ukuhlolwa. Lokho abayikho nalapho kusetshenziswa?

ukuhlolwa abasizwa-computer

Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukuhlaziywa othakazelisayo isofthiwe ethuthukiswe - kuba indlela ngethuntubezeke kakhulu ukuba ngempumelelo isetshenziselwe ukuthola zamehlo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi okwandisa kanye ivolumu izinhlelo uvele umbono okuphambene. ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo isetshenziswa lapho izinto eziza kuqala ebaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphepha. Futhi kufanele kube ngaphansi kwanoma yimuphi input. Njengoba isibonelo, izinhlelo okuyiwona kuyafaneleka ukuhlolwa okunjalo, zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo: zenethiwekhi yezifiso, web server, sandboxing. Siyaqhubeka ubheka amasampula ezimbalwa, okuyinto ingasetshenziswa imisebenzi efana. Uma unesithakazelo ezinhlelweni ukuhlolwa khulula, ikhwalithi kunzima ukuthola phakathi kwawo. Kodwa kukhona aqhephukile izinguqulo "pirated" amaphrojekthi ezimisiwe, ngakho ungabheka amasevisi abo.

Kusuka

Leli thuluzi kuyasiza Ukubona amaphutha bayahlolwa nezinhlelo ashukumisayo ukuhlaziywa imodi. Iqoqa idatha futhi ihlaziya ukusebenza ithrekhi yakhelwe into. I umhloli kunikezwa iqoqo okokufaka ezibangela iphutha noma ukundlula isethi akhona izingqinamba. Ngenxa ukuhlolwa ezinhle algorithm akhiwa inqwaba izimo ezingenzeka. Uhlelo ithola ahlukene idatha okufakwayo, okukuvumela ukuba balingise inqwaba izimo kanye ukudala izimo lapho cishe iyona nesenzakalo yokwehluleka. Inzuzo ebalulekile uhlelo ukusetshenziswa imethrikhi heuristic. Uma kunenkinga, ke iphutha lohlelo kungenzeka kakhulu. Kodwa lolu hlelo has okulinganiselwe njengokulawula eyodwa isheke imakwe isokhethi okokufaka kuphela noma ifayela. Lapho ufeza operation ezifana ukuhlolwa izinhlelo ngeke aqukethe ulwazi olucacile mayelana nezinkinga nge pointer null, izihibe obungapheli, amakheli elingalungile noma eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa ngenxa basebenzisa imitapo. Yiqiniso, lena akuyona uhlu oluphelele amaphutha sitholakale izibonelo ezivamile yabo kuphela. kwamaphutha Iyalungisa, maye, babe Onjiniyela - ngezindlela ezizenzakalelayo ayifanele ngalezi zinhloso.

Klee

Kuyinto isimiso esihlelwe kahle ukuhlola imemori. Kungaba ukubamba cishe 50 izingcingo ohlelweni futhi inqwaba izinqubo virtual ngaleyo ndlela ababulawa parallel noma ngokwehlukana. Kodwa ngokuvamile, uhlelo ngifuna ezinye izindawo osolisayo, uphinde IZINHLELO esiphezulu lemali okungenzeka ikhodi bese ihlaziya esetshenziswa idatha izindlela. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhlelo test incike ubukhulu bento. Lapho ehlola ukubheja ubekwe izinqubo ongokomfanekiso. Le miyalezo ingenye yezindlela kungenzeka ukwenza imisebenzi e uhlelo lihlolwe. Ngenxa ukusebenza parallel kungenzeka ukuhlaziya inqwaba okuhlukile umsebenzi isicelo test. Ukuze Indlela yokufaka amasethi wedatha ngamunye kugcinwe futhi ngemuva kokuhlolwa yayo, okwaqala ngokubekwa isheke. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlolwa izinhlelo usebenzisa Klee kuyabaveza inqwaba ezihlukile, okuyinto akufanele kube. Kungaba ukuthola izinkinga ngisho izicelo achazwayo amashumi eminyaka.