Ucwaningo: ukuklama isibonelo abafundi nabafundi

Umgomo we ucwaningo eziklanywe kahle - okubonisa amakhono abafundi ekuthuthukisweni ezimele yi amasu esimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba ahlaziye imiphumela futhi ukuqhathanisa nabo incwadi idatha. Abafundi nabafundi kumele bakhombise ikhono zizenzele zona iziphetho ezwakalayo.

Namuhla ake sixoxe indlela ukuhlela ucwaningo, futhi izimiso eziyisisekelo nomklamo walo. The main imfuneko lapha - ukunemba, umthamo, ukuhambisana okufushane noma okugcwele okuqukethwe esiphezulu. Kunezibonelo ngisho zocwaningo design for enkulisa! Kodwa sizoxoxa namuhla ngemisebenzi abafundi.

Yini ukubhala ukwethulwa

Inhloso yalesi sigaba - chaza kafushane inkinga esimweni ezikuso manje, ukuze bathethelele ukubulawa kwabo Inani lamanje kusukela umbono wesayensi (kanye umkhuba). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakha imigomo esemqoka kanye nezinhloso ze-umsebenzi ukukhomba isihloko cwaningo futhi into salo ukubeka phambili umbono eziyisisekelo. Ngisho isibonelo zocwaningo design esikoleni samabanga aphansi iqukethe izidingo ezifanayo (mhlawumbe ifomu lula).

Ngo ulunge kangakanani ukuhlobana sakhethwa, gwema verbosity. Into esemqoka - ukuze uveze ukubaluleka kanye Ukwenza, kanye umnyombo wenkinga ihlangabezane.

Isibonelo zakudala wemithetho ukubhalisa imisebenzi yesayensi nocwaningo we umfundi noma umfundi kudinga ukuletha kumagama ngezansi yezinjongo eziyinhloko futhi acacise imisebenzi ethize ukuba ixazululwe lo msebenzi. Njengomthetho, ulwazi olunikezwe ngesimo uhlu - iziphi izici okufanele ukuhlonza, ukuhlola, ukubuyisela, ukuchaza, nokunye. Lapho kungenzeka injongo imisebenzi olulodwa wenza eziningana. Inombolo kahle kubo - kusuka ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu.

Isitatimende injongo kufanele bakhombise ihlathululo mazombe nesiqondiso ucwaningo. Kufanele uvumelane emshweni lofanako. Umgomo organically uboshelwe kuncike futhi kufanele kube ungwaqa ngokugcwele.

Futhi siyini ngempela inkinga?

imisebenzi esiqokiwe senza kangcono imigomo yethu futhi iholele ukuze ukuwufinyelela. Amazwi aleso ngamunye wabo oluhambisana esigabeni esilandelayo okuqukethwe futhi uvame ukukhonza njengephayona isihloko isahluko ethize.

Ukwethulwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele washayelwa njengento cwaningo, kanye nendaba yakhona. Ngaphansi likhuluma okokuqala lo mkhuba (noma izinqubo) porodishie lesi simo eziyinkinga ukuba zihlolwe. Into cwaningo - kuphela ingxenye into. Bazimisele isihloko okuyinto likhishiwe njengoba igama ekhasini lesihloko.

Uma kukhona isibonelo zocwaningo design nge kumagama nengcikitsi isitayela engokomfanekiso, kufanele okubili isihloko e ngaphezulu imigomo yesayensi.

Hypothesis - esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu cwaningo. Kuyini lokhu? Le nkulumo ibhekisela ezinengqondo kusuka Ngokombono ongokwesayensi nokucabanga ngokuphathelene nencazelo (ngempela okunemibandela) izenzakalo ezithile, izimbangela zazo noma uxhumano zemvelo. Indawo imicabango - imvelo, nokuphila emphakathini noma umqondo womuntu.

Isigaba enikelwe isibuyekezo zezincwadi

Kuyo umbhali liyadingeka khombisa ophethe ulwazi mayelana nemisebenzi emikhulu atholakala nodaba lafundvwako. Elinye ikhono kubalulekile kuziwa ikhono umsebenzi onenjongo ngethi izinto, sokuhlanganiswa, ukuhlaziywa kanye Ukuqhathanisa amaqiniso endaba kuzo. Noma yimuphi isibonelo zocwaningo design ikhuthaza khombisa isingeniso kombhali siqu endaweni ekhethwe umongo okungenani imithombo eminingana, sisivumele setha izinkinga ezingathi sína ngokwesayensi.

Umbhalo kulesi sigaba kuhambisana ebhekisela ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza lo msebenzi. Kuyefana nasendleleni amatafula ekhona futhi izibalo. Ngo kokuhlaziya imibhalo, kufanele kuphela ezihlobana ngayo nesihloko esikhulu abakhethiwe. Akubalulekile ukuba asitshele konke ukwaziswa kumelwe afundeke ngokuthi, eziningi zazo kuphela ngokungaqondile ehlaselwe inkinga.

Izibonelo design umsebenzi ucwaningo kwabafundi abafundi ukubonisa ukuthi lesi sigaba Kunconywa ukuqedela iziphetho emfushane mayelana amathemba esikhathi esizayo kwezihloko cwaningo.

Uma umsebenzi wethu sicatshangelwa isayensi yemvelo ensimini futhi siphathelene izinto etholwe emkhakheni ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka izigaba ezilandelayo.

Indlela Yokwenza nocwaningo impahla

Isibonelo umsebenzi ucwaningo kule ngxenye iqukethe ebhekisela endaweni lapho idatha eqoqwe, ukuqoqwa izinto, ulwazi mayelana usuku, ababekwa balandela, izinjongo zawo ahlelwe. Uma kuziwa emsebenzini zokuhlola, qiniseka ucacise indawo yayo.

Ngaphansi izindlela zocwaningo libhekisela kulabo izindlela namasu, lapho umbhali esebenzisa emsebenzini wakhe. Bona kuxhomeke imisebenzi ukwenza njenge amathuluzi ukuthola impahla langempela. Phakathi izindlela ezinjalo ungabahlukanisa ezihlobene Imininingwane (a surveillance ukuqhathanisa, nesilinganiso, ukumbumbuluzwa, zamagama, ukuhlaziywa, ucwaningo, ucwaningo, ukuhlola kokuxoxa) kanye nezinye (yangasese) asetshenziswa bokuhlukaniswa kuphela ibanga ewumngcingo kwezicelo.

Izindlela lahlukene lasetjentiswako? Lezi imiqondo uzohlangana kunoma iyiphi isibonelo zocwaningo design. Lesi sakamuva siphathelene kungakanani abakwaziyo kanye nokuhlola idatha zokuwugaya, futhi sibonisa Chile. Uma inqubo - hhayi umlobi (iqukethe incazelo izincwadi), isitatimende eningiliziwe yokuthi ayidingekile. Kumanele ukhawule ubhekisela emthonjeni efanele. Endabeni okwenza izinguquko kuso, kufanele zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe nge ukulungisiswa lesi sidingo. Kuyefana nasendleleni yonke indlela yokuqala.

Yini enye okudingeka ukunikeza

Isibonelo umsebenzi ucwaningo kwabafundi abafundi kusho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kule ngxenye asetshenziswa nokudluliswa amathuluzi nemishini ecacisa iphutha kuvunyelwe yokukala kuzo zonke izinhlaka.

Isigaba echaza le ndawo yocwaningo, senziwa besebenzisa izincwadi zolimi. Inani layo likhulu ngokwanele kutsi sitfutfukise yemvelo isayensi yemvelo, geo- nezinto eziphilayo nokunye. Lesi sigaba sihlanganise indawo ebanzi kakhulu lo msebenzi.

On imiphumela yocwaningo

I "Imiphumela" ngokuvamile eziyisisekelo. Lapha ungathola izibonelo umklamo yocwaningo esisebenzayo. Ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana ngokusho inombolo imisebenzi ethize. Okuqukethwe kwalo isethulo eningiliziwe imiphumela iphawulwe yi umfanekiso wabo (uma kunesidingo) imidwebo, amatafula, amagrafu, imidwebo nezithombe. Ukuqhathanisa ngedatha atholakala emithonjeni wesithathu.

Izinkomba amathebula noma izibalo embhalweni kulesi sigaba ziphoqelekile. Ngokusho imithetho design, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi, sub-section ngamunye ifingqa kafushane izici eziyisisekelo kakhulu (ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igama elithi "ukuhoxiswa").

Endabeni umthamo omkhulu ezibonakalayo Luhlatiyo idatha wembula ukwahlukanisa ahlukene kungenzeka seluqaliwe. Lapha, umlobi ngeke ukubukisa ukubonakalisa, ukwenza iziphetho ezidingekayo bese uqhathanisa amaqiniso noma idatha. It Lapha kunikezwa kwemvume yakhe ukuba ukuhlakanipha okungokwesiko noma ukuphikisana ngoba kufanelekile.

Sikhishwe ukuze esiqinile imiphumela kumele babhekane ukuhlaziya ngokwezibalo. Lokhu kwenziwa izinhlelo zama-computer ezaziwa efana ne-Excel noma usebenzisa i-algorithm ekhethekile ebhaliwe ngqo kulolu cwaningo (engahle omunye imisebenzi yakhe).

okutholakele

Inhloso yalesi sigaba - kwakha kafushane imiphumela nesimongcondvo saleso naleso into, izincomo esiwusizo futhi akhombisa amathemba ucwaningo esizayo. In the ukungabikho ukhonkolo Imiphumela iziphetho esikhundleni ucishe ejele isikhathi eside. It ukhonza njengelungu siphetfo, ngokunengqondo udonsa imiphumela eyatholakala futhi exhumanisa ukuba imisebenzi kanye jikelele umsebenzi injongo.

Iziphetho ngempela kufanele bakhombise ukuthi umbhali usezuze lo mgomo, futhi wabahlulela ngezinga elingakanani. Le mfuneko njalo ethulwa isibonelo ukubhaliswa efanele ucwaningo.

"Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi" futhi "Izinhlelo"

Lezi zingxenye bazinikele efakwe ohlwini ngama-alfabethi ephelele imisebenzi esetshenziswa. Esimweni lapho ingxenye yazo ishicilelwe ngezilimi zakwamanye amazwe, kunjalo futhi alfabhethi, ngemva uhlu emithonjeni isiRashiya. Njengoba babengaphezu ngaleyo ndlela has a imvelo cross-cutting.

I "Izinhlelo" athathe iningi izinto ezengeziwe nasizayo ukuze ugweme cluttering umbhalo omkhulu. okuqukethwe kwabo kungaba zihluke kakhulu. Sikhuluma okwangempela kwemibhalo ethile futhi ukufunda yezifiso, nge idatha ethile.

Ifomu izinto kungaba ihluzo, umbhalo, ibalazwe, ishadi, umfanekiso, isithombe nokunye. D. Noma imiphi yale izicelo khona njengoba Thatha iphe- ekhoneni (kwesokudla) ezungeze "isicelo" igama ne kusihloko ethize. Uma kukhona eziningana, ukuhlukanisa ngezinombolo zazo kwenziwe inombolo engabhalisiwe usebenzisa zesi-Arabhu. It Ubuye cross-cutting ngokwemvelo futhi ezinwetshiwe inani amashidi yonke umbhalo umsebenzi. izicelo Hlobanisa ne main idokhumenti akungenxa izixhumanisi ( "cm. Isijobelelo 1").

Ucwaningo: isibonelo (iphethini) design

Yenza-ke ku amashidi esezingeni ezimhlophe ukuthayipha iphepha A4 format. Indawo - mpo. Ngamunye amashidi yakhiwa ensimini (2 cm ngaphansi nangaphezulu 1 cm 3 cm ngakwesokudla bese ngakwesokunxele). Abanaso kudingeka umkhondo.

Kuyinto elikhulu ukuba banamathele ishidi Imininingwane. Akufanele kube kukhulu kakhulu. Okuhle kunakho konke ukuthi, uma isibalo Amakhasi - kusuka 15 kuya 20.

Wanyathelisa umbhalo, njengoba umthetho, kukhompyutha usebenzisa Isikhala umugqa komunye nemamaki nengxenye. Ngiyibeke phezu kuphela uhlangothi yekhasi ngalinye edlelana ne-ukudluliselwa amazwi ububanzi umbhalo. Iyasebenza njengoba iphuzu zamadesimali.

imininingwane ehilelekile ezidingekayo

Zonke izifinyezo angaphansi emagama saziso. Uma ukusikeka kunesidingo, incazelo ngamunye wabo eyayenziwa ngesikhathi kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala.

ikhasi izinombolo lesine ilandelana. Digital nganamathisela on the upper endaweni phakathi ishidi. Njengoba ikhasi lokuqala kuphuma ikhava ishidi. Uma kukhona izinkomba izitshalo, izilwane, izilokazane ezincane, ngemva ngamunye wabo letikubakaki ngolimi Latin futhi igama labo ethize. Libuye libonise igama lombhali okunguyena owokuqala owachaza lesi lesi simanga.

Uma ucwaningo olwenziwa emkhakheni wezitshalo, ukusebenza kubalulekile ukwenza herbarium okuhambisanayo.

Isakhiwo umsebenzi

On the (isihloko) ishidi lokuqala yigama egcwele (lomthetho) lesikhungo lapho umsebenzi wenziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho ofeleba - isihloko umsebenzi uqobo, khona-ke igama lokuqala sokuqalisa, isigaba sakhe, noma iqembu, kanye idatha mayelana ikhanda nezazi (uma ikhona). Uma kukhona okudingayo ingasaphathwa isikhundla nezinga ngamunye. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi kuya Isibonelo umsebenzi ucwaningo abafundi. Ezansi emzaneni lufakwa ukuqokwa ngonyaka ngokubulawa.

Ishidi wesibili njalo anikezelwe okuqukethwe umsebenzi (TOC). It ngempela kuhlanganisa ukwakheka egcwele izihloko kanye sub-izifundo, ukunamathela kabani okuqinile umbhalo kumele ngempela ilandelwe. Inikeza izinombolo zekhasi, oqala ngalinye izingxenye.

Isihloko is lifakwa. Iphuzu ekupheleni ungacimi. Izigaba zibaliwe nangenkomba uhlelo (1.1, 1.2, ...).

Siphendukela umbhalo

Ishidi lwesithathu abazinikezele abaphathi. umthamo wayo, njengoba isibonelo zakudala zocwaningo design, ngokuvamile esingaphansi ubukhulu ikhasi.

Njengoba ishidi wesine, siphendukela umzimba omkhulu nezigaba eshiwo ngenhla. Uhlale anezinhlaka ngesimo umbhalo okuqhubekayo ahlukaniswe ngilokhu. Ngamunye izigaba okumele banikezwe izinombolo double (3.1, 3.2, kanye nokunye. D.), The izihloko kuzo zonke izigatshana adingakala godu kwanikezwa lwezincwadi.

Ekupheleni ingxenye eyinhloko kuphothulwe (noma iziphetho ebhaliwe). Ngenxa yale njongo, amashidi ngazinye ephepheni. Izincwadi nazo uhlu ekhasini elisha.

Indlela Bhuka imifanekiso

Zonke amathebula ngokusebenzisa yezinombolo ukuze. Indawo yabo eshidini kungenzeka enezingqimba noma mpo. Kwesokudla kumele kumakwe: "inombolo Ithebula ...". Maphakathi line ngezansi igama layo.

Endabeni ukubhalwa kabusha kwanoma yimuphi umthombo etemibhalo liyadingeka ukuze ucacise kubakaki okuyigama ireferensi kuso. Uma etafuleni predstalyaet i alternation Imiphumela nedatha izincwadi, ireferensi kuzingxenye eziphathelene nabo. Uma kudingeka, bonke amanothi ilungelo enikezwa ngezansi kwethebula.

Lapho ubukhulu balo likhulu kakhulu (angahambisani ku ishidi elilodwa), ungadlulisa elandelayo (kubakaki - "baqhubeka" noma "ukuqeda"). kanye kuphela kuyinto unhlokweni etafuleni.

Zonke ihluzo esingaba khona ngesimo imidwebo, izithombe, amashadi, amagrafu noma imidwebo futhi babe izinombolo okuqhubekayo, futhi okhethwe njengoba umfanekiso. Yenza inki yabo emnyama noma unamathisele. Kudingekile ubheke umbhali alethwe umdwebo usebenzisa izinombolo noma izithonjana. Lesi sibalo elandelayo ukubeka isiqu sakhe - "Ilayisi (inombolo)." Futhi igama. Okulandelayo kungenziwa ukuphoqelelwa ngaphambilini uhlu izimpawu.

Njengoba kunjalo nge amatafula ezibekwe imidwebo inkomba lathathwa izincwadi. Uma isithombe ivezwa nezinguquko isihlobo original, kufanele kuboniswe eduze kwayo.

umsebenzi Ucwaningo: Isibonelo izinkomba

Indlela isiqondiso kubo incike umthombo. Njengoba isenzo lokugcina sihloko noma incwadi nge umbhali noma ngaphezulu, kanye izincwadi, izichazamazwi nezincwadi zesikole.

Uma incwadi noma isihloko has eyodwa noma ezimbili abalobi, amareferensi zenziwa, okubonisa kubakaki amagama abo ngaphandle zokuqala, kuhlukaniswe ukhefane nonyaka shicilelo. Enye - ukuze ucacise igama lombhali embhalweni umsebenzi. Kulokhu, initials ifakwa kubakaki unyaka shicilelo.

Uma iqembu yekubhala ifaka abantu engaphezu kwemibili, niphathe igama yangaphambili ne kwalokho kuphela "et al." noma "et al." Ezimweni lapho khona umbhali kakhulu (lokhu kusebenza encyclopedia, izichazamazwi, nokunye. P.), Esikhundleni igama nje igama unyaka kunyatheliswa incwadi.

Njengomthetho, amagama eside kwezincwadi banikwa akukho ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa. Esikhathini esizayo, angaphansi kwamanzi emhosheni. Endabeni umbhalo izingcaphuno izwi nezwi, kuhlukaniswe ukhefane ukhombise inombolo yekhasi nge isinqamu ocashunwe.

Indlela yokwenza uhlu lwezikhombo

Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nezimiso eziqondile lwempilo ngoba imithombo ehlukene. Isibonelo ucwaningo umfundi noma umfundi kuhlanganisa ncamashi nezimfuneko efanayo. Noma yiziphi izihloko noma izincwadi ezibhalwe alfabhethi, kanye umugqa obomvu. Okokuqala, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, sisebenzela ngesiRashiya, ngezansi - yangaphandle.

Qiniseka ukuthi ucacise zonke izinhlobo imithombo yokwaziswa mayelana abalobi, izihloko, idatha okukhipha kanye nezici ambalwa. Ngaphansi okukhipha idatha libhekisela ulwazi mayelana igama umshicileli, indawo yayo kanye uphume ngonyaka. Amagama amadolobha ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuphelele, ngaphandle eMoscow Petersburg, ezivame kudliwe nokwehla.

Ngaphansi isici ambalwa eyenani yamakhasi. Uma sikhuluma iphephabhuku i noma iqoqo, kumane lawo makhasi ukuthi zihlobene ngokuqondile ukushicilelwa. Kulokhu, ulwazi ekhona ngesimo udwi ukhombise nesibongo wabo.

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