Tungsten, Molybdenum: Ingxubevange isicelo

ngayo izinto ezakhiwe imvelo amaminerali aqukethe Tungsten e zezakhi ahlukahlukene kanye lokuhlala zezimboni lapho isizinda kuba ngokomthetho kungenzeka nangokwezimali ingenzeka, - tungsten molybdenum imikhando, kanye beryllium, ithini, ithusi, i-bismuth ngezikhathi mercury antimony, nesiliva, negolide, i-arsenic, tantalum, isibabule, scandium, niobium - iplanethi enjalo ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi, njengoba igama leqembu engacebile. Ukudlulisa ore tungsten ingxenye - Molybdenum, njengezinye eziningi, isuswe ngaphansi okuhlushwa idluliselwe ugxilisa abakhethayo lokuthenga noma iqoqo.

Kanjani tungsten

wemithi Swedish Carl Scheele, wemithi ngokuqeqesha olwenziwa ucwaningo e-laboratory yabo. Kube wathola abantu manganese, barium yombala, chlorine, ngisho nomoya-mpilo. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, wenza lutho elathola lolu daba ngoba yena wangeniswa Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Ngisho ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe ngo-1781, wayeka yini ayithandayo engakathenjiswa umshado, okwenza nathi elinye sipho esimangalisayo.

Ukukhiqiza isipiliyoni, uCarl Scheele wathola ukuthi tungsten (amaminerali, kamuva ogama lakhe behlonipha yakhe scheelite) - usawoti ezinye ayikaziwa acid. Kwakuyisikhathi ukutholakala enkulu, kodwa eminyakeni emibili nje kuphela kamuva bamakhemikhali eSpain nabafundi bakhe lalihlukene lokhu brand yezimbiwa element omusha ukuthi ushintshe yonke postulates embonini. Nokho, Icebo lika kwenzeke hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze ngaphambi kwaba sobala ukuthi izakhiwo ezehlukile uye Tungsten.

division

Kuye emkhakheni zonke imikhando tungsten zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: exogenous futhi endogenous. Phakathi yokugcina kukhona skarn, pegmatite, Stringer-vein (ezingaphansi kolwandle) greyzerovye izinhlobo kwezakhi imikhando, elihlanganiswa ku zokwakheka ezintathu eziyinhloko i-ore. Lokhu tungsten - ithini tungsten - molybdenum, i-tungsten - polymetals.

Ngezinye izikhathi, i-tungsten itholakala pegmatites, okuyindawo akhishwa futhi scheelite endleleni, ehola ukukhiqizwa lwaba yikrisolithi, cassiterite, tantalum niobate noma spodumene. Pegmatitnye ensimini - emithonjeni anesihlabathi - athuthukile kunazo zonke South East Asia nase-Afrika.

isitokwe

Tungsten, molybdenum emkhandweni wensimbi Ihlobene ngokuseduze egwadle intrusions, izingxenye zawo apical, lapho kukhona ezifakwa prikrovlevye, ngokuvamile obuhambisana nokuthanda ore stockworks kokubili intra- futhi nadintruzivnymi.

Bakha kukhona ezifakwa plascheobraznye, icwecwe eliqophayo futhi okusaqanda uma ikakhulukazi utshani kombhede. kumakwe kahle nemizimba ore uhlobo columnar futhi Stockworks ukuma okungajwayelekile. Idiphozithi izinqolobane lapho kukhona molybdenum, i-tungsten namanye ezingavamile emhlabeni amaminerali cishe ungalokothi ube inothile. I-ore Kulinganiselwa kuphela amashumi, ezingavamile kakhulu emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zamathani.

isizinda

Molybdenum, tungsten futhi kwezinye izingxenye ezingaphansi kolwandle ore kukhona exo- negwadle endocontact afanayo okuyifomu ezimbili omude kunayo yonke sasivumela ezijulile - kuze ikhilomitha - lonke uchungechunge wahlala iconsi emaweni kubonisa ukuthi mancane isilinganiso iconsi izintambo. Futhi wathola Stockworks. Izidumbu ore akhiwa asebenza ngebhethri-wolframite, cassiterite, wolframite-asebenza ngebhethri inclusions, ngokuvamile molybdenum, beryllium futhi bismuthinite, okufakwe lapha nge asebenza ngebhethri-molybdenite-scheelite futhi imikhando asebenza ngebhethri-scheelite.

Ngokuvamile e imikhando enjalo inezinto tungsten molybdenum, ezingavamile emhlabeni metal nezinye izinto eziningi ezincane: kusukela tungsten-isigamu esisodwa kanti amaphesenti angu nengxenye, nokuningi - kancane. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kokuba izinqolobane ore eziyizinkulungwane eziningana noma amashumi ezinkulungwane amathani, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kakhulu, kuncane kakhulu. Imayini ngokuvamile eyenziwa komhlaba noma evulekile izindlela emgodini.

Izindlela ukukhiqizwa

Tungsten ezifakwa ehilela izindlela isizinda noma phula izingqimba noma izingqimba ovundlile ukuncipha ore emabhulokini imfucuza. Futhi esetshenziswa indlela stowing ukuthi kahle ekuthuthukiseni bukhoma, skarn ezifakwa noma greisen.

Vula indlela kusikisela shtorkverkov, skarn ezifakwa noma greisen noma placers. On the imigodi, oveza tungsten netshe, molybdenum, ngokuvamile usebenza nekambiso yeenthuthi nangaphandle ulahla. Kulezi zimo, ukukhiqizwa cishe ngomshini ngokuphelele - amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu. Kodwa umsebenzi akugcini lapha. Ore nokunonophala ngokufunwa, kusukela kuphela ubukhulu eyodwa nengxenye per cent ziqukethe ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi - tungsten molybdenum.

idiphozi

Ngo ezwe elaliyi-USSR imali enkulu kakhulu tungsten ore lucwaningwa Kazakhstan, Eastern eSiberia neMpumalanga Ekude, eCaucasus nase-Asia Ephakathi. Akubona bonke babo achazwayo. ukucutshungulwa Overseas of tungsten kanye molybdenum Kwenziwa abaningi ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Korea China. Kukhona imali enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-tungsten limbiwa Portugal, Australia, eCanada, Bolivia, i-United States, France, e-Austria ne-Turkey.

Kufanele ukuthi i-South-East Asia naseziqhingini zasePacific ore yayo ibhande kukhona amaphesenti angaphezu kuka ayisithupha zigcine tungsten emhlabeni. Sekukonke, imali uhlole izinqolobane ingqikithi tungsten iplanethi ingasaphathwa elilodwa amathani sesigidi. Ngokwesibonelo, igolide minyaka yonke (hhayi esitokisini, okungukuthi waqalisa), amathani mayelana 4.278.200.

izakhiwo

Ukuba omunye izinsimbi refractory kakhulu, i-tungsten kuba cishe esisemqoka kuzo zonke izindawo ukuthi abahlangene okushisa aphakeme. Njengoba isici chemical Wolframium (W) elondolozwe ku iqembu lesine kohlelo gqwa. Isisindo sayo athomu 183,85, futhi nenombolo 74. It is esigama ngenxa yayo ukukhanya grey umbala - isiJalimane kanye Wolf Rahm elihunyushwe ngokuthi "Impisi" futhi "cream", uma ngokoqobo - "Impisi Foam". Naphezu refractoriness, ezinzile at okushisa okuvamile. Minerals kokunikeza tungsten - wolframite, scheelite futhi.

Tungsten - kwenye yezingxenye eyinhloko steel ukushisa nemithi Superhard - ngejubane ithuluzi, kanye Alloys nge ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo - stellite, kwi nokunye. Kodwa tungsten okumsulwa, sibona nsuku zonke, ngoba kabanzi lisetshenziswe Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka. Ngokwesibonelo, e intambo izibani intambo tungsten. Futhi, ingaphambi esisemqoka electronics. amadivaysi Electronic abe cathode kanye anode we metal.

brand Alloys

Ukucubungula tungsten kanye molybdenum eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa izuzisa kakhulu. Umkhakha owaziyo brand ambalwa, ezinye zazo kuvamile begodu kancane. Tungsten uhlanzekile, nge izithasiselo futhi Alloys nezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ngakho, isitembu ezahlukene BP - tungsten futhi rhenium ingxubevange; VL - ne lanthanum oxide njengoba dopant; VI - ne yttria; VT - njengenhlangano oxide okufakiwe cindezela; VM - silica futhi doped nge cindezela; VA - aluminium futhi Silica izithasiselo; RF - tungsten okumsulwa.

Tungsten luyisisekelo Carbide futhi tungsten ingxubevange futhi molybdenum - superalloy, njengabantu abathile abanye. Futhi nge iqhaza lakhe balungiselela bafake ukumelana ithuluzi lensimbi. Kulezi Alloys ukwenza okuningi injini izingxenye - zezindiza nemikhumbi-mkhathi, e amanye amadivayisi ayi- elekhthroniki - izingxenye ezahlukene futhi intambo. Kusukela kwabantu metal kuphezulu kakhulu, isetshenziselwa counterweights, ngoba amachashazi kanye wezikhali amagobolondo, ngoba imicibisholo evuthayo ballistic (sinjalo lemifanekiso, tungsten ukumelana eyodwa abayizinkulungwane ezilikhulu lamatshumi ayisificaminwembili linemibhikisho ngeminithi) I-high-speed rotors futhi asetshenziswa izinsimbi ezifana tungsten kanye molybdenum. Ukusebenzisa kwabo, njengoba sesibonile, kabanzi kakhulu, futhi omunye angase ngisho ithi acwengekile.

Fields of kwesicelo

Ngaphandle emhlabeni lezi zinsimbi ezingavamile, iziphi chromium, molybdenum, i-tungsten namuhla, awusakwazi ukwenza noma imithi noma umsebenzi onikwe omunye. zinhlayiya eyodwa tungstates kukhona imitshina scintillation,-X-ray, kanye nezinye radiations ionizing. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe ₂₎ isetshenziswa yokuguqula energy ezishisayo ku-energy kagesi. Ngisho argon-arc Welding usebenzisa tungsten njengenhlangano electrode.

Ikakhulukazi kabanzi tungsten kwakwakhe. izinto Composite futhi Alloys okuqinile kokuba ngesisekelo tungsten Carbide, ezidingekayo ukuze machining kokubili izinsimbi kanye non-metallic izakhiwo. Lokhu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi umshini: yokugaya, ukuvula, chiselling, planing. Musa ukwenza manje ngaphandle Carbide ngesikhathi imishini kanye nezimayini, futhi ngenxa yalokho sidinga tungsten molybdenum - ukukhiqizwa inkositini bonke ubuchwepheshe obusha nabo.

izinhlobo Product ezingavamile-umhlaba izinsimbi

WS ₂ (tungsten sulphide) - okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa amafutha withstanding kuze kube degrees anamakhulu mahlanu centigrade. Lapho electrolyte oqinile wakhiwa (fuel cell ephezulu lokushisa) isetshenziswa tungsten trioxide. Textile, upende umkhakha iye yathuthuka kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi ubuchwepheshe, usebenzisa njengoba kwakwakhe kulethe tungsten kanye nesithako sombala nge syntheses organic.

Umkhakha ukhiqiza omkhulu kakhulu imikhiqizo ehlukene, eyayinekheli tungsten molybdenum nezinye ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi. Okuvame kakhulu - kungcono electrode, ngocingo, i-tungsten powder, sheet rod-. Electrode neze elicibilikile ke ingasetshenziswa Welding ephezulu ingxubevange lezinsimbi, izinsimbi non-ayoni futhi izinto nge ezahlukene amakhemikhali izingoma. Akekho electrode akayinekezi amandla ophakeme weld.

molybdenum

Molybdenum Alloys, walilandisa materials refractory. Njengoba injalo emsulwa isetshenziswa ngendlela wire noma tape heater - amaziko, ngisho besebenza e-hydrogen ezingeni lokushisa 1600 ° C. Ithini molybdenum wire ayekudinga umkhakha electronic, zisetshenziswe-X-ray ubuchwepheshe molybdenum ekhiqizwa ezihlukahlukene izingxenye zama-X ray amashubhu, electron amashubhu, cleaner amashubhu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, molybdenum, futhi tungsten njengoba kabanzi kakhulu esetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa lezinsimbi. Lengetiwe Mo kwandisa amandla, hardenability, ukugqwala ukumelana, ubunzima. Ngakho-ke, i-tungsten kanye molybdenum asetshenziselwa ukwakha izingxenye ezibucayi kakhulu futhi imininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukuze uthole ubulukhuni anjalo esikhathini ingxubevange Stellite kwethulwa - chrome ayibe, abaphila izingxenye onqenqemeni bafake ukusebenza. I-Chromium, molybdenum, i-tungsten - lokhu ingxubevange cishe akunakwenzeka ukusula. Futhi, sinikwa yezindawo kuqala eziningi acid Alloys ukushisa ukumelana.

isikhala

Ingxubevange of tungsten kanye molybdenum lichaza ekwakheni Plating ikhanda kwanoma iyiphi ejikijelwayo izindiza. Ngamandla Tungsten kokuthoma, kwesibili - molybdenum. Nokho, amandla ethize okushisa of mayelana neshumi nanhlanu degrees Celsius okukhiphayo Alloys nge molybdenum kwasekuqaleni. Uma izinga lokushisa komzimba ngisho ephakeme - the tungsten futhi tantalum kukhona esinganqobeki. Molybdenum lezinyosi iphaneli wenza zezindiza mkhathi capsule amagobolondo ebekaphaphela phinda Earth, ukushisa, izivikelo Ukunquma emaphethelweni wamaphiko, stabilizers.

Lapho izimo zokusebenza zinzima, ukusiza ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi. Kusukela izinto ezinjalo bangalindela namachibi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukumelana negesi ukuguguleka komhlabathi, namandla high kanye nekhono ubambe kick. Abaningi imininingwane jet futhi rocket izinjini, iziketi ihamba, ophephela izindwani, enezinto Imibhobho esemzimbeni, ukulawula evele, rocket Imibhobho esemzimbeni, njll - zonke lezi amaphepha kunzima ukubhekana molybdenum.

Emhlabeni

izinto ocatshangelwayo imishini esebenza medium wali band, sulfuric futhi acid hydrochloric ungumphumela, wenziwe ngamangqamuzana molybdenum futhi Alloys yayo. It umelana ngisho ingilazi ezibunjiwe, ngakhoke umkhakha ingilazi kwenza bekholelwa molybdenum njengoba electrode ngoba ukuncibilika.

Kusukela izinduku zayo Alloys ekhiqizwa, isikhunta ukuze ophezulu Ukuxoshwa ithusi, zinc kanye aluminium. Njengoba molybdenum steel iphathwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi - ngenqama, efa, mandrel ukubhoboza Mills. Beba molybdenum futhi kakhulu ngcono.