Sulfated acid: ifomula amakhemikhali izakhiwo

Omunye acid yezimbiwa kuqala, okuyinto yaziwa indoda - kuyinto sulfuric acid, noma sulfate. Akukhona nje ukuthi, kodwa eziningi zikasawoti yayo asetshenziswa ukwakhiwa, imithi, umkhakha ukudla ngenhloso lobuchwepheshe. Kuze kube manje kulesi sici, akukho okushintshile. izici eziningana ukuthi anazo sulphate acid, yenza kube lula esisemqoka syntheses zamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yezezimboni nokuphila kwansuku zonke asetshenziswa nosawoti yalo. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ngokuningiliziwe lokho oyikho nalokho izimfanelo ezaboniswa izakhiwo.

A ezihlukahlukene amagama

Ake uqale nge yokuthi amagama kulesi ababaluleke kakhulu. Phakathi kwazo yilezo akhiwa a ngesilwane esifuywayo okunengqondo, futhi lezo ngokomlando. Ngakho, lokhu kwakwakhe ubizwa ngokuthi:

• sulphate acid;
• vitriol;
• sulfuric acid;
• oleum.

Nakuba inkulumo ethi "oleum" akuyona ngokuphelele efanelekayo ketshezi ngoba inhlanganisela sulfuric acid futhi ephakeme oxide sulphur - _{3 SO.}

sulphate Acid: ifomula ezinto isakhiwo

Ngokombono walaba izifinyezo chemical ubhala ifomula lokhu acid kungenzeka ngakho: H ₂ SO _4. Kusobala ukuthi i-molecule ye yakhiwa cations ezimbili ze-hydrogen ne-acid ezisalayo anion - sulfate ion kokuba 2+ kwenkokhelo.

Ngakho ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni, ukuxhumana okulandelayo:

• covalent polar phakathi nesibabule nomoya-mpilo;
• covalent kakhulu polar phakathi hydrogen ne okuseleyo acid SO _4.

Sera kokuba 6 electron ayibhangqiwe yakha izibopho ezimbili kabili athomu amabili-mpilo. Ngisho nombhangqwana - olulodwa, bese kuthi labo ithuba - a-hydrogen olulodwa. Ngenxa yalokho we ukwakheka kwama-molecule kuyivumela uqine ngokwanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le seka hydrogen kuyinto mobile kakhulu futhi kulula ukuya khona, ngoba nesibabule nomoya-mpilo olukhudlwana e electronegativity. Ukudonsa electron kwabantu uqobo, zikunikeza hydrogen ngokwengxenye icala omuhle, okuyinto lapho detaching kuqedile. kwakhiwa Ngakho acid izixazululo okuyinto H ^+.

Ekhuluma namachibi zithi izakhi enkompolo, i-asidi sulfate ifomula lapho H ₂ SO _4, ivumela kalula ukubala: hydrogen y +1, y -2-mpilo, isibabule at +6.

Njengoba kunjalo kubo bonke molecule icala net zero.

Umlando yokutholakala

Sulfate acid is kubantu owaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngisho alchemy bakwazi ukuyithola izindlela ezahlukene calcining sulfate. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-IX, abantu baye bathola futhi wasebenzisa yalolu ketshezi. Kamuva e-Europe Albertus Magnus ngafunda kukhishwe i-asidi nenqubo yokubola yensimbi sulphate.

Nokho, azikho izindlela wayengekho inzuzo. Khona-ke benza kwaziwe okuthiwa zamagama ekamelweni samuntu. Ngenxa yalesi sulphur zivutha nitrate, futhi evala savela ugxile amanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, sulphate acid kwakhiwa.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile futhi, i-British babekwazi ukuthola indlela eshibhe kunazo zonke yokuthola ketshezi. Sasisebenzisa pyrite - Fes _2, yensimbi pyrites. labadubuli Kwalo ukuphendula okwalandela yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa namanje ungomunye izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini ngoba synthesis sulfuric acid. izinto ezinjalo eluhlaza kufinyeleleke kakhulu, ezingabizi futhi izinga ekukhiqizeni ezinkulu ivolumu.

izakhiwo

Kunezindlela eziningana ongakhetha kuzona, kuhlanganise zangaphandle, okuyinto ihlukile kwezinye acid sulfate. Izakhiwo lingachazwa e amaphuzu ambalwa:

1. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, - ketshezi.
2. Embusweni kanzulu sinzima, oily, okuyiwona wabizwa ngokuthi "amafutha vitriol".
3. Into Wugqinsi - 1,84 g / cm ^3.
4. It has no umbala noma ukuhogela.
5. It has a nokufaka "ithusi" ukunambitheka eqinile.
6. Ancibilikisa emanzini kahle, cishe angenamkhawulo.
7. Hygroscopic, ikwazi ukuba liyobamba kokubili amanzi mahhala futhi lesibopho ezicutshini zomzimba.
8. I nonvolatile.
9. abilayo - 296 ° ^C.
10. Ukuqeda ngesikhathi 10.3 ^° C

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu lokhu kwakwakhe yikhono layo hydrate ukukhululwa semali ukushisa. Yingakho ngisho esikoleni, izingane zifundiswa ukuthi amanzi yengezwe acid noma kunjalo akunakwenzeka, kodwa kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho. Phela, amanzi ulula e kwabantu, + ngakho-ke bayozibuthela phezu. Uma kakhulu uyifaka kwi-acid, ukusabela okuholela chaza aphume amandla amakhulu kangangokuthi kuvele amanzi iqala ukubilisa futhi wafutha kanye izinhlayiya into eyingozi. Ingabangela chemical ushe isikhumba izandla.

Ngakho-ke kufanele kube zangena uthele acid emanzini, bese le ngxube sishisiswe kakhulu, kodwa abilayo ingekho, futhi ngalesosizathu ashaya kakhulu.

chemical izakhiwo

Ngokombono zamakhemikhali, lokhu acid unamandla kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma bagxila isixazululo. It dibasic, Nokho stepwise dissociates ukwakha anion gidrosulfat- futhi sulfate.

Ngokuvamile, ukuxhumana yayo nge compounds ahlukahlukene ihlangabezana zonke ukusabela eziyisisekelo ejwayelekile alesi sigaba izidakamizwa. Kukhona izibonelo zibalo athile iqhaza sulphate acid. izakhiwo Chemical ziyabonakala ukuxhumana yayo nge:

• nosawoti;
• metal oxides futhi hydroxides;
• oxides amphoteric futhi hydroxides;
• izinsimbi emi uchungechunge electrochemical ukuze hydrogen.

Ngenxa yalokho kokusebenzisana ezinjalo cishe kuzo zonke izimo usawoti kusho kwakhiwa acid (sulfate), noma-esidi (hydrogen sulfate).

Isici esikhethekile futhi iqiniso lokuthi metal ngendlela evamile Me + H ₂ SO ₄ = Meso ₄ + H ₂ ↑ isixazululo efana iyaphendula, isb alulaze acid. Uma sithatha a kanzulu noma eligcwele kakhulu (oleum), imikhiqizo ukuphendula awafani.

izakhiwo Special sulfuric acid

Lezi zihlanganisa i-nje bagxila izixazululo nokuxhumana izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ngakho, kukhona umdwebo ekuboniseni wonke isimiso yalezi ukusabela:

1. Uma isizinda iyasebenza, umphumela uba kumiswa hydrogen sulphide, usawoti namanzi. Lokho, nesibabule kuyehla kube -2.
2. Uma lo msebenzi isilinganiso metal, umphumela - sulphur, usawoti namanzi. Okungukuthi, nokuvulwa ion sulfate ukuze sulphur khulula.
3. Izinsimbi ongaphakeme chemical umsebenzi (ngemva hydrogen) - i-sulphur dioxide, usawoti namanzi. I-sulphur esimweni namachibi +4.

Futhi anezakhi ezikhethekile sulfate acid kukhona ikhono oxidize abangewona izinsimbi esimweni sabo eliphakeme namachibi futhi ukuxubana compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi oxidizing ukuba izinto ezilula.

Izindlela ngokukhiqiza umkhakha

inqubo sulphate sulfuric acid yakhiwa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo:

• pin;
• umbhoshongo.

Omabili ahlala avela izindlela ezivame kakhulu kuleli imboni yomhlaba wonke. Samuntu sokuqala kusekelwe usebenzisa njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa yensimbi pyrites noma nesibabule pyrite - Fes _2. Sekukonke kukhona izigaba ezintathu:

1. Calcination we impahla eluhlaza ukwakha njengoba umkhiqizo amandla omlilo-sulfur dioxide.
2. Ukudlulisa le gesi ngokusebenzisa i-oksijini phezu kulethe vanadium ukwakha sulphur trioxide - SO _3.
3. Umbhoshongo ukumuncwa Kwenziwa Ukuqedwa le anhydride e ikhambi sulfate acid ne isixazululo emakamu eliphezulu ukwakheka - oleum. oily esindayo kakhulu liquid obukhulu.

A samuntu yesibili - kuyinto cishe kuyafana, kodwa oxides nitrogen ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo kulethe. Ngokuya nemingcele ezifana izinga lomkhiqizo, izindleko namandla ukusetshenziswa, ubumsulwa izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukusebenza, indlela yokuqala siphumelela ngokwengeziwe futhi eyamukelekayo, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kaningi.

Synthesis laboratory

Uma ufuna ukuthola i-sulfuric acid eziningi ezincane for laboratory ukuhlolwa, indlela engcono kakhulu ukuze uxhumane hydrogen sulfide metal ngasebenzi sulfate.

Kulezi zimo, kwakheka kwetinhlavu sulfide ayoni, futhi njengoba ovela eceleni ka-sulfuric acid. Ukuze ucwaningo encane kukho enjalo kufanelekile, kepha ubumsulwa ezinjalo acid kuzohluka akukho.

Futhi endaweni yokucwaninga kungaba impendulo qualitative kuya izixazululo sulfate. I reagent ezivamile kuyinto chloride barium yombala, kusukela Ba ²⁺ ion kanye anion sulfate kusheshisa e kwenze emhlophe - ubisi barite: H ₂ SO ₄ + BaCL ₂ = 2HCL + Baso ₄ ↓

Lo sawoti ezivamile

Sulfated acid sulfate ngalo lwakha, ayizakhi ezibalulekile emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni nendle kulo muzi, okubalwa ukudla. I ngokuvamile sulfuric acid nosawoti yilezi ezilandelayo:

1. Gypsum (Alabaster, selenite). igama Chemical - aqueous hydrated calcium sulphate. Formula: caso _4. It esetshenziswa ukwakhiwa, imithi, uginindela umkhakha iphepha, womshini ubucwebe.
2. Barite (barytes). Barium yombala sulfate. Isixazululo kuyinto kwenze Milky. Ngesimo okuqinile - zinhlayiya okusobala. Kusetshenziswe amadivayisi optical,-X-ray ngemisebe, womshini i enamathela nangokuvikela.
3. Mirabilite (usawoti Glauber sika). igama Chemical - crystalline sodium sulphate decahydrate. Formula: Na ₂ SO ₄ * 10H ₂ O. It is lisetshenziswe imithi njengoba laxative.

Omunye kungaba zilandise njengezibonelo nosawoti eziningi, okuyizinto ukubaluleka esisebenzayo. Nokho, oshiwo ngenhla - okuvame kakhulu.

kraft yotshwala

Le into yisisombululo ezakhiwe ukuphathwa ezishisayo izinkuni, okuyi-cellulose okuyinto. Inhloso esemqoka yalolu hlelo uxhumano - uthole oludakayo yayo insipho iwukuxazulula. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kotshwala sulfate simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• lignin;
• hydroxy;
• monosaccharides;
• phenols;
• inhlaka;
• futhi oluyingozi fatty acid;
• sulfides, chloride, carbonates nama-sulfate sodium.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko letitinhlobonhlobo: abamhlophe nabansundu kraft oludakayo. White iya uginindela iphepha umkhakha, kanye black esetshenziselwa black oludakayo insipho embonini.

izicelo main

Ukukhiqizwa yonyaka ka-sulfuric acid kuyinto ezigidini ezingu-160. Amathani ngonyaka. Lena sibalo elibaluleke kakhulu, esibonisa ukubaluleka kanye yokwanda kwalo nxazonke. Kukhona izimboni eziningana futhi izindawo lapho kuyadingeka ukusetshenziswa sulphate acid:

1. Ibhethri njengoba electrolyte, ikakhulukazi phambili.
2. Ngo izitshalo lapho sulphate nomanyolo. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi acid yiso womshini izitshalo amaminerali efaka umquba. Ngakho-ke, otshala ukwenziwa sulfuric acid kanye ukukhiqizwa umquba ngokuvamile ukwakha eduze.
3. Esikhathini umkhakha ukudla njengenhlangano emulsifier, okhethwe E513 ikhodi.
4. Ziningi zamagama organic njenge-ejenti dehydrating, kulethe. etholwe Ngakho iziqhumane, inhlaka, insipho nomjuluko inayiloni, polypropylene futhi ethylene, udayi, amakhemikhali endwangwini, esters nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.
5. Sebenzisa izihlungi umshini ohlanza amanzi kanye womshini amanzi distilled.
6. Asetshenziswa isizinda nokucutshungulwa izakhi ezingavamile netshe.

Futhi eziningi sulfuric acid ichithwa ukuhlolwa laboratory, lapho kukhiqizwa esebenzisa wendawo.