State nezinhlangano zomphakathi zomlando

Singasho ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kanjani isimo futhi zemiphakathi nihlanganyele, uvele ngisho nangaphambi ukuvela kwethemu. Eyokuqala "isaziso" izakhi sedivayisi zomphakathi uPlato ngokukhetha kwabo njengoba inqubomgomo izidakamizwa ehlukile. Wanikeza lezi zingxenye siyinhloko bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe we "state enhle". Aristotle ekuthuthukiseni postulate ukuthi umuntu - politikon zoon, ie ekhona emphakathini nakwezombangazwe, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi isimo iwumkhiqizo wemvelo we zezombusazwe nezifiso izakhamuzi, Nokho, kukhona ezinye izindawo - kwezomnotho, somshado nomndeni, ezingokomoya - lapho isimo ayinakho kwesokudla udle. Aristotle kuqashelwe ukuthi impahla kanye abasesigabeni esiphakathi, kokubili bebodwa, kukhona ngesisekelo ukuzinza komphakathi wesintu.

umnikelo omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kanjani nokuba nobudlelwane namanye isimo kanye yomphakathi ngamunye, baletha umbhali Italian Niccolò Machiavelli. Unika isimo umbuso wezombusazwe, okungadingi njalo kuyahambisana kanye nokuziphatha. Ababusi, esebenza ngetinhloso tetepolitiki, futhi akufanele uphathwe kabi noma ukwephula impahla kanye namalungelo siqu izakhamuzi, ukuze kuvuswe inzondo umphakathi uqobo. Ngakho, Machiavelli washayelwa wumgomo wokuqala futhi ebaluleke kakhulu nokusebenza kahle komphakathi - uyinto ezimele, into ehlala yimithetho ayo ezingesiyo kuncike isimo.

Uma ucabangela indlela akusho ngayo exhumene isimo kanye nomphakathi, amaNgisi sefilosofi Thomas Hobbes ushumayela igunya wale mithandazo esimweni, futhi owokuqala ukwethula leli gama lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso ngokwesayensi. Umsunguli liberalism Dzhon Lokk Hobbes athuthukile unokuthile akucabangayo mayelana nokuthi le igunya temphakatsi, futhi waphetha ngokuthi isimo kuphakama kuphela uma umphakathi uye avuthwa lesi sidingo. Ngenxa yalokho, Locke ithuthukisa umqondo wakhe, kunezikhathi lapho isimo wayengekho (ngoba sasingekho isidingo ngoba), kanye kuyofika isikhathi lapho umphakathi ngeke kuphinde kudingeke ke. Ekuthatheni kwencazelo ngomphakathi onjalo, Locke lilubiza ngokuthi main olukhulunywa kulelo nokulingana wonke amalungu alo phambi komthetho.

Lakho ibheka isimo kanye nomphakathi njengoba ezimbili isakhiwo Okusizayo aphikisanayo, futhi uthi yokugcina kuyinto zingalulonda kubalulekile ngokumelene wobushiqela kanye nangobudlova iziphathimandla. Jean-Zhak Russo asigcini futhi ibona ilungelo amalungu umphakathi ukuketula uhulumeni. A kwesokunxele-wing ongqondongqondo XIX-XX leminyaka - Marx no-Antonio Gramsci, nezinye izazi zefilosofi yesimanje kanye nososayensi yezombusazwe - umphelelisi futhi sijulise ulwazi abantu ngomlando wesifundazwe kanjalo nendima komphakathi ekuphileni komphakathi. Kobushiqela futhi amasu okugumbuqela imibuso yesimanjemanje kubonakale ubuhlobo nakuba phakathi kulezi zinkanyezi ezimbili nomphakathi: ubunjalo izimbangi ekubeni, bamsekela nebhalansi nomunye, kulinganisa phakathi Izikhumbuzo ezifana jikelele kobushiqela ngokuphelele nezinxushunxushu.

Kuyindida, iqiniso liwukuthi ukuthi izikhungo eziyisisekelo temphakatsi, ezifana amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezombusazwe, abezindaba abazimele, tinhlangano temmango, izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo esintu, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ezombusazwe kanye nokwenziwa kwemisebenzi yayo kuphela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi zinhlangano ukufuna ukulawula zababusi ukufaka umkhawulo umthelela wabo ezimpilweni zansuku zonke izakhamuzi. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi uhulumeni kufanele okumisa imithetho ukuthi isiqinisekiso abantu abavamile amalungelo nenkululeko ngenxa lapho abantu abavamile nethuba ukuthonya uhulumeni ngesinqumo sawo. Echumayo athuthukile Western emphakathini wanamuhla - kuwumphumela ukuvumelana isakhiwo nezikhungo zomphakathi kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni iphile. Nakuba wobushiqela - futhi ingahlali kahle, njengoba kuboniswa umbhalo "Arab Spring" - kusho zihlale impi evulekile noma imfihlo nge izinyunyana ezimele afuna ukulisebenzisa ukulawula imisebenzi. Futhi kusukela "ukuthula ezimbi njalo kangcono ukwedlula impi ezinhle", isiphetho lezi imibuso selinqunyiwe.