Shmutstitul - Iyini?

Ngiyakuthanda ukufunda amabhuku namuhla akubona bonke. Futhi akusiwona kuphela ukuthi mikhondo manje akuzona ezishibhile, kodwa futhi ngoba iningi ulwazi oludingayo, ungakwazi ukuthola kalula mahhala kuyi-Internet. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ukunyatheliswa kuyaqhubeka kwanda. Nokho, ukuze ulondoloze imali, ezinye izakhi yendabuko ncwadi design abamemezeli awasasetshenziswa namuhla. Phakathi kwabo - the shmutstituly kanye ezivamile. Lesi sihloko kungase kubonakale kuxaka kwabaningi, kodwa iminyaka engu-200 kuphela edlule ngaphandle kwabo ayenzi iyiphi enye incwadi. Kuyini futhi kungani udinga ukuba?

Shmutstitul - yini ukuthi ababenyathelisa?

Shmutstitulom ababenyathelisa okukhulunywe ikhasi ekhethekile obulandela ingxenye entsha yencwadi, noma ngisho ikhasi lesihloko. Shmutstituly encwadini empeleni ukwenza indima ikhasi lesihloko kwesahluko ngasinye noma isigaba. Ngokuvamile, laba aqukethe igama ikhanda, ngezinye izikhathi ehlotshiswe amaphethini.

Shmutstituly ukungezwa incwadi induduzo siwele ngokusebenzisa izahluko kanye nezigaba. Ngosizo lwabo umfundi, ngisho luhlolo ngokudlulisa amehlo kungatholakala kwimemori like ikhasi bese uzulazule ngokukhululekile encwadini lapho kufundwa yesibili.

Ukukhuluma leli zwi, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi ezimweni ezingavamile shmutstitul - kungcono nje titfombe nobe iphethini zokuhlobisa ekuqaleni kwesigaba, okuyinto hhayi Thatha iphe-, kodwa umbhalo ngokwawo ekhanda. Nokho, lelo lungiselelo - i okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho.

Umlando izindawo elivela kuzo igama

Ngo isiRashiya, kwafika leli elithi kusukela German. In ulimi leli gama Schmutztitel kusho "ezingcolile ikhava ishidi."

Like igama kubonisa indima eyinhloko ukudlalwa nemidwebo shmutstituly - kwaba isivikelo ukungcola nomunye umonakalo ngokomzimba ekhasini isihloko sencwadi noma isahluko.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, umbono shmutstitula German livela olimini lwesiLatini, izwi Antiporta, nakho kwakusho umqondo ukuhluka - "frontispiece" (isithombe ngaphandle umbhalo, etholakala ekhasini elilodwa ngesihloko phezu ngisho band).

izinhlobo shmutstitulov

Njengoba for izitayela ke ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana shmutstitul. Kuyinto obunamaparele, upende, zokuhlobisa, sakhiwo-kuboniswa futhi kuhlanganiswe. Kulokhu, amagama ngokwabo ukhulume nokubaluleka kwazo.

Inguqulo ka ukuvela shmutstitulov

Waqale asetshenziswa nemidwebo shmutstituly eJalimane maphakathi nekhulu XVIII. Nokho, indaba nesenzakalo yabo kweqiniso alwaziwa. Ngakho, kunezinkolelo-mbono amabili ukuchaza indlela noma yimuphi shmutstituly (okungukuthi, siye wachaza kakade). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi bobabili awaphikisani nomunye, futhi cishe kokubili ziyiqiniso.

Ngokusho kwenye shmutstitul ibekwe phambi langaphandle njengoba containment, ivikelwe ukungcola nothuli.

Kukhona enye inguqulo. Njengoba kwaziwa kahle ngenkathi amashidi ephrintiwe kungukuthi ngqo okwakuthandelene umshicileli noma iphrinta, bona kwathengiswa ngaphandle yokuhlanganisa ukulayishwa emabhokisini noma imiphongolo. Ngemva sezincwadi wathenga lezi amashidi, umnini-sitolo wakuthwala wenyukela nakho Umbhangqi wamabhuku. Futhi, yena, sibonga shmutstitulam lapho lonke ulwazi mayelana ncwadi noma esigabeni ayo, ukwaba kahle ikusasa isahluko Tome iye ecacisiwe.

Kuze kube manje, lapho ubuchwepheshe ukuyiprinta usebhekene izinguquko ezithile, ukusebenzisa shmutstitul - lena ngaphezulu okunethezeka kuka ngempela. Nokho, abanye abamemezeli ukuze wandise ivolumu yencwadi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, inani ethengiswa ngalo, ukuya iqhinga, unezela shmutstituly nakancane.

Okuningi ukonga nozakwabo abafuna ukunikeza incwadi Chic, kodwa hhayi ukuchitha imali amashidi ezengeziwe, esikhundleni shmutstitul ongenhla otholakala uhlukane ikhanda umbhalo noma okungenalutho umhlobiso nenhle. I nemidwebo ibizwa ngokuthi "cap" Nokho, abanye abantu ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengamadoda shmutstitulom "zalo.

Njengoba ibhalwe shmutstituly

Ukwenza le ngxenye yencwadi ngokuvamile ngempela bendabuko, nakuba abanye abamemezeli ngezikhathi asuke okuthiwa njengeziyingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli.

Ngokwesiko shmutstitul - inhlanganisela amagama ikhanda noma epigraph ukuze umfanekiso othile noma umane elihle nomhlobiso c, Monograms.

Lapho esebekwe ukuba abe khona ngokuphelele njalo ekhasini lingalingani ku baphendukela sangakwesokudla. INGEMUVA ishidi kungenzeka noma nalutho (okuyinto engathandeki) noma zifake ekupheleni isigaba esedlule. Uma umbhalo Esahlukweni esandulelayo lwaphela ngendlela ikhasi lingalingani, kumele reallocated ngendlela yokuthi ekugcineni walo kwakunamafasitela nasezinganeni uhlu.

Ngokuphathelene shmutstitula ifonti, kufanele kube elifana nalelo asetshenziswa lapho obeka langaphandle, kodwa kufanele zibe zincane (usayizi). Lines kumele itholakale phakathi futhi bavumelane isitayela ikhava ishidi yencwadi.

Ngokungafani shmutstitula isihloko nengxenye, isihloko kanye kontrtitula

Njengoba asebenzelana ngayo iqiniso shmutstituly - okungukuthi, kufanele sinake ihluke kanjani neminye imibandela ishicilelwe.

Ngezinye izikhathi shmutstitul kudidaniswe isihloko isigamu - elandulelayo ikhasi lesihloko, okuyizinto Imininingwane zinikwa mayelana umshicileli, mbhali, lochaza,-copyright ku umbhalo, njll Ngaphambili, isihloko isigamu ngokwesiko isithombe noma umfanekiso kuleli bhuku kukodwa, kodwa namuhla lento ayidingekile lapho .. design.

Isihloko shmutstitula zihlukaniswa ulwazi kuleli khasi ngembhali isihloko sencwadi. Nakuba shmutstitul acishe never iqukethe idatha ngomdali wawo wonke umsebenzi.

Omunye umqondo ofanayo kuyinto "kontrtitul". Njengomthetho, it is nje esetshenziswa ezincwadini enomthamo omningi, kanye ezincwadini elihunyushwe kusuka nezinye izilimi. Ngokwesiko, ibekwe ohlangothini lwesobunxele kwesembozo ishidi. Kontrtitul liqukethe ulwazi mayelana umbhali kanye isihloko yochungechunge (uma lolu hlobo ingenye amavolumu), noma igama ncwadi futhi igama kumdlali olimini lokuqala, uma kuyindodana wokuhumusha.

Iminyaka engamakhulu amabili khona shmutstituly esadlala indima ebalulekile ekulondolozweni incwadi ngayinye. Nokho, namuhla zingabantu iminonjana embonini sokushicilela. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, wonke umfundi kufanele okungenani umqondo kude lokho le ngxenye yencwadi nokuthi yini indima ke idlalwe esikhathini esidlule.