Shewhart Deming-umjikelezo ukuphathwa izinyathelo ukukhiqizwa

Ukuphathwa sifuna kutfutfukisa ukuphathwa kuhle izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela ezimbalwa ukuze ukuxazulula le nkinga. Wethule abalobi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela okuqhubekayo inqubo ngcono ngu Walter Shewhart noWilliam Deming ukuphathwa umjikelezo okuyinto emhlabeni wonke ezaziwa. Basikisela ukuthi, naphezu umehluko omkhulu ekukhiqizeni, ukulandelana yezenzo iwukuba bonke izinhlelo okufanayo. Sitshele okushiwo lo mbono futhi kanjani ukusebenzisa le model umkhuba.

Umqondo lokuphatha ukukhiqiza

Inhlangano ye inqubo, umthelela ezintweni ezahlukene ngokuthi izilawuli. izinqubo Ukuphathwa zenzeka hhayi kuphela emsebenzini, umuntu ngamunye kufanele ahlele ezimpilweni zabo, thatha ezihlukahlukene izixazululo ukufeza imigomo. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa - it is a ububanzi kangaka okudingeka, okudlula kwenkululeko ukudala umkhiqizo noma isevisi. Umqondo W. Deming ukuphathwa umjikelezo okuyinto izincwadi esizifundayo, wukuthi ukuphathwa likhona cishe zonke izindawo umsebenzi womuntu, futhi babe Yiqiniso ezivamile senzo. Noma yimuphi ukulawula ezihlobene nokuqoqwa nokucutshungulwa kolwazi, ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, ukubambisana izinqubo, ukubikezela, ukuqapha nokuhlola ukusebenza. ukuphathwa Modern libona izinqubo eziningi, okubandakanya ukukhiqiza, namaphrojekthi. Futhi Imfanelo ebalulekile noma iyiphi iphrojekthi luyimfanelo. Kule ndaba, kukhona indawo ekhethekile ezifana nokuphathwa izinga.

Isimiso eziyisisekelo ukuphathwa izinga

Kunoma yimuphi umkhakha ukukhiqizwa namuhla owethulwa ube nendlela yokuphatha amazinga ngokuhambisana namazinga omhlaba. Basuke elibanzi eliqonde ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imfanelo nzile izimpahla noma amasevisi anikezwa. ukuphathwa Quality Kusekelwe izimiso ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo. Lezi zihlanganisa okugxile ikhasimende kanye nezidingo zakhe, ukubamba iqhaza kanye nogqozi lomsebenzi kubasebenzi, ukwamukelwa kwenkolelo-ze izinqumo namaqiniso ezisekelwe emaqinisweni, inhloko ephathelene nobuholi kanye ngcono okuqhubekayo. Kumayelana ukuqaliswa isimiso yokugcina futhi ibonisa abacwaningi owadala lo mjikelezo Deming futhi Shewhart. Quality ngcono kuyinto umgomo unomphela inhlangano ngayinye. Ihlanganisa wonke amazinga ibhizinisi kusukela abantu ekhanda, imvelo ukusebenza futhi umkhiqizo osuphelile. Ukuze uthuthukise izinga ingasetshenziswa omunye izindlela ezimbili: intuthuko kanye kancane kancane. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa ukwethulwa Standardization, ukuhlaziywa kanye izilinganiso, kanye nokwenza kanye nokuncishiswa.

umqondo Shuharata

American ukuphathwa umxhumanisi usosayensi odumile Uolter Shuhart e 1930 ihlola ngokujulile ezindabeni of control izinga kwemikhiqizo ezimbonini. Umsebenzi wakhe phezu izinhlu zokubheka okukhona nokungekho, okuyinto ngosizo ukulungisa okwashiwo ukuzinza, nokubikezela kwanoma iyiphi inqubo, isibe luyisinyathelo esingathí sina ekuthuthukisweni ukuphathwa. Iminyaka eminingi wayenesifo eqoqwe idatha izibalo ukuqapha izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Futhi esiqongweni umsebenzi wakhe wesayense wawuyiwo Deming-Shewhart ukulawula iluphu. Ezincwadini zakhe, yena olungisisa indlela kwezibalo lokulawula ukuzinza izinga izinqubo zemikhiqizo sokugcina. Ngo ukuphathwa Shewhart ikhomba izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuthuthukiswa okusetshenzelwa futhi Ukucaciswa ukuba kukhululwe imikhiqizo esizayo, ukukhiqizwa ngokuhambisana esifakiwe, ukuqinisekiswa lomkhiqizo kanye nokuhambisana nemingcele ebekiwe. Kamuva lo usosayensi isikimu siguqule umfuziselo 4 zinyathelo:

1. Umklamo womkhiqizo.
2. Umkhiqizo Ukwakha nokuhlolwa egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.
3. Umkhiqizo Launch.
4. Ihlola umkhiqizo isinyathelo, kokuhlaziywa umthengi.

W. Shewhart ezihlongozwayo inqubo indlela njengoba ukuyedlula ekuphathweni. imibono yakhe yaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuphathwa theory.

Umqondo Deming

Kuboshwe umfundi W. Shewhart Uilyam Edvards Deming wathatha ithuba lokucwengisiswa futhi sithuthukise umbono wakhe. Yena wayengu- mdali umqondo futhi jikelele indlela yenhlangano wenani ukuphathwa izinga. Deming obuqinisekisa umbono wokuthi ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yokubandula inkampani ngenxa zithuthuke ezicini ezintathu: ukukhiqizwa, izisebenzi kanye nemikhiqizo. Futhi ngenxa kweminyaka yocwaningo kwakukhona simiso Ubude Quality Management, oluhlobene ngokuyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa Deming. Umjikelezo ikhwalithi, ngokuvumelana usosayensi, simi kuze kube phakade, futhi uhlamvu isiyingi. Yasho ezimbili ezinkulu ibhizinisi ngcono indlela: ikhwalithi (ngcono zokukhiqiza, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi , njll ...), Futhi ikhwalithi. Ngokusho usosayensi, hhayi kuphela ukulondoloza izinga efanele izinga, kudingeka bahlale bezama ukuthuthukisa izinga lakhe. Deming buyekeza umjikelezo inalokhu izinyathelo yinto ehlukile. Lawa: ukuhlela, ukuqalisa ukusebenza, ukuhlolwa kanye nokusebenza. Ake sicabangele izici esigabeni ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe.

ukuhlela

Ngokuyinhloko Shewhart-Deming umjikelezo kuhlanganisa isinyathelo esibaluleke, kokubili zokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo kanye ukukhiqizwa design. Ngokwabacwaningi, osomabhizinisi kumele njalo ngcono ukuhlela umkhiqizo. Futhi kulolu ukuzibekela imigomo emisha, ukuhlola izinsiza, ukwenza uhlelo engcono yokwenza izinto lokuqoka abadlali kanye zokukhokha. Kulesi sigaba kubalulekile ukuthola izinkinga nezisombululo zazo. Ukuze uthole indawo ngcono, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ngokucophelela isimo, inqubo ukukhiqizwa, emakethe. izinyathelo Analytical kuzosiza ukuthola lungaba ngcono. Futhi, ngalesi sigaba, udonsa amapulani aningiliziwe ngcono elakhiwe isu ukukhiqizwa. Ipulani izinga ivumela ukuhlinzekela force majeure futhi ekubekeni isisekelo esiqinile sebhizinisi.

ukubulawa

Kohlelo - kuyingxenye ebalulekile ukuphathwa. Cycle Deming kuhilela ukwabiwa ehlukile ukulawula izinga isinyathelo ngesinyathelo "ukukhishwa". Kulesi sigaba, Deming incoma ukuthi uqala uqale samuntu ekhulelwa ngezinga elincane, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulahlekelwa ezinkulu uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka. Ngo kwetfula tinhlelo kubalulekile ukulandela ngokucophelela imiyalelo kanye Ukucaciswa athuthukile. Umphathi kufanele ugcine ngokucophelela ithrekhi isenzo inqubo ngamunye sinyathelo, ukuhambisana nayo yonke izidingo. Ngo umqondo Deming sika zalesi sigaba kuyinto kunalokho ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa, kunokuba ekukhiqizweni. Ukwethulwa uchungechunge akudingi umholi ukunakwa kakhulu, kodwa ukuqalisa lokuqala - kubaluleke kakhulu. Umphathi kufanele kube u-100% ukuthi zonke ubuchwepheshe ziyahlonishwa, ngoba isiqinisekiso izinga.

ukuhlolwa

Uma ekukhiqizweni wethulwa, ososayensi ukuncoma azokuqhubela isifundo zokuxilonga. Deming umjikelezo kohlaziyo yakhiwa isinyathelo esikhulu lapho isidingo hlolisisa inqubo ukuzama ukuthola ezingaba entsha ngoba ikhwalithi. Kuyadingeka ukuhlola izici bezibona umkhiqizo noma isevisi ngumthengi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, afeze ukuhlolwa, focus amaqembu, kanye nokuhlaziywa kumpendulo yekhasimende. Futhi, kulesigaba, kuba isiqiniseko lokufeza ukuhlola izinqubo kanye nokuhambisana ngezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sidlule nokuhlola abasebenzi, eyenziwa ukulawula izinga umsebenzi abasebenzi kanye ukukhiqizwa izinkomba ezibalulekile (KPI). Uma uthola noma iyiphi ngeziphambeko kusukela nemingcele isethi, wabe eseqhuba kuseshwa izizathu lokhu.

izenzo

Isigaba lokugcina lomjikelezo Deming - iyona ukuqedwa ukwephulwa Kutholwe nokushiyeka. Kulesi sigaba, ukuba uthathe zonke izinyathelo ongazithatha ukuze uthole ikhwalithi kuhlelwe. Futhi wenza idokhumenti ebhaliwe kanye nokuhlanganiswa imiphumela ngesimo Ukucaciswa kanye nemiyalelo. Deming umjikelezo, izinyathelo okuyizinto ezihlobene izigaba ezahlukene QC kuhilela motion isiyingi. Ngakho-ke, ngemva wonke amaphutha kanye amaphuzu kungenzeka izinga ukulahlekelwa kuyaqedwa, kufanele futhi ubuyele ezingeni lokuqala futhi baqala ukubheka amathuba amasha ukuze uthuthukise. I kwaphumela isipiliyoni umjikelezo is ngempela ukusebenziswa ijika elilandela, kuyasiza ukunciphisa izindleko futhi bathuthukise izinga lomkhiqizo.

Izimiso eyinhloko Deming

Sokuqonda bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, usosayensi lizokwenza inani postulates, ezibizwa ngokuthi "Izimiso Deming." Ngcono umjikelezo okusekelwe kuzo, futhi siphuma kuzo. Sezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:

- I ukuqinisela kwenjongo. ikhwalithi, njengoba inhloso evelele okufanele njalo lekumele azuzwe kokubili isu kanye amaqhinga.

- Head oluwulwazi obhekene izinga.

- Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi akufanele kube omkhulu, kufanele yakhiwe ibe kakhulu ohlelweni zokukhiqiza.

- Imikhawulo kanye nemisebenzi kufanele isekelo ngokucophelela futhi ubhekane namaqiniso.

- Kuyadingeka ukukhuthaza ukuzinikela kwabasebenzi ukuqeqeshwa, ukushukumisa abasebenzi ukuba bathuthukise amakhono abo.

- Ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi kufanele kube yingxenye yalo mkhankaso kanye ifilosofi wenkampani, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke abalandeli bakhe ukuthi babe ngabaphathi.

- Abafundi kumele bakwazi okumele siziqhenye ngayo umsebenzi wabo.

Ngemva kwalokho, okusekelwe lezi postulates abangu washayelwa izimiso eyinhloko ngamazwe uhlelo izinga.

umjikelezo Isicelo Shewhart-Deming

Model Deming-Shewhart yabizwa ngokuthi "Umjikelezo PDCA», ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe imikhuba yesimanje ukuphathwa. Deming Cycle, isibonelo engatholwa enhlanganweni lomsebenzi cishe zonke izinkampani ezinkulu emhlabeni, iyithuluzi elibonakalayo ekuthuthukiseni izinga imikhiqizo. Iningi ngokugcwele futhi njalo, lo mqondo wavuma ukuthi lokhu kwakuyoholela ukuphathwa Japanese. Deming ibonwa kuleli zwe waba iqhawe lesizwe, uye wathola imiklomelo eziningana, kuhlanganise izandla yoMbusi. Futhi eJapane, yafakazela umklomelo okuthiwa Deming. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, umqondo ubelokhu elisetshenziswa ekuphathweni isiRashiya, kuba isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa namazinga izinga ngamazwe nezikazwelonke.