Demand: ijika funa. I sesisonke funa ijika. Igrafu funa ijika

Umnotho kazwelonke kuyinto mobile kakhulu futhi uzizwa umthelela izinguquko dolobha, abasebenzi kanye intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi inkampani awukwazi ukuthengisa le lonke ivolumu okukhipha, okuholela ekungeneni kakhulu Ukwehla zokukhiqiza nokwehlisa GDP. Lokhu kungase kuchaze lesi imodeli kwezomnotho isidingo aggregate kanye supply. Le modeli aphendvule imibuto ukuthi kungani amanani ehla enyuka, ebheka langempela production ezifuywayo, kungani sishintsha ngo ukushesha nokunye. D. Ukuze lula ukuhlaziya izinqubo emnothweni kazwelonke, sethula imiqondo ukunikezela aggregate uphoqe aggregate, kanye intengo global ezingeni.

Uyini funa?

Umqondo "funa aggregate," ufingqa yena yonke imikhiqizo yokugcina umnotho kazwelonke, okuyiwona kukhona funa ezimakethe yezwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile esikhathini esithile sesikhathi. Ngokwe-ukugcwaliswa semantic lo mqondo kufana okwedlulele umkhiqizo wezwe. Inani layo kungenziwa kunqunywa ifomula Fischer:

M * V = P * Q,

lapho:

• M - Imininingwane imali ngemishini;
• V - Isivinini inzuzo;
• P - ezingeni isilinganiso lezimpahla amanani;
• Q - mass Imininingwane impahla ezimakethe yezwe.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona umehluko phakathi lezi zigaba:

1. GNP kunqunywa yonyaka, funa aggregate - nganoma yisiphi ubude besikhathi.
2. GNP kuhlanganisa, kanye izimpahla kanye namasevisi, lapho funa liqukethe imikhiqizo yangempela.
3. GNP kuwumphumela womsebenzi izinkampani koMbuso. Futhi izifundo isidingo aggregate zihlanganisa:

• labantu - ukufunwa ezidayiswayo (C);
• Inkampani - utshalomali funa (I);
• State - ngohlelo kwempahla yomphakathi (G);
• net nokuthengiswa - nokuthengiswa lokususa ukungeniswa State (XN).

Ifomula ukubala funa ekuhlanganisweni (AD) kuyoba:

AD = C + Mina +-G + e.

Lokho kukhombisa ijika funa?

Futhi, usebenzisa igrafu, ungakwazi ukubonisa funa Imininingwane. I ijika funa (AD) ku-eksisi ahlelembise ukhombisa amazinga intengo (P), kanye abscissa - yangempela (amanani base isikhathi) umkhiqizo.

Lokhu umdwebo sibonisa ekushintshashintsheni kwemali kahulumeni, izinkampani, amazwe umphakathi angaphandle, okuyinto zibangelwa izinguquko ezingeni intengo. I sesisonke funa ijika sikhombisa mkhuba phansi isidingo izimpahla njengoba amanani ukwenyuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu ukunciphisa kuthinta ngokuphelele yonke imikhakha yempilo kwezomnotho: utshalomali, ukusetshenziswa, nokuthengiswa (net) kanye lechitfwa nguhulumende.

Inani izici nomthelela ngokufunwa

Ukuhlaziya ijika AD igrafu, ungabona-ke ogeleza semvelo, lokuyindlela alichaza miphumela elandelayo:

1. Isilinganiso senzalo. Ngezinye izimo njalo, ayanda isilinganiso, ephansi ivolumu ukufuneka ekuhlanganisweni. ukubaluleka okukhulu kokuphila le nkomba kunciphisa wokuboleka bese, ngokufanele, ukuthenga. Ushintsho E-ijika funa kusukela amanani aphansi - okuphambene, kanye nomnotho ziyashukumiseka.
2. Ngenisa ukuthenga (lokuhwebelana lwemali kazwelonke). Yenqaba e ngenzuzo elinganiselwe lwemali kazwelonke kuholela izimpahla eshibhile ekhiqizwa kuleli zwe. Ngakho, okwandisa ekukwazini kwabo ukuncintisana ezimakethe zomhlaba, nokuthengiswa yanda, futhi ngenxa yalokho, inyuka uphoqe ekuhlanganisweni. I ijika funa eshintsha emthambekeni.
3. ingcebo Real. kwamanani kuholele ukwehla enanini eziwumgogodla we imali kokubili iphepha yazuza ifomu okulingana. Ukuwa kwamanani, kunalokho, inyuka nakwentiwa, futhi abantu empeleni kokuba esilinganayo uzizwe acebile futhi sikhulu kakhulu isidingo ukhula.

Ithathwe ndawonye, lezi ezishukumisa kuholela yokuthi emthambekeni ijika funa alivumi. Lezi zinto ziyizenzakalo intengo, kanye nomthelela yabo kubhekwa lapho isimo njalo imali supply emnothweni kazwelonke.

Non-intengo nomthelela

Shift ijika funa simi ngale ndlela futhi kungadalwa izinto ukuthi zibe nomthelela ushintsho imali yasendlini, emabhizimisi kanye nembuso.

ukusetshenziswa nezindleko

• inhlalakahle umthengi. Ukwehlisa inani langempela cash futhi imali okulingana kuvusa ukonga. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla umsebenzi wokuthenga kanye shift kwesokunxele ijika (kanye noHezekeli).
• Isibikezelo sezulu sezinsuku Umthengi kanye amathemba. Uma ikhasimende uhlose ukwandisa imali engenayo esikhathini esizayo, kuyoba kakade isebenza imali engaphezulu (kanye noHezekeli).
• "Credit umlando" abathengi. wokukweleta okuphezulu kusuka ukuthenga kwangaphambilini ngesikweletu ophoqelelwe ukuthenga kancane namuhla bese ugcine imali senkokhelo imalimboleko ekhona. Kujika khona ezimakethe waphinda shift kwesobunxele.
• izintela State. Ukwehlisa isilinganiso sentela ngengeniso kubandakanya ukukhula kwamazinga ophilayo futhi iyinika amandla ayo okuthenga ngentengo ezingeni njalo.

izindleko utshalomali

• Izinga kwezinhloso zenzuzo. Kuncike nokungaguquguquki we izimo zomnotho, kuhlanganise ezingeni amanani, yimuphi ukwanda amandla yawo yokwehlisa izindleko utshalomali, futhi lokhu kuyoyithinta nakanjani kuyoholela yokuthi nesidingo uzokwehla. I shift funa ijika kwesokunxele futhi.

• Ukubuya kulindeleke ku utshalomali. Evumayo utshalomali sezulu kanye izibikezelo kuhle inzuzo ezongezelwe esikhathini esizayo ngempela kuzokhulisa ukufunwa ukumnika imali. Ngakho liziphatha kanye nesimiso. I ijika funa ngeke bayeke ngakwesokudla.
• Tax ingcindezi. Ayanda ukubaluleka, imbuyiselo kancane abadlali kwezomnotho, okuyinto umfutho onamandla ekuncipheni utshalomali izindleko umsebenzi uphoqe bebonke.
• Ukuphakama overcapacity. Le nkampani, bengasebenzi lutho gcwele andla ngeke ukucabanga noma yiziphi izandiso. Uma amandla kuzoncishiswa, kuzoba isisusa ukwandisa ezindaweni kuvulwa amahhovisi amasha, nokunye. Ngakho, ukwanda le nkomba kunciphisa isidingo imikhiqizo utshalomali, ngaleyo ndlela unciphise uphoqe ekuhlanganisweni. I ijika funa ngeke bayeke kwesobunxele.

izindleko zomphakathi

Kuncike nokungaguquguquki amanani, inzalo engako, futhi intela ezibanjwayo ukwandisa izinto ezinhlelweni zokuthenga kuzoholela ukwanda funa ekuhlanganisweni. Okungukuthi, ukuhlobana okukhona phakathi kwalaba izigaba zezomnotho ngokuqondile ezilinganiselwe.

izindleko ukuthekelisa

Ukwanda kwazo kuholela shift schedule kwesokudla, encishisiwe - kwesobunxele. Kunengqondo ukuthi ukuncipha ukuthutheleka yezimpahla ezingena kwandisa zakuleli imikhiqizo yasekhaya. I sesisonke funa ijika ukuqhela nazo zathonywa izinkomba ezilandelayo ezihlobene nokuthengiswa:

• Income nomnotho wamazwe nalamanye emave. Lapho imali-abangenisa imikhiqizo, kulapho imikhiqizo yethu ngeke ukuthenga. Lokhu kuzokhulisa izinga lemikhiqizo net wezwe lakithi futhi ukwandisa funa ekuhlanganisweni.
• Amanani wokuguqulwa. Ukunciphisa kazwelonke exchange rate ngokumelene lwemali kwelinye izwe kuholela ukwehla zakuleli ngoba ukungeniswa nokukhishelwa ukwanda emazweni angaphandle ukuba kulelo zwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda nokuthengiswa net uphoqe ekuhlanganisweni. Le nqubo, yebo, kuyodingeka umthelela wabo schedule. I ijika funa ngeke bayeke ngakwesokudla.

ukuhlanganiswa Mutual kweminotho kazwelonke enkulu ngokwanele. Yingakho ushintsho izinkomba komnotho omkhulu yilona namabalazwe izinhlelo eziningi abasizanayo.

umthelela ukonga

Isidingo ijika - isibonisi ingcaca izitayela kwezomnotho of emnothweni kazwelonke. Esinye isici esibalulekile kwethonya ukufuduka kwakhe kuyinto propensity eziseceleni londoloza, ukusatshalaliswa engenayo inkomba ku ukusetshenziswa nokugcinwa.

Njengoba esiphethweni, kufanele wanezela ukuthi ijika funa libonisa ngokusebenzisa offset yayo iye kwesokunene noma uhlamvu kwesokunxele ithonya non-intengo izici ku enanini eliphelele.

Kuyini supply Imininingwane?

Umqondo ukunikezela Imininingwane ifingqa zonke izimpahla lokugcina namasevisi ahlinzekwa izimakethe yezwe esikhathini esithile ngaphansi kwezimo njalo. Lesi sibalo kungenzeka elilingana-GDP, njengoba limelela wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu ukukhiqizwa langempela.

Ngo Macroeconomics aggregate ukunikezela isheduli kuye ngokuthi ezingeni oqatjhwe ngaso (akuphelele esondela okugcwele ephelele) has izigaba ezintathu:

• Ibanga Keynesian (emile).
• ESigabeni leSisemkhatsini Ibanga (inyuka).
• Ibanga Classical (mpo).

iziphakamiso amathathu ingxenye

Keynesian ingxenye (Ibanga Keynesian) ukunikezela ijika uhlala ovundlile ezingeni elithile intengo, okubonisa ukuthi inkampani ukunikeza noma yimuphi ivolumu ukukhiqizwa ezingeni elifanayo.

Classical ingxenye ingcaca (Intermediate Range) uhlale phezulu. Limelela ukuqinisela yevolumu ukukhululwa kwezimpahla ngentengo uhla ethile.

Le ngxenye Lesisemkhatsini (Classical Range) ephawula ukuzibandakanya okuqhubekayo khulula ukukhiqizwa izici zalo imingcele ethile. ukuhileleka kwabo okwengeziwe ekugcineni, ukwandisa izindleko, futhi kungakho intengo. Kancane kancane kwandisa izindleko nemisebenti kanye netimphahla ngokumelene isizinda ukukhula ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo ezinjalo.

Non-intengo nomthelela

Zonke izici ze-non-intengo endalo, lawo sinomthelela ezingeni ukusetshenziswa, ihlukaniswe:

1. ekushintshashintsheni amanani kwezinsiza:

• yangaphakathi - nokwanda kwenani izinsiza zangaphakathi, amashifu supply ijika kwesokunene;
• yokungenisa amanani - ziyadlula kuzokhulisa supply Imininingwane (kanye noHezekeli).

2. Izinguquko emthethweni:

• Intela kanye nemixhaso. Ukwandisa umthwalo wentela kwandisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, ukwehlisa, ngokulandelana, supply esewonke. Izibonelelo, kunalokho, ukusiza imijovo wezimali ebhizinisini futhi asihole nokuncipha izindleko bese andise supply.
• isiqondiso State. Ngokweqile ukulawula isimo kwandisa ukukhiqiza izindleko kanye usekhuluma supply ijika kwesokunxele.

okutholakele

Ukuze ukufunda wesikhathi esifishane iyehla iyenyuka macroeconomic usebenzisa imodeli isidingo aggregate kanye supply. Wumgomo eyisisekelo yaleli umbono uwukuthi ezingeni ukukhiqiza kwezinto ukusetshenziswa, kanye namanani azo baguqulelwa ngendlela ukulinganisela phakathi kwemithwalo yakho ukunikezela aggregate funa.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, funa isheduli kuyodingeka eyehlelayo ezimbi. Lokhu kuphakamisa izinqubo ezilandelayo:

1. amanani Falling kubangela ukwenyuka inzuzo yangempela imali emakhaya, okuyinto ukusetshenziswa ukushukuma isici.
2. amanani aphansi ukunciphisa ukufunwa imali, intengo utshalomali.
3. Ukwehlisa izinga intengo kuphakamisa ukwehla zenzalo. Umphumela Ukuwa lwemali kazwelonke exchange rate futhi ashukumise nokuthengiswa net.

Ezihlanganisiwe supply ijika kuyinto mpo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inani amasevisi kanye nemikhiqizo incike zabasebenzi, ubuchwepheshe kanye capital emnothweni, kunokugxila ezintweni jikelele intengo ezingeni. ijika esifushane has eyehlelayo omuhle.

Ukuqonda System "funa aggregate - ukusetshenziswa aggregate" kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukuqonda izinqubo komnotho omkhulu. Nanobe tikolo letinyenti ziyangqubuzana ukuze amaqiniso afanayo, futhi kunzima ukuba sifinyelele isiphetho jikelele ngesikhathi umehluko incazelo yaleli asho into eyodwa. Uhlobo lezomnotho kanye nemiphumela kubangelwa kuba encike ngqo kwi imigomo nezisusa zabantu ngubani nethonya ngokuqondile inkambo kanye nezomnotho.