Senators - ubani lo? Yikuphi ngizothatha isinyathelo njengoba yilungu lephalamende

ISigele wabiza enye iziphathimandla eziningana phezulu kuleli zwe, elibhekene nomse- nezindaba aphoyintimenti, nophenyo zezombusazwe, incazelo inqubomgomo ezifuywayo angaphandle. I-apharathasi isimo yesimanje wabeka ezinguqulweni zabo kulesi sikhungo eRussia, USA, Italy futhi eFrance, eSpain, Belgium, Kazakhstan, Czech Republic, Poland, e-Australia, Colombia nabanye abaningi. Ngokuvamile lokhu umzimba libizwa ngendlela ehlukile - elingenhla lendlu ephalamende (lomkhandlu wesishayamthetho).

definition

Senators - kukhona boMnyango amaposi isikhungo esifanayo. Nokho, kwamanye amazwe kohlelo yesimanje yeningi leli gama libizwa ngokuhlukana, ingxenye etinkantolo letiphakeme.

Ukuze ubone ukuthi yini igama elithi "lephalamende", sicela ubheke i-izimpande lesiLatini elisho. Olimini lasendulo, manje alisetshenziswa enkulumweni yansuku zonke kuyinto «senatus» izwi. Inikeza incazelo iqembu, ngokufanayo nebandla labantu abadala futhi, esikhundleni salokho, lisuselwa "senex", elisho ukuthi "indoda endala." Umsuka wegama elithi kuyinto eduze okuhlobene ifomu yenhlangano yomphakathi, lapho amandla ingeyamakhosi abadala besizwe kamuva ukubizwa ngokuthi amalunga. Lokhu kwaqhubeka iminyaka engaba inkulungwane ngesikhathi ukuphila laseRoma lasendulo. Yethulwa ngo kwenkathi endala, umbono iSigele njengoba isikhungo zezombusazwe wakhuliswa emazweni amaningi ukuba eside isikhathi zomlando kuze kube namuhla.

kuqala iSigele

Nokho, manje ngisho nasesikhathini senators endulo - Izikhulu ezimbili ezihlukene. Khona-ke babebhekwa abameleli besigaba engenhla. Lokhu kwaba isihloko ukuphila kwabo. Umbusi wayenamandla aqoke abantu kule izikhundla, njengoba sekudlule isikhundla sakhe libe yifa lenu. Ngenxa yokuthi kwase kumiswe republic mayelana 6th ekhulwini BC. e. ISigele uvela isigungu samadoda amadala emelela clan patrician. Esikhathini umoya ukufana namanye izinhlangano zomphakathi, waba kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila yomphakathi. Amalungu ayo abangu zibalwa izimantshi bathole ukuphila, okungukuthi lokuhlushwa amandla ezombusazwe kanye nesipiliyoni waseRoma.

Senators olwenziwa ukubuyekeza owandulelayo ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, iqondiswe ezindabeni zezempi ezanquma inqubomgomo angaphandle, ezezimali, ukunakekelwa kwempahla yomphakathi, olwenziwa kokwengamela amahlelo enkolo, wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo. Ngo umkhuba bemqhuba isimo.
izinqumo zabo ziye amandla umthetho. Ngo kwenkathi yamaRoma, kwase amandla Senators kancane kancane kungagcini, nakanjani ukugxila umbusi. Njengendikimba ebusayo isibe umhlangano abamele imindeni ocebile ezihloniphekayo, njalo lephalamende, isikhundla lapho luthathwe, ayisekho ukuba nethonya elikhulu kwezombangazwe.

Russian Indlela

ERussia, inkosi yokuqala iSigele wabeka uPeter Omkhulu ngu e 1711 njengoba sakhiwo esiphezulu esithatha izinqumo amandla wombuso kanye umsebenzi zomthetho. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ukusungulwa kwaba afeze indima asimeme phezu lomsebenzi elenziwa izikhungo zomphakathi. Futhi, ngokuvumelana isimemezelo okusezingeni eliphezulu, njengoba 1864, ke abelwe ukuyokhonza kwelinye ndaba ebalulekile - isenzo yayisebenza njengenkantolo ephakeme Ephakeme. Nokho, khona ngaphambi 1917, Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye amalungu alo amaningi sichithiwe ngenxa ka-October Revolution, izenzakalo ngesicelo "Isinqumo phezu enkantolo."

Tsar Potr Veliky ngokuvamile asuke ezweni, okuyinto wamvimbela ukuba achithe ngokugcwele ngokwabo ukuba kubuse isimo. Nge injongo ukudluliselwa kwamandla, ngokuphindaphindiwe wayala abantu izindaba akhethwe. Isikhathi sokuqala la mandla wawufana umyalelo wesikhashana yangasese. Kodwa kusukela ngo-1711 lezi imisebenzi babelwa isikhungo esisha, ebizwa ngokuthi iSigele Ebusayo. Wayengafani le izikhungo angaphandle isikhathi (Poland, Sweden), futhi kwakuhloselwe ukuhlangabezana izimo eyinqaba zokuphila Russian. Inani amandla enikeziwe yizikhulu kunqunywa ngomthetho wenkosi, okuyinto elicwengwé umthelela ngemibandela alinganayo nokulalana nomuntu loMhlabathi. Lena ngezinga elithile kwathinta incazelo yegama elithi "lephalamende" in the ukuhumusha Russian.

kwekuhlela kabusha kaPetru

Lapho usuke ungekho njalo uPetru wayeka, akazange kuphakama umbuzo kokuphela senators. Ukusungulwa inhlangano kuba, lapho izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ziyenzeka ukuphathwa, zomthetho kanye nentuthuko ka umtsetfo lokhona. Eminyakeni yamuva, nokubusa uPetru amandla senators okungavamile elahlekile incazelo yabo, ikakhulukazi ibhizinisi zomthetho. Yaqalwa ngo-1726 Supreme azitshelwa Council laqala ukuhlanganyela amandla, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi isikhundla iSigele uye kwashintsha ngokuphelele, futhi abaningi amalungu ayo yayiswa isikhundla eMkhandlwini.

Lokhu okulandelayo eyasungulwa uPetru Eminyakeni esicishe ibe ngu ezingamakhulu amabili, inhlangano yokuqala uye washintsha eziningi: ke lahlukaniswa laba neminyango, reworked ehhovisi, iKomidi oNgqongqoshe, amandla wabelane, imisebenzi kanye namalungelo kokubili ngaphakathi futhi ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izikhungo zikahulumeni. ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukufika inguquko namandla abantu sika kwenza kwangenzeka nganoma uyoqhubeka ukhona. Ukusungulwa kanye namalungu ayo baye bakhululwa imisebenzi yakhe.

inkathi yesimanje

I sibonelo wokuqala iSigele zangenkathi Soviet Russia seyenziwe nge ngesibonelo Federation Council (ukusikwa lolungakahleleki - Federation Council) ngo-July 1990 njengoba isigungu esibunjwe ngaphansi uMongameli wase-USSR e 1990-1991. Wabhekisa amabombo ngqo ekhanda yezwe futhi kufakwe ama-apharathasi izikhulu ephakeme. Lalihlanganisa amalungu 31 kusukela phakathi kasihlalo we kumiKhandlu republic ezizimele, izifunda nezigodi, kanye usihlalo we iziphathimandla kwesifunda futhi umuzi 31. Ngu Isifaniso nge Ziseningi izikhungo angaphandle, abantu bathoma ukubiza isiGele Federation Council, kanye namalungu ayo - senators.

Namuhla e-Russia esungulwe endlini engenhla Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Kusekelwe igunya nenkathi yamaSoviet, futhi isebenza isimiso iSigele classical. I Federation Council angeke ziyoncibilika nguMongameli. Umhlangano ke libanjwe eceleni emihlanganweni amasekela ku Duma State. Imisebenzi njengoba umzimba unomphela, amalungu bafeza izabelo zabo ngokugcwele.

endlini engenhla

Leli umzimba Umbuso futhi yakhiwa ngesisekelo non-ukweseka. Lenchazelo kusho ukuthi amalungu ayo ungawakhi qembu amaqembu. Abameleli beNdikimba Upper House zinikwe inkululeko nokuvikeleka term yabo yonke ehhovisi. umsebenzi Legislative mayelana nokusungulwa kwe-Duma uhulumeni udlala indima okhonzile. Ngakho, izenzo ngaxoxa ku Duma, futhi kuphela emva kokuhlaziywa oqondile kuya Sovfeda wathola.

Kule minyaka engu-20 edlule-Russian "iSigele" udlulile izigaba ezine ukuguqula. Ngamunye wabo kwenziwe ushintsho abaholi zesifunda, elicwengiweyo izindlela aphoyintimenti, sizimisele yokungena ziqu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-inani izidingo jikelele ababezobhapathizwa akhethwe samanje age umkhawulo iminyaka engu-30, isidingo iminyaka 5 osodlosti nedumela lihle. Njalo lephalamende eRussia - kuba isishayamthetho noma isigungu se-Federation.

Njengoba-ke kwenziwa Melika

Senators - Lona ithonya yesibili zezombusazwe zabantu isimo ngemva kokuba umbusi. inani lawo e-United States - amalungu 100, 2 abameleli isimo. Kokuba ekhethelwe US yilungu lephalamende, njengoba umthetho, kungcono kakhulu ukubuyeka kuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu kunezinqubo Congressman:

• ezimbili kuphela abantu abavela isimo futhi engasekho;
• US senators kuthiwa ukhethelwa isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyisithupha, ie njalo eminyakeni 2 ezikhankasela ingxenye yesithathu inani lamalunga lize ..;
• Inqubo yokhetho uyakwazi ukuthatha inani elikhulu imithombo yezimali nezingokwengqondo.

Ukuze nethuba wangempela ikhandidethi okusemthethweni iSigele, umthetho uthi:

• isikhathi esanele ukuba umuntu ezaziwayo, okungcono njengoba e wesifundazwe nokazwelonke iqophelo umoya zezombusazwe;
• abe isimo esihle nomphakathi: umbusi, a Congressman ngomuzwa, iMeya yedolobha elikhulu, nezinye kokufaneleka neenzuzo
• izikhungo emhlabeni nethonya elikhulu futhi namandla ezezimali;
• ikhandidethi ngayinye kumele liqokwe uMbuso party inhlangano maverick fighter ukunqoba ukhetho kunzima kakhulu e-United.

Lo mkhankaso wokhetho iSigele aphethwe ngendlela efanayo a abanolaka, njengoba ngokhetho. Kuwo lo nyaka, izigidi echithekileyo kwabezindaba njalo manje bese vela amahlazo. Ukuncintisana emzabalazweni eyodwa ikhandidethi kusukela Republican futhi amaqembu Democratic. Uma kukhethwa entsha kuye kwabonisa imiphumela emihle okokuqala, bese okhethweni olulandelayo, uba cishe esinganqobeki. Senator e-US - kuba inceku yomphakathi lingasuki endaweni yalo ngezinye izikhathi kuze iminyaka engu-30.

Izibopho Senator

Ilungu le-isiGele kunoma isiphi isimo sinikezwe athile kanye nemisebenzi ezibhekene nayo, ukusebenza zazo kudinga abavoti zayo. Njengoba umsebenzi ebalulekile siqukethe emihlanganweni futhi izingxoxo, amadokhumenti, isikhulu kumelwe nakanjani ukuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo emihlanganweni eyimfihlo zokwakheka, amalungu elithize abengumsunguli. Senators ucabangela izikweletu ezichaza izinqubomgomo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle iNkampani iqhaza ngokwedlulele ekuphathweni kwezimali, impahla yomphakathi, izindaba zamasiko, umkhakha, kanye nemfundo. izikhungo Ilungu yesikhundla sabo inikeza ukumelwa okulinganayo ngayinye yezihloko umfelandawonye e emagunyeni aphakeme kakhulu. Yena ukhethelwa isikhathi esingaphezulu abasephalamende, futhi inani lawo ibuyekeziwe kaningi. Senators unayo imisebenzi efanayo Chamber engezansi amasekela. Lapho uxhumana iPhalamende iSigele kuyinto ukuhlunga isixazululo nge izimisele populist.