Ibhizinisi, Umkhakha
SAU "Acacia". Self ezinezinjini howitzer 2S3 "Acacia": ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe kanye nezithombe
"Acacia" - 152 self ezinezinjini howitzer (GABTU Inkomba - into 303). Yasungulwa ngu iqembu abaklami we Ural Ezokuthutha Machine-Isakhiwo Plant ngaphansi kobuholi FF Petrova futhi GS Efimova. SAU 2S3 "Acacia" senzelwe ekubhujisweni ukucindezelwa wezikhali nodaka amabhethri, nezisebenzi isitha sika, firepower, amathangi, iziqhumane, izindlela wezindlela zenuzi, umyalo nokulawula izikhungo kanye nabanye.
Noma alternation of izizukulwane
Kuze kube maphakathi nawo-sixties kwekhulu elidlule ku amabutho aseSoviet Army ngisakhonza njengomdala a self-eyayimfuqa wezikhali amayunithi (SAU) Second neMpi Yezwe, ezifana SU-100, Isitayela-152 futhi Isitayela-122. Lezi imishini ukuhlanganisa izinga isibhamu-howitzer izakhiwo nge anti-tank amakhono. Kungenxa yalesi yizinhlobonhlobo bona bakuthanda lempi ubudala esikoleni abanolwazi zempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Nokho, nge ushintsho izizukulwane izikhulu futhi ojenene kancane kancane kwakheka nombono omusha ku ukusetshenziswa amacebo wezikhali self ezinezinjini e zanamuhla.
Ikakhulu, i-main isitha amathangi nezinye izimoto armored akuyona projectile abavamile futhi elawulwa antitank missile (ATGMs). Kule ndaba, ezempi ochwepheshe sebekholelwa ukuthi umuntu uhlangothi, self ezinezinjini wezikhali amayunithi do hhayi ezikhethekile ekubhubhiseni esindayo imishini, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, omusha ACS akufanele "sigqoke" ku obukhulu zempi, ngoba ATGM may ngisho ikhefu ngokusebenzisa esiqine kunazo zonke okungakhelwa wabo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko entsha, wezikhali self ezinezinjini kufanele abe ukuhamba esiphezulu, aviatransportabelnost futhi buoyancy anda. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalezi imishini izidingo, kufanele uhlukane nale zempi esindayo futhi uthanda Ukuvikelwa inhlamvu. Ngokuphathelene nokubekwa izibhamu ke umlilo ukwandisa unenkululeko kufanele ibekwe hhayi bronerubke, futhi ukujikeleza ngokukhululekile turret, okuzokwenza ukuqhuba eziyinkimbinkimbi labadubuli isiyingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho omunye izimfuno eyinhloko wezempi kwaba ukudala kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi olusha ACS.
prehistory
Ukuqala ukusebenza ACS "Acacia" kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe elikhulu injini yocwaningo, lapho Luhlatiyo wezikhali izinhlelo zavezwa okuyinto zadalwa ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili (ezifana SU-100, SU-152 kanye nabanye), kanye kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa impi - njengoba gunsmiths ezifuywayo angaphandle. Ngakho, ngo-inqubo nezinhlangano zocwaningo kanye namabhizinisi USSR ukuzivikela eziyinkimbinkimbi siphakamisiwe eziningi okuhlukile we chassis, okwakuyoholela sizoba 152 mm inganono. Ngokusho kwenye yalezi howitzer self ezinezinjini abangu wasebenza ngesisekelo chassis ithangi noma yini engathathwa "118", "123" futhi "124" onjiniyela Sverdlovsk Engineering Plant. Kulesi phrojekthi enikeziwe esikhundleni inganono turret towed isibhamu D-20.
Kwesinye ukushintshashintsha ezihlongozwayo ACS "Acacia" wadala ngesisekelo yesifunda netindlela ithangi naphakathi T-64 ( "uphikisana 432"). Onjiniyela ezihlongozwayo ukubeka inganono 152 mm ku turret armored rotatable kanye coaxial machine gun. Lokhu neqhinga ethandwa kakhulu, njengoba T-64 kwaba ethangini lokuqala post-yimpi esizukulwane sesibili. It isebenzise izixazululo eziningi ezintsha, it izici chassis yasekuqaleni futhi Loader othomathikhi. Nakuba lo mshini bekulokhu ethandwa kakhulu elaborations amaphrojekthi ethembisa armored izimoto. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho locwaningo wezikhali self ezinezinjini, kanye elaborations ukufakwa isithombe ayethanda ukuthuthukiswa eside umqondo izibhamu self ezinezinjini. Futhi nokuqhubeka esebenza kuleso ukudalwa ACS "Acacia" kuphakanyiswe yi chassis we Sverdlovsk Engineering Plant.
Umlando sokudalwa
Kususelwa zonke izinkinga ngenhla lobuchwepheshe, izwi lesinqumo ahlangene eU.SSR futhi CPSU №609-201 kusukela 07.04.1967, le Sverdlovsk Machine Engineering "Uraltransmash" esikhishwe okusetshenzelwa ngoba ukudalwa ACS 2S3 "Acacia". Bekanye 152mm isitshalo Abaklami eziyinkimbinkimbi baye basungula eziningi nezinye wezikhali self ezinezinjini izinhlelo: 122mm howitzer "uhlobo lwembali enephunga elimnandi" futhi "Violet", futhi 240 mm nosimende "Tulip". Lilonke nje imodeli entsha kwezibhamu self ezinezinjini ayehloselwe ukuqeda ukusalela emazweni USSR NATO kulesi sici. "Acacia" lwenzelwe zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali we regiments ka elihamba ngomshini nezigaba zempi. Lokhu howitzer self ezinezinjini ezimiselwe ukubhujiswa uvikelekile futhi uvule Manpower, imishini isitha ezempi kanye izikhali, kanye nezinye izinto kwi-sesigaba kwezinhloso zenzuzo ukujula. Gun uhlelo kusekelwe chassis we zokuhlola amayunithi self ezinezinjini "uphikisana 105" futhi "uphikisana 120", kanye SAM "Umbuthano".
Eyokuqala prototypes ezimbili zadalwa ekupheleni kuka-1968, Nokho, amaphutha sina, ikakhulu, kuyinto intuthu kakhulu umbhoshongo conning zihlonzwe ngesikhathi sokuhlola. Ngenxa yalokhu ukungabi ezine ngaphezulu amasampula azenqaba Ehlobo lika ngonyaka ozayo. Ngemva ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo ukupholisa, le nkinga yaxazululeka ngenxa yochungechunge lokuqala izibhamu self ezinezinjini, "Acacia" (isithombe, kulesi sihloko, ukubonisa lezi imishini) yakhishwa ngo-1970. Futhi ngo-1971 gade enze inkonzo ethile. Le modeli yadalwa ingashintshiwe kuze 1975, ngemva amasosha angena ethuthukisiwe version of the ACS "Acacia" ngaphansi kophawu 2S3M. Imoto olusha sebethintene boeukladku isigubhu amacala nambili, kanjalo ngcono izinga ukwanda we izinhlamvu eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi transportable. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, isibhamu self ezinezinjini kwavele omunye sesimanje (2S3M1). Manje 152 mm kwaba ifakwe howitzer apharathasi okokufaka self ezinezinjini, ethola, ukucubungula, futhi reflection kwemininingwane myalo futhi umbono omusha SP-538. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwangena ku izinhlamvu ukulungiswa projectiles 3OF38 "Sentimutha" nezikhali ezicitshwayo guided 3OF39 "Krasnopol". 2S3M2 Kugcine olwesimanje okufushane ayehlukile kuzo ababengaphambi zabo namandla kakhulu wezikhali uhlelo. Futhi, le nguqulo ukufakwa kwaba ifakwe priemoindikatornoy imishini "Umshini opharetha M" (1V514-1), ikuvumela ukuba wenze exchange of idatha phakathi umshini abaphezulu ibhethri wasehhovisi kanye ithuluzi, ngaleyo ndlela sinciphise isikhathi sokulungiselela eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze evulekile umlilo. Ngokuvamile, howitzer self ezinezinjini "Acacia" yadalwa kuze 1993.
Incazelo umshini
Wezikhali iyunithi wenza ngokuvumelana classical isikimu umbhoshongo deckhouse. Isakhiwo uye armored umzimba eziphothene ukuthi ihlukaniswe yaba amagumbi amathathu: control, ezempi kanye namandla (motor-ukudluliswa). Leli igatsha lokuqala itholakala phakathi motor futhi udonga ukuze imbobo ekhaleni zomzimba. Kukhona indawo zokusebenza umshayeli. umnyango Amandla itholakala khona phambi. Kube has ukudluliswa, injini kanye ngamandla uhlelo. Ngezinye esikebheni we sikebhe elwa gumbi engangikulo. Ezansi umzimba ibekwe isiteji ujikelezisa ukuthi ogibele ibhola-nokufuna, ke uncika skates ezinhlanu. umdubuli kambayimbayi Emsebenzini ibekwe phezu kwesokunxele isibhamu, futhi ukushaja - ngakwesokudla. umlawuli kusofa obangela umdubuli kambayimbayi.
Ukwenza umsebenzi we-chassis self ezinezinjini iyahluka kwenye ezazingaphambi kwayo usebenzisa melkozvenchatye amacimbi ne injoloba ukukhweza phambili phezulu roller.
"Acacia", 152 self ezinezinjini howitzer: wezikhali isiqeshana
Cannon (2A33) yasungulwa ngo DB-9 kulolu self ezinezinjini. Ukuze uthole ngesisekelo towed isibhamu-howitzer D-20 sathathwa. Build-prototype senziwa ngesikhathi Perm Engineering Plant №172, nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ngobuningi - software "ngothango". Wezikhali isibhamu nge mpo nhlonhlo esangweni futhi kathathu ejector nomlomo ukubopha ezithathwe avaliwe rotary turret armored ogibele sihlobene eyindilinga nakakhulu. Ukwenza lula howitzer inqubo ukulayisha ifakwe i idivayisi electromechanical ramming amagobolondo liner we ukuklanywa, kanye ugqoko-umzingeli bagged imikhono. On the ophahleni conning umbhoshongo ACS (isithombe eshiwo ngenhla) ishiywa cupola lomyali lapho ukukhwezwa machine gun nge elawulwa kude, ukuze uhlangothi lomkhumbi lwesandla sokudla ishaja dweba. Umlilo ungentiwa esendaweni, kokubili kwezimo ezivamile futhi kule ndawo onegciwane. Boeukladki wezikhali self ezinezinjini (imodeli-non-ithuthukiswe) ibekwe ku amabhande ezimbili embonini yezezimoto. Phakathi labadubuli, bakwazi futhi bondliwe ngokusebenzisa dweba ekhethekile emzimbeni lisemhlabathini.
izinhlelo Propulsion futhi imishini elisizayo
On howitzer self ezinezinjini "Acacia" developers sezisungule nambili-V-uhlobo ezine-unhlangothi turbocharged injini ne Ukupholisa ngomoya ketshezi (B-59). Ndawonye kanye naye wasebenzisa kabili ukugeleza ukudluliswa mechanical nge kwamaplanethi kokuphenduka izindlela. Wezikhali iyunithi has ngabanye torsion ibha ukumiswa ne wokubacindezela telescopic ukushaqeka ezidayiswayo. Ngezinye ACS Abaklami sesisitholile dozer blade ekhethekile, okuvumela imizuzu amabili ukuze amba umsele emhlabathini ukufihla. Ngenjongo amalahle crew efakwe self ezinezinjini bafudumale system (RH-65G) kabani wokukhipha 6500kKal / ihora. Lolu hlelo wezikhali self ezinezinjini inohlelo ukuzivikela collective ukunikezela PPO PAZ, izikhali zembubhiso. 2S3 ifakwe automatic umlilo uhlelo, zokuhlunga iyunithi, isimiso ukubekwa uphawu linezingxenye ukuthi uzovikela nezisebenzi emiphumeleni bacteriological, enuzi kanye izikhali zamakhemikhali. Yobunzima of self ezinezinjini howitzer liyalondolozwa inqubo labadubuli, futhi ngesikhathi ukunyakaza.
izinhlamvu
Ngokudubula kusukela howitzer self ezinezinjini "Acacia" amagobolondo esetshenziswa kusukela inganono D-20 ML-20, kanye howitzer D-1. Ngenxa yalezi izinhlelo, wonke umugqa 152-mm izinhlamvu ezakhiwa kuzo. Ngokwesibonelo: igobolondo ephezulu alufakwa 3VOF33 variable okugcwele icala encishisiwe, nge 3VOF33 ububanzi kwenkokhiso, 3VOF96 esingu 3VOF97, 3VOF98 futhi 3V013 futhi 3V014 kusukela kwehlukana projectile ikhasethi okugcwele encishisiwe kwenkokhelo. amacala encishisiwe vumela ukuthumela projectiles at ibanga elincane indlela steeper. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba hit okuhloswe ukuthi kufihlwe ngemuva izithiyo ahlukahlukene, ezifana nezindlu, amagquma nokunye.
Ukuze abhubhise esindayo izimoto armored esetshenziswa ezuziwe PD-540 izinhlamvu. Lezi amagobolondo nge velocity kokuqala 676 m / s kuhloswe uhla amakhilomitha abafinyelela kwabahlanu. Jwayelekile bona zingene ithangi zempi 250 mm i-engela degrees 60 220 mm i-engela degrees 30 - 120 mm. Ngaphezu kwalezi izinhlamvu self ezinezinjini ku izinhlamvu iyunithi siqukethe izinhlamvu ezikhethekile, ekhonza disorganize izinhlelo zokulawula isitha ezingeni Tactical ngu wenza umcimbi futhi ultra-iDemo namagagasi omsakazo. Ngokwesibonelo, 3VRB37 futhi 3VBR36 ukushaja okugcwele futhi yehlise.
SAU "Acacia": Izici
Onengqondo ukulwa isisindo amathani 27.5 (isisindo iphansana "Acacia" ivumela zokuthutha yayo izindiza zokuthutha), kanye nobude iqondiswe phambili ithuluzi - 7765 mm Ukuphakama - 3050 mm, nobubanzi - 3250 mm. Clearance ACS - 450 mm, isilinganiso iyunithi phansi kwengcindezi - 0.6 kg / cm 2. amandla Engine 520 hp, isivinini - 2000 rev / imiz. Izici Zabantu chassis: ukumiswa ngabanye, ithrekhi uhlobo ngamandla, 1st futhi ezinamasondo 6th anemisila wokubacindezela telescopic ukushaqeka wezinciphisi, amathrekhi zenjoloba-ububanzi - 485 mm, inani amaloli - 115. Amandla fuel 850 amalitha. ngesivinini esiphezulu - 63 km / h. Cruising ibanga - 500 km. Umshini uyakwazi ukunqoba izithiyo: Ukukhula - degrees 30, roll - degrees 25, nomsele - 3 metres, udonga - 0.7 amamitha, Wade - 1 imitha. Engaphelele umzimba kanye turret sembatho 30 mm. Self ezinezinjini howitzer nezisebenzi siqukethe abantu abane.
Ukwakhiwa kwezikhali: Ukucaciswa
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, onjiniyela howitzer 2A33 kukhona DB-9 futhi KB2 Perm umshini wokwakha isitshalo, futhi senziwa isofthiwe "ngothango". On "Uraltransmash" inhlangano yokugcina ACS. Imininingwane leli thuluzi zimi kanje: ubukhulu - 152,4 mm, ubude emgqonyeni ukufinyela - 510-750 mm ekhombe engeli - mpo -4 ukuba +60 degrees, ovundlile - 360, isisindo ingxenye liyaphambuka - 2450 kg, isilinganiso - 1, 9-3,5 imizuliswano ngomzuzu. Ibhawudo okuyingxenye kuyinto lulwimi mpo nhlonhlo umlandeli hlobo. Brake buyisela emuva - lokuphotha wokubacindezela. Womoya - recuperator hlobo. Iyalayisha - ehlukile-case. Kokudubula ububanzi: amagobolondo uthayiphe km 3OF25 ukuba 17.3 kuya 20,5 km 3OF22, "Krasnopol" - kuze kube km 20.
Njengoba izingalo eyengeziwe esetshenziswa machine gun uhlobo PKT 7,62 mm, okuyinto 250 izinhlamvu cartridges.
wezempi wenkampani
howitzers Self ezinezinjini 2S3 "Acacia" lisetshenziswa ngempumelelo ezimpini eziningi zamasosha kwenzeka ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba kule minyaka engamashumi amane. Ukuba khona kwalawa amayunithi enkonzweni neSoviet Army Western intelligence wathola kuphela ngo-1973, ngakho-ke ithole igama ikhodi "Model 1973". Ngokusemthethweni, uhulumeni wase-USSR "ukukhanya up" ACS "Acacia" kuphela ngo-1977 "Karpaty" umzimba. Ngawo lowo nyaka, le mishini okokuqala waba nengxenye umbukiso ku Red Square. Ngo-1979, cishe ikhulu namashumi howitzers self ezinezinjini 2S3 zazidilivwa eMpumalanga Jalimane, izwe elilandelayo ukuze uthole lezi zimoto ukulwa, kwaba Iraq. Nokho, phakathi inkampani Iraq "Acacia" iqhaza kuyo yonke imisebenzi yezempi, ayenganelisekile nokuntula amasosha imibono yabo, uhla labadubuli.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kokusebenza wezempi e-Afghanistan, lezi zibhamu ahileleke artpodrazdelenih akuxhomekile elilinganiselwe amasosha aseSoviet. Military ochwepheshe itjheje okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuthembeka uhlelo Nokho, okungukuthi futhi ngaphandle nemiphumela ethile engathandeki. Ububi eyinhloko ACS neyaziwayo ukuntuleka ububanzi Ukudutshulwa izinga lomlilo. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi e-Afghanistan, imishini impi yasetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuqondisa umlilo, okuyinto Waba nethonya elikhulu eyonakalisayo phezu mujahideen. Inqubo efanayo manje eziye zasetshenziselwa ukulwa umSiriya amabutho ezempi kanye Islamist.
SAU "Acacia" futhi bahlanganyela wonke ezimpini e ezwe elaliyi-USSR. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkampani eNorth Caucasus, futhi ngesikhathi okuthiwa "Impi 888".
Namuhla, lezi izibhamu ukulwa asetshenziswe ukungqubuzana e-Ukraine, kusuka namabutho njalo futhi izidlamlilo.
isiphetho
Okwamanje enkonzweni ongaphumi namabutho ethu zimi wezikhali yesimanje self ezinezinjini, nokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi nenkathi yamaSoviet. Howitzer "Acacia" kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungakanani ngeminyaka, uyaqhubeka ukuba baphathe njalo uqaphile hhayi kuphela ibutho isiRashiya, kodwa futhi phesheya. Lezi izibhamu Zanikezwa Europe: emazweni we Warsaw Pact atheleka; ukuze Afrika: Algeria, e-Iraq, Libya, Syria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva iSoviet Union iwa, le mishini ababekuwo wonke amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet. Isidingo lolu hlobo kwezikhali kuyaqhubeka futhi namuhla uthola oda kokubili izibhamu njengoba i-Soviet Union Russia kwi ACS entsha. Ngempela, zanamuhla, izakhiwo ezifana ehlangana Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe ngokunembile guided Ungadlala indima ebalulekile. Isenzo "Acacia" yabonisa uhlangothi lwakhe engcono, ochwepheshe ezempi uthi malula futsi nokwethenjelwa kwalesi simiso wezikhali. Futhi emva iqhaza wakhe waba zithandwa kakhulu inkampani Afghan. Mhlawumbe yingakho luhlala enkonzweni hhayi kuphela ezweni lethu kodwa futhi kwamanye amazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke.
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