Iziqhumane - kusuka "Katyusha" ukuze "Okusheshayo"

I bababonisi yesimanje iziqhumane angabhekwa izikhali e-China. Amagobolondo uzisibekele ibanga amakhilomitha angu-1,6, ngokuvumela ku umgomo lenqwaba imicibisholo. E-West, amadivayisi njenge avele kuphela ngemva kweminyaka engu-400.

History of the rocket amagobolondo

Kweminsalo okuqala ayengelona kuphela ngenxa ukubukeka neziqhumane, okuyinto yasungulwa e-China. Alchemy uvule le nto ngephutha, lapho kukhiqizwa i elixir wokuphila okuphakade. Ekhulwini XI yasetshenziswa neziqhumane kuqala, okuyinto bathunyelwa izisulu izihlilingi. Kwakuwusuku isikhali kuqala indlela zazo ungathi iziqhumane.

Rockets waqala eChina ngo 1400 kwakungamadodana efanayo kakhulu amathuluzi yesimanje. Ububanzi indiza yabo kwaba kuka 1.5 km. Kwakumelwe ezicitshwayo ezimbili, ifakwe izinjini. Ngaphambi kokuwa kubo wakhumula omningi imicibisholo. Ngemva China izikhali ezinjalo uvele India ke kwabuyela eNgilandi.

Jikelele Congreve e 1799 ngesisekelo ekuthuthukiseni yabo uhlobo olusha neziqhumane amagobolondo. Bakhandwa ngokushesha bangeniswa ebuthweni lezempi laseBrithani. Kwakukhona isibhamu elikhulu, oveza ezicitshwayo at ibanga amakhilomitha angu-1,6.

Ngisho nangaphambili, ngo-1516, i-aphansi Zaporozhye Cossacks eduze Sifundazwe ekubhubhiseni lwesiTatar izindimbane YaseCrimea Khan Giray Melik isicelo ngisho ezintsha ezingaphezu iziqhumane. Ngenxa izikhali ezintsha bakwazi ukunqoba lwesiTatar impi, owawungumnyaka kakhulu Cossack baningi. Ngeshwa, imfihlo sokuthuthuka le Cossacks wathatha nabo, nofela izimpi ezalandela.

Izimpumelelo A. Zasyadko

A intuthuko enkulu ukudalwa iziqhumane senziwa Aleksandrom Dmitrievichem Zasyadko. Nguye owasungula futhi ngempumelelo ukusebenza RCD lokuqala - amaningi iziqhumane. It adedelwe cishe kanyekanye okungenani 6 imicibisholo ngesinye sezakhiwo ezinjalo. Ukufaka ezingaba nesisindo ngaphendle ongaphakeme, okwenza kube ukudlulisela kubo kunoma iyiphi indawo ekahle. ukuthuthukiswa Zasyadko abangu kuyancomeka Omkhulu Duke Constantine, umfowabo inkosi. Embikweni wakhe u-Alexander I, efuna esabelweni uColonel Zasyadko elisezingeni jikelele ezinkulu.

Kutfutfukiswa iziqhumane kule XIX-XX eminyaka.

Ekhulwini XIX ukwakhiwa lwamarokhethi ku nitroporohe (ongenantuthu powder) laqala ukwenza NI Tikhomirov VA Artemyev. Ukwethulwa wokuqala nangomcibisholo enjalo wadubula eU.SSR ngo-1928. Amagobolondo angayinqoba ibanga 5-6 km.

Ngenxa okomnikelo UProfesa KE Tsiolkovsky ososayensi Russian kusukela RNII II Gvaya, VN Galkovskii, AP Pavlenko NJENGOBA Popov uvele multi-bit rocket isiqalisi RS-M13 kuleli iminyaka 1938-1941 futhi ukufakwa BM-13. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi Russian ukudala ezicitshwayo. Lezi ezicitshwayo - "eresy" - kuyoba ingxenye eyinhloko eside ezingasasebenzi "Katyusha". Ngenhla indalo yayo izosebenza iminyaka embalwa.

Ukubeka "Katyusha"

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ezinsukwini ezinhlanu ngaphambi kokuba kuhlasela German ku-USSR iqembu LE Schwartz yabonisa esifundeni Moscow ithuluzi entsha ebizwa nge "Katyusha". Rocket isiqalisi BM-13 wabizwa ngokuthi ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuhlolwa yayiqhutshelwa-June 17, 1941 ku landfill Sofrinsky ezihilela uMphathi Abasebenzi GK Zhukov, Yabantu Commissar Wezokuvikela, izinhlamvu kanye izikhali, kanye nabanye abameleli we iRed Army. Julayi 1 le nezempi ushiye kusuka eMoscow kuya phambili. Futhi ngemva kwamasonto amabili, "Katyusha" wavakashela kobhapathizo lokuqala lomlilo. Hitler wahlulwa ukushaqeka ukuze ufunde mayelana ukuphumelela isiqalisi rocket.

AmaJalimane babesaba izibhamu obuzama ambambe noma ukubulala. Imizamo lokuphinda Abaklami eJalimane isikhali esifanayo asiphumeleli. Amagobolondolo Ayisebenzanga ukuthola isivinini, sibe kunezinxushunxushu indiza endleleni futhi akazange hit ilitshe. Umsizi ukukhiqizwa laseSoviet ngokucacile izinga ezihlukene, ukuthuthukiswa yayo sebenamashumi eminyaka. kumakhophi German ayikwazanga esikhundleni salo, okuholela izinhlamvu engazinzile.

Ukudalwa lesi sikhali esinamandla wavula ikhasi elisha emlandweni ukuthuthukiswa wezikhali izikhali. Uyisitha "Katyusha" waqala ukugqoka isihloko zokuhlonipha ka "ngokuwina isikhali."

izici ukuthuthukiswa

Iziqhumane BM-13 aqukethe umklamo ekhethekile eziyisithupha-sondo ezine-wheel drive iloli. Ngemuva abanikeze asebenza nabo zase zihleliwe system for kwethulwa missile emsamo, njengoba kubekiwe khona. lift Special hydraulically aphakamisa phambi ingxenye apharathasi i-engela 45 degrees. Ekuqaleni ukuthuthela ilungelo noma endaweni yesikhulumi kwesokunxele engakaze enikeziwe. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa okuqondiswe okudingekayo ukuze akusebenzise kahle yonke iloli. 16 namarokhethi adubula kulesi simila, endiza indlela khulula endaweni lokuthola isitha. Amatilosi kwenza izinguquko ngisho nalapho kokudubula. Kuze kube manje, ukuguqulwa okuthuthukile izikhali ezisetshenziswa ibutho kwamanye amazwe.

Esikhundleni BM-13 ngo-1950 lafika esisheshayo volley-umlilo izinhlelo (MLRS) BM-14.

Iziqhumane "Grad"

Ukulandela ukuguqulwa uhlelo kwaba "Grad". Missile uhlelo sidalwe ngenjongo efanayo amasampula ezifanayo zangesikhathi esidlule. nzima kuphela umsebenzi konjiniyela. Ububanzi labadubuli kwaba ukuthi okungenani 20 km.

Ukuthuthukiswa yezikhali ezicitshwayo entsha wahlanganyela SRI 147, okuyinto kuze kube yileso sikhathi akazange adale izikhali ezinjalo. Ngo-1958, ngaphansi kwesiqondiso A. Ganicheva ngokusekelwa iKomiti Yombuso Defense Technology isebenza on ukuthuthukisa missile abangu zifakiwe ukufakwa ukulungiswa entsha. Ukwakha osetshenziswayo yokukhiqiza wezikhali amagobolondo ubuchwepheshe. Housings adalwe kusetshenziswa indlela ashisayo-umdvwebo. Ukuqina kwe-projectile kwenzeka ngenxa umsila futhi ukujikeleza.

Ngemva ucwaningo eziningi rocket "Grad" yaqale esetshenziswa izimpaphe izindwani ezine lwalugobile, okuyinto ezembulwa ekuqaleni. Ngakho, AN Ganichev liyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lo missile wawuyingxenye omkhulu ijabulise Umhlahlandlela, futhi yayo uhlelo indiza njengoba sinjalo yayifaneleka ububanzi sokudubula 20KM. The main abenzi steel RI-147, RI-6, 47-GSKB, SKB-203.

Uhlolo aqhutshelwa isayithi "Rzhevka" eduze Leningrad 1 Mashi 1962 futhi ngemva konyaka, Mashi 28, 1963, bamukela izwe zamukela le "Grad". Rocket isiqalisi wafakwa ukukhiqizwa Januwari 29, 1964

Ukwakheka "Castle"

SZO MB 21 kuhlanganisa izinto ezilandelayo:

- missile Sokuqalisa, okuyinto ogibele okuphakelayo chassis "Ural-375" imoto;

- Uhlelo lokulawula umlilo kanye ezokuthutha kanye ukulayisha imoto 9T254 ngesisekelo "Zil-131";

--imitha ezintathu 40 ngesimo Umhlahlandlela amashubhu ogibele isizinda, okuyinto uzungeza ngendiza evundla thwi eyenga.

Kuhloswe Kwenziwa ngesandla noma i amandla kagesi. Ukushaja ukufakwa ngesandla. Imoto ungaya icala. Ukudubula kuyinto volley noma isibhamu esisodwa. Uma Salvo kuthintwa namandla endaweni 1046 square metres e 40 imizuliswano. m.

Amagobolondo ngoba "Castle"

Nomlilo, ungasebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ezicitshwayo. Ahluke uhla labadubuli, le uyaca kwelitshe. Zisetshenziswa ukubandakanya Manpower, izimoto armored, nosimende amabhethri, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane kanye emhlabathini, izimayini, ukufakwa intuthu zesikrini, umsakazo, ubuthi by chemical.

Ukulungiswa kohlelo "Grad" omningi. Bonke bangabangasokile enkonzweni emhlabeni wonke.

Imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo MLRS "Uragan"

Kanyekanye ukuthuthukiswa "Castle" I elaseSoviet Union wahlanganyela ukudalwa imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo jet amaningi kwethulwa rocket izinhlelo (MLRS). Ngaphambi kokufika "iSiphepho" rocket abanolwazi iziqhumane P-103, P-110 "Teal", "Korshun". Bonke Kuhlolwe omuhle, kodwa akuyona inamandla futhi kwaba nezihibe.

Ekupheleni kuka-1968 waqala ukutadisha imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo 220-mm NWB. Ekuqaleni wabizwa ngokuthi "Castle-3». Ububanzi egcwele uhlelo olusha uthathiwe ukuthuthukiswa izixazululo ngemva Ministry of wozokuvikela wase-USSR ngo-March 31, 1969. I Perm inombolo isibhamu ifektri 172 ngo-February 1972 ekhiqizwa MLRS "Uragan" sibonelo. Rocket isiqalisi wamukelwa 18 Mashi 1975. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-15 e-Soviet Union wawusegunjini 10 rocket wezikhali regiments MLRS "Uragan" futhi omunye artbrigady esisheshayo.

Ngo-2001, njengoba "iSiphepho" izinhlelo bebelokhu nensizakalo emazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union:

- Russia - 800;

- Kazakhstan - 50;

- Moldova - 15;

- Tajikistan - 12;

- Turkmenistan - 54;

- Uzbekistan - 48;

- Ukraine - 139.

Amagobolondo kuya "Hurricanes" kufana kakhulu izinhlamvu kuya "Grad". izingxenye ezifanayo ayingxenye amacala rocket Propellant futhi 9M27 9H164. Ukuze wehlise isenzo ububanzi nabo ukugqoka iringi ukubopha. Ubude wabo 4832-5178 mm, nesisindo - 271-280 kg. Uphondo enhlabathini naphakathi kwabantu has a ububanzi of 8 amamitha kanye 3 amamitha ukujula. Kokudubula uhla 10-35 km. Izindengezi breaking amagobolondo at ibanga 10 m kungaba ngezibhakela 6 mm steel isithiyo.

Ukuze lokho ngezinhloso kukhona "iSiphepho" uhlelo? Rocket isiqalisi yakhelwe bahlanganyele nezisebenzi, izimoto armored, artpodrazeleny, imicibisholo Tactical, izinhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezindaweni zokupaka, ukuxhumana izikhungo kanye nemigomo samasosha ezimbonini.

MLRS eqondile "Smerch"

Ohlukile uhlelo luyinhlanganisela izinkomba ezifana amandla, ububanzi kanye nokunemba. kuqala MLRS emhlabeni nge elawulwa projectiles ujikelezisa - isiqalisi rocket "Smerch", okuyinto namanje ayinakho analogue emhlabeni. ezicitshwayo ayo akwazi ukufinyelela emaphethelweni imigomo, okuyinto km 70 kude isibhamu. New MRL sebemukele eU.SSR 19 Novemba 1987.

Ngo-2001, "ISiphepho," uhlelo emazweni anjalo (elaliyiSoviet Union):

- Russia - izimoto 300;

- Belarus - izimoto 48;

- Ukraine - imishini 94.

I projectile has a ubude 7600 mm. isisindo salo 800 kg. Zonke izinhlobo abe nemiphumela omkhulu okuphazamisayo futhi elimazayo. Ukulahlekelwa impilo yebhethri "iSiphepho" futhi "Cyclone" ayalingana izenzo kwezikhali zenuzi wezindlela. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwabo hhayi umhlaba Ngokuqondene njengoba kuyingozi kangaka. Basuke ulinganiswa ngezikhali ezifana izibhamu amathangi amakhulu amanzi.

Esinokwethenjelwa futhi enamandla "Topol"

Ngo-1975, eneminyaka eMoscow Institute of Technology Thermal waqala ukuthuthukisa uhlelo mobile uyakwazi yokuqalisa rocket kusuka ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ngakho eziyinkimbinkimbi kwaba uhlelo missile "Topol". Kwaba impendulo ukuvela eSoviet Union, iphethwe yi- US InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic (baye bamukela e-US ngo-1959).

Uhlolo sokuqala senzeka Disemba 23, 1983. Phakathi enifeza uchungechunge missile ukuqalisa yabonisa ngokwaso njengoba isikhali okunokwethenjelwa futhi enamandla.

360 "Topol" izakhiwo atholiwe ngo-1999, futhi ezindaweni eziyishumi-isikhundla.

Njalo ngonyaka eRussia ukuqalisa "Topol" imicibisholo olulodwa. Kusukela ekudalweni eyinkimbinkimbi kwenziwa emhlabeni 50 ukuhlolwa. Bonke bahamba ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Lokhu kubonisa nokwethenjelwa eliphakeme.

kweminyango rocket isiqalisi "Tochka-U" yasungulwa eSoviet Union ukubhubhisa amatshe amancane. Umsebenzi ukudalwa lokhu isibhamu waqala 4 Mashi 1968 yi-Isinqumo uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe. Usonkontileka kwaba Kolomenskoye KB. Umklami Chief - SP Invincible. Ukuze missile uhlelo lokulawula wemfanelo CRI AG. Sokuqalisa ekhiqizwa Volgograd.

Kuyini SAM

Zibekele ezempi kanye lobuchwepheshe izindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto axhunyiwe ndawonye ukubhekana indlela yokuhlasela isitha kusukela umoya isikhala, ebizwa ngokuthi i-anti-aircraft missile uhlelo (ADMS).

Basuke bahlukaniswa ngokomthombo nangezinga esikhundleni isinyathelo sezempi, ukuhamba, ngokusho indlela ukunyakaza futhi kuhloswe, on the uhla msebenzi. Lezi zihlanganisa missile uhlelo "Buk" futhi "Needle", "Wasp" nabanye. Uyini umehluko phakathi design yalolu hlobo? Anti-aircraft missile Sokuqalisa kuhlanganisa izindlela lujula futhi zokuthutha, othomathikhi ethungatha target zasemoyeni, isiqalisi ebusweni-to-air nangomcibisholo, control unit rocket nokusekelwa yayo, ngaphezu izindlela ukulawula imishini.