Russia bajoyine WTO: ngobuhle nangobubi bawo. Lapho iRussia bajoyine WTO (usuku, ngonyaka)?

WTO - yisikhungo ngamazwe okuyinto uba owalandela General Agreement on Izimali kanye Trade (GATT). Lesi sakamuva esayinwe 1947. Kwakuthinta kucatshangwa ukuthi yesikhashana futhi maduze esikhundleni sayo kufakwe elithi inhlangano agcwele. Nokho, GATT ingabe abavumelana ngakho main elawula namanye amazwe ngoba engu-50. ESoviet Union wayefuna ukuhlanganyela kuye, kepha yena ningayeki, ukuze umlando ezifuywayo ukuxhumana nale isakhiwo iqala kuphela esikhathini lapho Russia bajoyine WTO. Lo magazini Sizokwenza sihloko lanamuhla. Futhi, ke uzobe ihlaziye imiphumela yalokho Russia usejoyine WTO, izinzuzo nezingozi ngalesincumo. Sibheka inqubo, imibandela kanye nezinhloso ze-kuya-World Trade Organization, inselele imibuzo WaseRussia.

Ingabe Russia ukujoyina WTO?

I Russian Federation kuyinto owalandela zomthetho zase-USSR. Uma sikhuluma lapho Russia bajoyine WTO, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kulesi sikhungo baba sisebenza kuphela ngo-1995. Leyo nhlangano entsha has ukuqapha ezahlukene ebanzi kakhulu izimpikiswano. I-USSR uhambise isicelo esisemthethweni sokuba isimo ingqapheli ku Uruguay Round ngo-1986 ngenhloso ukubusa okwengeziwe General Agreement on Izimali kanye Trade. Kodwa e-United States wakwenqaba. Isizathu umnotho lohleliwe zase-USSR, okwakuyinto iyahambisana yize umqondo wokuthi ukuhweba khulula. ESoviet Union yanikezwa i-status ingqapheli ngo-1990. Ngemva ukuzimela Russia ngokushesha isicelo-kuya GATT. Ngokushesha Isivumelwano Jikelele lalenziwa inhlangano agcwele. Nokho, ukungena ngqo singene Russian Federation ku GATT / WTO uthethe cishe engu-20. Miningi kakhulu imibuzo edinga ukubambisana.

Inqubo ka-kuya WTO

Russia njengoba geqe ekuqaleni ka-kuya-World Trade Organization ngo-1993. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ngaqala Ngokuqhathanisa umbuso ukuhweba nezombangazwe yezwe namazinga WTO. Khona-ke saqala izingxoxo zamazwe amabili lapho eRussia wenza nesiphakamiso kokuqala ezingeni ukweseka ezolimo kanye nokufinyelela emakethe. Lezi imibuzo emibili yisisekelo izingxoxo kuze kuciniswa kwesivumelwano 2012. Ngo-2006, phakathi kohlaka Asia-Pacific Forum, Russia nase-US ngemvume ukubusa waseRussia olandelwayo kuya WTO. Nokho, kunezinkinga zemali global kanye nezingxoxo ukuqaliswa izigaba okwengeziwe ukuzuza ubulungu enhlanganweni ziye umisiwe. Waba nendima kanye ezingqubuzana Georgia phezu South Ossetia futhi Abkhazia. Inkontileka nale ezweni kwaba isinyathelo sokugcina endleleni eya WTO waseRussia ukubusa. Yayisayinwe ngo-2011 e-Switzerland.

amasiko union

Ekucubunguleni umbuzo, lapho Russia bajoyine WTO, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kusukela ngo-January 2010, i-Russian Federation angathanda ukubamba iqhaza enqubeni ka-kuya Customs Union. Lokhu uVladimir Putin wenza isitatimende EurAsEC womkhandlu ngo-June 2009. I Customs Union kuhlanganisa, ngaphezu Russia, Belarus naseKazakhstan. It yasungulwa ngo-Okthoba 2007. amalungu WTO kungaba hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa futhi izinhlangano ukuhlanganiswa. Nokho, ubuholi-World Trade Organization rhinestones waxwayisa iziphathimandla zaseRussia ukuthi mthetho kuzobambezela kakhulu inqubo yokuthola ubulungu. Ngo-October 2009, iRussia uzwakalise isimemezelo yayo sekufanele awushiye lokuvukela izingxoxo zamazwe amabili. Kazakhstan wajoyina-World Trade Organization ngo-2015, futhi Belarus akukakabi ilungu lalesi sikhungo ngamazwe.

Lapho iRussia bajoyine WTO: Usuku, unyaka

Resumption of izinkulumo zamazwe amabili waba lula kakhulu inqubo ka-kuya-World Trade Organization for the Russian Federation. Ngawo-December 2010, bonke izinkinga ixazululwe. Ngesikhathi Brussels kwesiqongo, wasayina memorandamu okuhambisanayo. Agasti 22, 2012 - usuku lapho Russia usejoyine WTO. Usuku imakwe kuciniswa Protocol ka-the Russian Federation, ngemvume ngo-December 16 ngo-2011, futhi ukungena amandla isenzo zokulawula ezifanele.

izimo zokungena

Inqubo-kuya WTO kunalokho xaka. Siqukethe izigaba eziningana futhi kuthatha iminyaka okungenani 5-7. isimo Okokuqala ukusebenzisa isicelo sokuba yilungu. Ngemva kwalokho kukhona ngokucabangela umbuso ukuhweba nezombangazwe yezwe ezingeni lamaqembu zisebenze okukhethekile. Ngo esigabeni sesibili, izingxoxo kanye nokubonisana on imigomo ubulungu komfakisicelo ku WTO. Abakwazi kuliphi izwe ukhathazekile. Okokuqala izingxoxo mayelana ukufinyelela ezimakethe kanye isikhathi ukwethulwa izinguquko. nemibandela ukubusa iyawakha madokumende alandelayo:

• umbiko Working Group. Ubeka uhlu lwawo wonke amalungelo nezibopho eziye azithathele lizwe.
• Uhlu tariff ezivuna kule lezimpahla ensimini futhi bavunyelwe ukuthi kungenzeka ngokuxhasa emkhakheni nezokulima.
• Uhlu ezithile kumasevisi.
• Uhlu ukuxolelwa MFN.
• namalungiselelo omthetho kuzinga zamazwe amabili kanye nemave.
• Protocol ka-.

Ngesikhathi sigaba sokugcina, kuciniswa iphakethe kwemibhalo, okuyinto Kwavunyelwana ngaphakathi kohlaka amaqembu okukhethekile ukusebenza. Ngemva kwalokho-ke iba yingxenye noMthetho kaZwelonke we State isicelo kanye nezwe ikhandidethi iphenduka ibe ilungu World Trade Organization.

Imigomo Nezindlela Izinhloso

Lapho iRussia bajoyine WTO ngo-2012, uthi yaxhumana naye njengengxenye isu layo kwezomnotho. Kuze kube manje, uhulumeni akafuni ukwakha umnotho kazwelonke ngempumelelo, ngaphandle kokuba yilungu lale nhlangano. Russia bazingelwa ukubusa kwayo kuze kube WTO le migomo elandelayo:

• Ithola ukufinyelela enkulu kwamanye amazwe imikhiqizo yasekhaya ngokusebenzisa MFN, okuyinto kuthiwa yinhlangano.
• Ukudala evumayo utshalomali sezulu ngokuletha umthetho kazwelonke kwavumelana nezimiso ngamazwe.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana izimpahla zasekhaya.
• Ukukhulisa amathuma kosomabhizinisi Russian kanye zimali phesheya.
• Ithuba ukuthonya kumiswa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe emkhakheni wezohwebo, ikhumbula nezinzuzo zazo siqu kazwelonke.
• Ukuthuthukisa isithombe wezwe emehlweni umbono womphakathi wonke.

Okunjalo eside ukubusa izinkulumo - ubufakazi besifiso ukufeza izimo ezikahle kakhulu ubulungu Russian.

izinguquko tariff

Omunye izithiyo main ukuba ubulungu Russian we WTO bekulokhu ukuvumelana izinqubomgomo ukufinyelela emakethe yayo yezimpahla angaphandle. I kwesamba isilinganiso yokungenisa tariff lancipha. Kunalokho, i-quota iqhaza angaphandle emkhakheni umshwalense ziye zanda. Ngemva kokudlula ezikhungweni kwenkathi yenguquko, ukungenisa imisebenzi ku zasendlini, nemithi nezisetshenziswa zokwelapha kuzoncishiswa. kumasevisi - Ngaphansi kohlaka ukubusa 57 izivumelwano zamazwe amabili ukufinyelela emakethe yasekhaya izimpahla 30 Kwenziwa WTO.

nezindaba Agricultural

Ngaphandle kokuxoxa ngale ezivuna tariff ezingxoxweni hlala ebalulekile ukuvikelwa komkhakha wakuleli wezolimo eRussia. Russian Federation bafuna ukunciphisa inani uxhaso ukuze zingancishiswa. Customs imisebenzi ngemikhiqizo yezolimo babé 11.275% esikhundleni 15,178%. Ukuze amaqembu ngomkhiqizo ngamunye kwehle kakhulu by 10-15%. Ngemva Russia bajoyine WTO ngonyaka lapho aqala ukubohla kunezinkinga zemali global, umkhakha yasekhaya wezolimo wayebhekene mncintiswano okukhulu ezimakethe ezifuywayo angaphandle.

Imithelela Russian Federation

Kuze kube manje, kukhona izincwadi eziningi futhi izihloko enikelwe nokuhlolwa ukubusa waseRussia kwe-World Trade Organization. Izazi eziningi ukusho umthelela omuhle yale nqubo emnothweni. Ngakho lokho ngonyaka Russia bajoyine WTO? Ngo-2012. Kushintshe ini? Ukubusa wathatha iminyaka engu-18 yokusebenza kanzima. Le nqubo kuthathe isikhathi eside kunalokho obekucatshangwa. Ngakho-ke, lapho sibona umphumela omuhle lingase livele kuphela esikhathini eside esizako. Njengoba izazi eziningi ezibikezelwe ngokuhamba iDemo kuningi kunokomuntu ekulahlekelweni bulunga WTO kuka impumelelo yangempela. Nokho, kukhona ezinye izinzuzo amasu yokunqotshwa wezindlela. Ngakho, ukubusa kuze WTO - lena isinyathelo esihle, ngaphandle okuyinto ukuqhubeka lizwe kwakungenakwenzeka.

Emihle nemibi ubulungu

Ngemva Russia bajoyine WTO ngo-2012, izazi zomthetho kanye zezomnotho neze sikhathale ukushicilela izihloko ezintsha ehlaziya amathemba kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nalesi senzakalo. ukubukwa ezintathu zingahlukaniswa zibe:

1. Ngiphakathi nendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, uProfesa Alexander Portansky ukholelwa ukuthi ngokujoyina WTO ngeke ulethe noma yiphi inzuzo noma ukulimala.
2. Ezibucayi. Umhlaziyi u-Alexei Kozlov wathi WTO ubulungu akukuniki Russia iyiphi izinzuzo ezisobala esikhathini esifushane. Nokho, lesi senzakalo kuyazuzisa namanye amalungu inhlangano. Amathemba esikhathini eside Russia Kozlov akacabangi.
3. Negative. Inhloko yezomnotho ngezinye Deutsche Bank eRussia Yaroslav Lisovik ukholelwa ukuthi WTO ukubusa kungenzeka zibulale umnotho wezwe, ikakhulukazi embonini yokukhiqiza, ngenxa ukuncishiswa imisebenzi nokungenisa.

Nokho, ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi izinzuzo Russia kusukela ubulungu in the World Trade Organization uyoboniswa, uma inqubomgomo abanekhono basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle kuphela esikhathini eside.