Road design: izincomo

Design komgwaqo ingenye eziza kuqala ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla, ngoba ukuba sendleleni esakhiwe limelela Umthambo, okuyinto uhamba Passenger, nempahla neenthuthi zomphakathi. A uhlelo yesimanje ezokuthutha - ephilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, konke kabani izakhi kuhlobene futhi encike ngqo kwi nomunye. Design komgwaqo ngalesi sikhathi buvezwa izixhumanisi ekhona phakathi nemizana, ukuzilibazisa izindawo, amabhizinisi zezimboni kanye nezinye izikhungo zomphakathi.

Impilo ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla ayikwazi wacabanga ngaphandle indlela ehlelekile futhi kahle ukusebenza, okwakuyoholela ukuqinisekisa zokuthutha efanele kwezimpahla noma abantu. design Esifanele komgwaqo namuhla kubalulekile futhi ngenxa yokuthi okwamanje ayikho indlela bazivumelanisa okwandayo traffic notshwala futhi ngesivinini.

Kungani na?

Kwenziwa le nqubo, kufanele uhlinzeke ukunyakaza ephephile, ukhululekile, ehlelekile futhi ukhululekile kakhulu izimoto ngokuhambisana isivinini design. Futhi abanekhono Road design ivumela izimo traffic iyunifomu, kutfotjelwa izimiso orientation okubonakalayo abashayeli, ukubeka ukhululekile futhi ephephile kakhulu we zemigwaqo ezehlukene futhi kokuhlangana. Yingakho kubaluleke kangaka.

Abanikazi Iningi ezindaweni ezizimele ucabange okuningi mayelana nokuthi kungani zidinga ukucwaninga kanye okuklama emikhulu, ngoba impela nje uthele endleleni ukuze ulandele futhi wabeka asphalt kuso. Kodwa uma umuntu engalokothi ebhekene efanayo umsebenzi, kungcono ukuqala okungenani yokuzenzisa bajwayelane uhlu oluphelele imisebenzi, okuzodingeka ukubhekana, futhi abone ukubaluleka eliyifa yabo nangemiphumela engaba.

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukubeka ngendlela umphakathi, okuhlangana kuyo, noma yimuphi umgwaqo edolobheni, okokuqala udinga ukuthola imvume ukuze akwazi ukufeza umsebenzi onjalo, futhi lokho kudinga ucwaningo kanye nemigwaqo abaklama imiklamo. Okungagunyaziwe wonke umshikashika ekugcineni kuyophumela lokho okuyobizwa ngokuthi abamele amaphoyisa omgwaqo, okuyizinto ukuqala liphele efeza izidingo uma esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, yonke imibono ngeke iqedwe ngokuphelele, contiguity noma umgwaqo iyoqedwa khona ngokuphelele, futhi uzokwenza kuvinjelwe ukusebenza kwe-luhlobo . Kule ndaba, ke kuyodingeka ukubuyisela esimweni saso sokuqala, obekungadala sadlala omningi izimali, ingasaphathwa yokuthi uma indlela okwaholela indawo yezimboni, igesi esiteshini, cafe noma Cottages, ukusebenza kwawo nayo izofakwa inqanyulwe.

Kunalokho ayesengayigcina ukusongela?

Akuwona wonke umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi, ngokuhambisana SNIP, ukuklama othelawayeka - it is hhayi nje laying amatshe asphalt futhi ukufakwa izimpawu zomgwaqo. Ngokuhamba le nqubo kufanele ikhumbule zonke zokuxhumana ezikhona futhi afakwa, okuyinto zitholakala endaweni ukwakhiwa, ngoba ngeke kuzwakale kahle kakhulu, uma ngengozi abasebenzi ngesikhathi ebeka isisi esikhalisa unyembezi, amanzi noma fibre optic ikhebula. Ekugcineni, ukuvuselelwa kanye isinxephezelo nokulahlekelwa kubanikazi yokuxhumana sizodingida ikhasimende, futhi izindleko le misebenzi kuphezulu kakhulu.

Yingakho isidingo ukuwugcina ngokuphelele izindinganiso elicacisiwe SNIP. Road design kufanele omethembayo kuphela ochwepheshe, ngoba kukhona izinto eziningi ukuthi ngeke kukwazi ukwenza ngisho abakhi abangochwepheshe. onjiniyela abafanelekayo wondle izinyathelo okungase kudingeke kuzinhlelo eside kanye nokusebenza ephephile komgwaqo, eyenziwa kuphinyiswa kwemisindvo egandayiwe futhi sihlobene umthamo isisekelo ngaphansi kwazo zonke umthwalo, kanye unikeze isimiso sokukhuculula ukuvimbela ukuguguleka roadbed, futhi acabangele nezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama .

izinhlobo

Ukuze uqalise kutfola umyalelo, yiziphi izinhlobo imigwaqo, isimiso:

• Motorway - ngemgwaco lapho izimoto ukuhambisa emzileni okuqhubekayo kanye nokufinyelela ehlinzekwe zonke amakhilomitha amahlanu.
• Freeway - lihlukile uhlobo kuqala ukuthi kukhona samanje a lula ukufinyelela ezingeni elilingana amakhilomitha amathathu.
• ekusebenziseni ifoni okuvamile - zonke ezinye izinhlobo imigwaqo ningaweli kwencazelo odlule ezimbili.

Kuye indlela ekhethiwe futhi ngokuphawulekayo ushintshe izici ukuhlela. Ngo inqubo okuklama uyakucabangela izici ezihlukahlukene impumuzo uhlobo webs, izimo Meteorological, umgwaqo eduze, kwempilo eseduzane, ukushuba kwamaloli nezimoto uma zidlula namandla izici.

ukuhlela

Into yokuqala okumele kwenziwe inqubo yokuhlela - lokhu okubekwe ngayo ngokucacile setha umzila. Magistral kunoma isiphi isimo akufanele ahanjiswa kumzila ngokwenelisayo izindawo zolimo, izikhungo ezisemadolobheni, kanye namathafa zemvelo eziyingqayizivele kanye izakhiwo yezimboni eyahlukene. Ngo iningi labantu zimo onjiniyela ngesikhathi ukuhlelwa yokuqala eyenziwa ucwaningo endaweni wokulungiselela, okuzokwenziwa kwavula futhi kumakwe ebalazweni yonke imizila kungenzeka. Ngemva kwalokho, i-analysis eningiliziwe ukuhlonza zonke emihle nemibi ngamunye ongakhetha ethulwa.

Bese ukhethe indlela ethile futhi wenza yakhe ukuhlaziywa ngokujulile ngaphambi izobanjelwa ngokusebenzisa design TAP emikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho kwenziwe ukudalwa design imidwebo, kodwa abanikazi bomhlaba kanye izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, lapho kukhona imizila traffic kudluliswa, liyoba nelungelo ukuveza iziphakamiso zabo kanye nokuphawula. Ikakhulu ihlelwe ezimele iphrojekthi ngokuzimisela efanele, imiphumela zazo kakade wenza izinguquko ezahlukene inqubo yokuhlela.

In esigabeni yokugcina, ngemuva okusalungiswa, kudala inqwaba imidwebo ukusebenza sivunyiwe. Ngaphandle usebenzisa indlela eqondile, imidwebo kanye enemininingwane esiphezulu ecacisiwe zemigwaqo, ekungeneleleni zokuphuma endleleni, kanye izindima, yokuwela, amabhuloho kanye nezinye izinhlaka. Futhi saziso kunqunywa okuyinto amabhasi ethize sizosetshenziswa inqubo obeka endleleni izinto zokuhlobisa nezingubo.

izigaba

Ngakho, ukuhlela zingahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana:

1. Ukuthuthukiswa nokuvunywa umzila.
2. Ukudweba up eziningi iziphakamiso ezihlobene ilungiselelo ithrekhi kanye nokululama kwayo.
3. Lubhekele yephrojekthi ukuthola ukusekelwa yibo bonke neminyango ethintekayo.
4. design imibhalo ngokucophelela, okuyinto kufanele futhi ufake ukuhlela isikhala oluhlaza.

Enye yezinkinga kunazo ukuphokophela yokwakhiwa komgwaqo isakhiwo landscape, lapho umgomo oyinhloko ukufakwa kuyinto umzila kubonakala ngabe uthathe ke. Kulokhu, kuba isiqiniseko ukuba banake la maphuzu alandelayo:

• Khetha uhlobo komzila womgwaqo;
• ukulondolozwa kwazo zonke izikhala green lokho okushodayo ekudleni ngaleso sikhathi;
• ukudalwa emasimini amasha;
• ilungiselelo emithambekeni;
• ukuthuthukiswa uhla egcwele sokubuyiselwa isebenza.

Ungakhohlwa mayelana lokuthi ukwakhiwa okunjalo kufanele kufake eside, ucwaningo olunzulu futhi onzima, ikakhulukazi uma yimani niqonde nge TCH imigwaqo. amazinga design zihlanganisa umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama amaningi ahlukahlukene okumelwe icatshangelwe zonke izigaba le misebenzi. Ezicini ezinhle zihlanganisa yokuthi okwamanje, izimiso ekhona laying izindlela nge arched conjugation roadbed namakhona ezithambile ngokuphelele ukufanisa nge yiziphi izici landscape.

Kuqalwaphi?

Uma ubhekene ukwakhiwa motorways, nobe emigwacweni yase dolobheni noma iyiphi amalunga omzimba, ukwenza lo msebenzi kumele kube ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa:

1. Ukwakhela subgrade emikhulu.
2. Iqoqa ulwazi ngemuva.
3. Umklamo wokugcina futhi kukhiqizwe amaphepha adingekayo.
4. kusebentisana iphrojekthi nekhasimende futhi emagunyeni afanele.

umsebenzi

Kulesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukunquma nge isiteji, kanye nezinhlobo umsebenzi owawenziwa. Into wukuthi, kuye ngokuthi uhlu ewacacisile (ukulungiswa ezinkulu, ukwakhiwa omusha, kabusha, nokunye. N.) Kuzokwehliselwa ngqo washintsha kanye nenani umsebenzi owawenziwa, kanye uhlu oluphelele izinhlangano abasebenza ngazo kulo kuyodingeka ukuxoxisana zonke izinhlobo imibhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma lo msebenzi ukuklama kabusha komgwaqo azosethwa esikhundleni kulungiswe ezinkulu ke esimweni esinjalo kuzodingeka ukuba ahlolwe ngokuphelele isimo nililethe ezindinganisweni nemingcele ahlukahlukene weJiyomethri, nokuziphatha misebenzi zidinga isikhathi esiningi kanye nemali.

Ukuthunywa kumele akhombise inani eliqondile amakhophi kanye uhlobo imibhalo ekhishwe design ezivamile isikhathi, isigaba esithile kwavula indlela nezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama amaningi. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi, ngokuvumelana umsebenzi oyokwenziwa ukuqeqeshwa, ukuklanywa, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ukuthi uhambe ngalé ke, ziye zadingidwa ngokwehlukile.

sendlalelolwati

Ukuze lolu hlu idatha zihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo ucwaningo ubunjiniyela, izimo lobuchwepheshe wabanikazi ngamunye ukuxhumana okukhona endaweni umsebenzi, kanye izincwadi ezihlukahlukene wathola ngokuvumelanisa izikhungo. Umthamo kolwazi sokuqala encike ngqo kwi izici into ethile. Ukuze isakhiwo esincane driveways, kokuhlangana noma yokupaka amaphilisi ngokwanele ezisemadolobheni, kuyilapho izimiso imigwaqo design anakekele khona survey Geological futhi geodetic.

design

Lesi sinyathelo kakhulu isikhathi-ukudliwa futhi zibiza. Ngemva kokuba wathola izimo lobuchwepheshe, kakhulu kwandisa inani lomsebenzi, kanye asphalt futhi amatshe e ithuba akuzona izindleko eqolo.

Ingabe sivame ukubhekana nezimo lapho abaphathi ngenhlonipho "kubuza" ukwenza engadini okwengeziwe, ahlinzeke Umklamo imizila yezinyawo, amapaki kanye bike izindlela, kanye enze engadini. Uma kuziwa kuhlomisa adjacency ukuba izindlela umphakathi, isibonelo, North Ossetia State University kanye amaphoyisa omgwaqo kuzodinga saziso okuklama zemigwaqo emikhulu futhi kokuhlangana ne zesikhashana isivinini imizila, ukukhanyisa ilungiselelo, izibani ahlukahlukene traffic futhi, uma kudingeka, i-Ukonakala komsele.

Ukukhanyisa iNdlela kumele ngempela ukwakha kule ndawo lamalokishi, nenjongo yayo main wukuqinisekisa ukubonakala evamile komgwaqo futhi imizila yezinyawo. ukususwa Water ingaphinda kwenziwe ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene - isiphepho amapayipi noma ube nemigodi ngemigodi ehlukile. Kubaluleke kakhulu kule nqubo umklamo ukucabangela amanzi futhi ahlinzeke ukucwasana normative, kanye amaphuzu ezahlukene ukwamukela ukukhululwa. Ngo inqubo ukuphambukisa amanzi nezindawo ezizungezile futhi ngokuvamile kudingeka ukuhlomisa izindawo ukwelashwa wendawo.

Uma Izinsiza babe ezonini ukwakhiwa ke abanikazi noma kunjalo zidinga ukuvikelwa noma kabusha ngokuhambisana imibhalo ejwayelekile. Ngakho, izincomo okuklama of imigwaqo akugcini umgwaqo, okudinga ukubandakanywa onjiniyela kanye nezinye ubuchwepheshe eminingi, okuyinto ngokulandelana, kakhulu kwandisa izindleko sezizonke ukwakhiwa.

is ke kwenziwa kanjani?

Ukuthola umklamo, ekuqaleni wenziwa ezahlukene amandla ukubala, bese kuphela ngesisekelo ukuziphatha kwabo ekubalweni amaphrofayli longitudinal futhi transverse. Ngo inqubo ukwakha ukubala wenziwa ohlangothini ezobuchwepheshe zezimali yephrojekthi, bese walungiselela imibhalo enemininingwane iphrojekthi, nge-ukulinganisa zonke izindleko ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe kuwebhu.

ubunjiniyela ekhethiwe kanye nezixazululo kwemvelo, okuyothi ngalo onguthelawayeka angazamukela ngokuvumelanayo ku landscape yemvelo. Ngenxa ukuhlaziya isimo kwemvelo ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo project kungenzeka kwenziwe ukwakhiwa phambili umonakalo okuncane imvelo.

Ukwakhela endleleni eyenziwa ngesisekelo eziningi izifundo zobunjiniyela kanti ukuhlaziywa inhlabathi imingcele, ikhumbula izici of sendawo wendawo. Ngo inqubo design kwemigwaqo ochwepheshe usebenzisa izinhlelo isofthiwe yesimanje, kanye ezikhethekile imishini zobunjiniyela.

Isimo samanje akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange intuthuko professional imibhalo project ngaphandle ezishintshayo izinhlelo. Mathematical ukumodeliswa nekhompyutha nokwenza ngayinye izigaba design ungakwazi ukwandisa ikhwalithi yonkana ye umsebenzi, kanye ukwehlisa izindleko, isikhathi kanye isamba izinto ukudingeka uma kwakhiwa noma. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindlela yokufeza design umsebenzi ukubohla ngokugcwele, wasebenzisa iminyaka engu-20 nje edlule kusukela bendabuko izimiso design.

sivumelwano

Uhlu emizimbeni abathintekayo kulo nokudidiyela imibhalo project, kumele iboniswe yini lo msebenzi, owawuthi imithetho emisiwe Umklamo imigwaqo. Uma kukhona imibono noma imibuzo, nabaqambi njalo ungaxhumana onguchwepheshe bese ususe amazwana noma wenze izinguquko ezihlukahlukene. Ezimele noma luhlolo isimo ezimweni eziningi eyedwa.

Uma konke ukwamukelwa omuhle zazitholakala ukuklama ingxenye yomgwaqo usuphothuliwe. Khona-ke isivele kungenzeka ukuthola imvume yokuba umsebenzi wokwakha.