Relief - a ... Funda impumuzo. isakhiwo Geological nempumuzo

Ngokufunda geography kanye nesimo sendawo, sibhekene ne eside ezifana sezwe. Kuyini lokhu eside futhi esetshenziselwa yini? Kulesi sihloko sizosebenza okushiwo izwi, sifunda ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo futhi izinhlobo zosizo, nokunye okuningi.

Umcabango impumuzo

Ngakho, lokhu gama? Relief - iqoqo ebusweni semfene le planethi, lapho akhiwe amafomu aphansi. Kukhona ngisho isayensi ehlukile lapho efundelwa yayo imvelaphi, umlando, ukuthuthukiswa, Dynamics kanye Sakhiwo sangekhatsi. waqamba geomorphology. Impumuzo siqukethe izinhlobo ezihlukene, okungukuthi, imizimba zemvelo, emelela izingxenye ngalo bese ubheka ubungako bawo.

A ezihlukahlukene amafomu

Ngokusho morphological ngezigaba isimiso, izidumbu yemvelo zemvelo kungaba okuhle nokubi. Okokuqala wabo kunqoba isithela emkhathizwe, ukuhlinzeka indawo ephakamisa. Njengoba isibonelo, a sokwelusa umhlambi, amagquma, ithafa, amagquma, njll .. Eyesibili, ngokulandelana, akha isihlobo slide emkhathizwe. Lokhu kungaba ugongolo esigodini, ukucindezeleka, imihosha, njll Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ifomu impumuzo inezigaba ahlukene: .. Surfaces (ubuso), amaphuzu, imigqa (imiphetho) engeli. Degree nobunzima ukuhlukanisa umzimba elula eziyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo zemvelo. Ngu amafomu alula zihlanganisa uhlevane, agcwalise, agcwalise t. D. Ziyakwazi izakhi ahlukene morphological ukuthi zihlanganiswa, zakha ukuma. Njengoba isibonelo, a sokwelusa umhlambi. It ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezifana: unyawo yokuma kwayo indawo, phezulu. Ukuma eziyinkimbinkimbi siqukethe uchungechunge elula. Ngokwesibonelo, esigodini. Lihlanganisa ithrekhi, ukuqonda, amagquma kanye nokunye.

Ngu emthambekeni degree ukuhlukanisa ubuso subhorizontal (ngaphansi kuka-20 degrees), namathafa, nemithambeka enalokho kuthambekela (degrees 20). Bangaba ezihlukile - iqonde, convex, ngilugweda noma wangenela. Ngokusho degree of elula zingahlukaniswa zibe ovulekile futhi ivaliwe.

izinhlobo zosizo

Inhlanganisela amafomu aphansi lapho ifa imvelaphi efanayo luqhubeke endaweni ethile, usetha uhlobo isimo sezwe. Ezindaweni enkulu iplanethi kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana abahlukene ngesisekelo umsuka efanayo noma umehluko. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukukhuluma mayelana nezinhlobo amaqembu asizayo. Lapho inhlangano senziwa ngesisekelo imfundo yabo, sikhulume ezinhlobo zofuzo amafomu aphansi. Izinhlobo ezivamile wokukhululeka ezweni - ithafa futhi entabeni. Ukuphakama zingahlukaniswa zibe ngowokuqala ukucindezeleka, amagquma, emathafeni, ezinkangala bese Amathafa. Phakathi yesibili isehlane eliphakeme, ukuphakama, aphakathi nendawo kanye ongaphakeme.

sezwe flat

Le ndawo, okuyinto libhekene encane (kufika ku 200 metres) awalethe isihlobo, kanye ramps emthambekeni elincane (kufika ku 5 degrees). Ukuphakama ngokuphelele lincane (kufika ku amamitha 500). Lezi izindawo emhlabeni ebusweni (izwe, ulwandle kanye ocean bottom), kuncike engamamitha kukhona elisezansi (kufika ku 200 metres), kokuphakama (200-500 amamitha), upland noma okusezingeni eliphezulu (amamitha angaphezu kuka-500). Relief emaThafeni kuncike ngokuyinhloko degree of mazombezombe nekhava umhlaba. Kungaba loamy, ubumba, Peat, nenhlabathi sandy. Bangakwazi wayihlahlela ezinamatshe eziphansi emifuleni, izigodi gullies.

sezwe elinamagquma

Le ndawo kokuba ebusweni ukwakha semfene inamagquma emhlabeni nge emachibini kuze kube amamitha 500, ukuphakama kwendawo isihlobo 200 meters kanye emthambekeni hhayi ningi than 5 degrees. Amagquma zivame sakhiwa wokhuni oluqinile, futhi amagquma kanye phezulu embozwe ungqimba obukhulu idwala okuxekethile. Ayimigodi therebetween flat, ububanzi noma ivaliwe eziyize.

upland

bekhwela izintaba - isimo sezwe umele surface iplanethi sika, is kakhulu aphakeme ngokuhlobene ezizungezile. It libhekene eziphakeme eliphelele amamitha 500. Le ndawo has a ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene futhi kunzima, kanye nemibandela ethile yemvelo kanye sezulu. Amafomu main zibe entabeni nge emithambekeni isici emaweni, okuvame jikisa bluffs namawa futhi kwemihosha futhi ezigodini elise phakathi lamagquma. Izindawo ezisezintabeni umhlaba ebusweni is kakhulu nezishiwo ngenhla ezingeni olwandle, futhi babe base ezivamile, okuyinto kunqoba emathafeni ezizungezile. Zakhiwa eziningi izakhi zokuphika futhi omuhle wokukhululeka. Ngokusho ezingeni ukuphakama yabo zingahlukaniswa zibe ezintabeni ongaphakeme (amamitha angu-800), entabeni phakathi (800-2000 m) kanye ephakeme (amamitha 2,000).

emaphethini

amafomu Ubudala zokucathula komhlaba lilinganiselwe futhi ngokuphelele. Eyokuqala usungula kumiswa impumuzo maqondana nanoma yimuphi omunye ebusweni (ngokushesha noma kamuva). Eyesibili kunqunywa usebenzisa Geological isikhathi embulungeni. Kumiswa impumuzo by ukuxhumana njalo phakathi amabutho endogenous futhi exogenous. Ngakho, izinqubo endogenous obhekene kumiswa izici eziyinhloko amafomu aphansi exogenous, kunalokho, ukufuna ukuze ihambisane. Impumuzo-imithombo eyinhloko yamandla Zomhlaba futhi ilanga, ungakhohlwa kwethonya yonke. Kumiswa surface eMhlabeni kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya adonsela phansi. Umthombo oyinhloko izinqubo endogenous angabizwa ngokuthi energy ezishisayo le planethi, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa kwamazinyo enemisebe okwenzeka ngesembatho yayo. Ngakho, ngaphansi kwethonya awo acekela yezwekazi futhi wasolwandle kwamiswa koqweqwe. izinqubo Endogenous abangele ukwakheka amaphutha, emphethweni, ukujikeleza lithosphere, mlilo nokuzamazama komhlaba.

kokuma geological

Lolu cwaningo yakha ebusweni iplanethi, ososayensi bekwi geomorphology. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - ukutadisha komhlaba kanye nesimo sendawo lamazwe ngamanye, amazwekazi, amaplanethi. Ekubhaleni ezibekiweko endaweni umphathi ethile kufanele anqume ukuthi yini eyabangela abantu phambi kwalo akha kwamanzi, ukuze baqonde ukuthi ivelaphi. Yiqiniso, isazi sokuma komhlaba esiphambili abasha bekuyoba nzima ukwazi ukuthi uzodlala bebodwa kulezi zindaba, ngakho kungcono kakhulu ukuba zifune usizo izincwadi noma othisha. Izimali incazelo impumuzo, geomorphology ithimba Kumelwe niwele indawo yokutadishela. Uma ufuna kumephu kuphela umzila, kubalulekile ukunweba zokuqapha kungenzeka strip. Futhi ngokubhekana nalo ucwaningo ngezikhathi ukuhambisa kude emgwaqweni omkhulu emaceleni. Lokhu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi isimo sezwe engenzeki ezimbi, lapho ihlathi noma amagquma liphazamisane isibuyekezo.

Mapping

Ukuqopha ulwazi olujwayelekile (. Sezwe elinamagquma, sezintaba, ezimangelengele, nokunye D.), Kuyadingeka kumephu futhi uchaze eceleni element ngayinye sendawo -. Emthambekeni emaweni, udonga, scarp, esigodini emfuleni nokunye N. Anqume Ubukhulu - ukujula, ububanzi, ukuphakama, engeli - ngokuvamile kufanele, njengoba besho, ukuze iso. Ngenxa yokuthi impumuzo luncike isakhiwo Geological kwendawo, ukufundwa kokuma Kwakuseshwa, kubalulekile ukuchaza kanye nesakhiwo Geological kanye nokwakheka emadwaleni ezakha ngaphansi komhlaba cwaningo, hhayi nje ngokubukeka kwabo. Kuyadingeka ukuba bagcine ngokuningiliziwe sinkholes, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, emhumeni nokunye. N. Ngaphezu incazelo, kufanele kwenziwe kanye nemidwebo olotshiwe wesakhiwo indawo yokutadishela.

Ngokwalesi simiso, ungakwazi ukuhlola indawo, okuyinto etholakala eduze ekhaya lakho, futhi ungakwazi ukuchaza kwamaphaphu amazwekazi. Omunye inqubo, esikalini kuphela ihlukile, futhi isikhathi esifanele sokukhululwa ukucwaningwa okuningiliziwe kokulandisa nezwekazi kuzothatha isikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze uchaze esiqoshiwe eNingizimu Melika, isidingo ukudala eziningi namaqembu ocwaningo, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi kuzothatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Phela, kusho ezwekazini libhekene inala ezintabeni, esisuka kuwo wonke amazwekazi, Amazon ihlathi kwentombazane eyintombi, pampas Argentina, nokunye. E., Yikuphi kudalela ezengeziwe.

Phawula abasha geo-morphologist

Ukwenza ibalazwe kwamaphaphu ndawo, kutuswa ukuba ucele bendawo lapho ungakwazi ukugcina okukhiphayo isikhala idwala izingqimba kanye komhlaba. Lezi idatha ezidingekayo ukuze endaweni wesifunda futhi ukuchaza kubo ngokuningiliziwe futhi emfushane. Emathafeni ase-rock ivame ezindaweni lapho imifula noma gullies besika ebusweni futhi zakha amawa ugu. Futhi, kungenziwa lezi izingqimba kubonakala ngasezinkwalini noma lapho onguthelawayeka noma ugijimela ujantshi kanye ikhefu aqoshiwe. sokuma Young sizohlola futhi uchaze ungqimba idwala ngamunye, kubalulekile ukuqala phansi. Uma usebenzisa ithephu, ungenza izilinganiso oyifunayo, okuyinto futhi kufanele kulotshwe encwadini ensimini. Incazelo esingenhla kufanele lukhombise ubukhulu kanye nezici ungqimba inombolo nendawo ngqo ngamunye.