Primates - kungcono umndeni wethu? Lamabutho wezinkawu futhi ukuziphendukela kwaso

Primates - lamabutho, ingxenye yesigaba mammalian, uhlobo chordate izilwane (ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo subtype). Class ezincelisayo bavame ukuphila lokuzalwa, ibele ingane ubisi, uyawuhlakulela esibelethweni. Zonke amalungu alesi sigaba - homoiothermal, ie izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokugayeka kokudla kulezi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngaphezu phakathi futhi kwangaphakathi, kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, kukhona indlebe yangaphandle. Izinsikazi babe nezindlala mammary.

Primates (izinkawu prosimians) yazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zihlukile, mhlawumbe, ingcebo enkulu futhi ezihlukahlukene amafomu. Nokho, naphezu umehluko phakathi kwabo, abaningi izici isakhiwo umzimba zifana. Basebenza ngo inqubo eside yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngenxa ukhuni yokuphila.

nemilenze wezinkawu

Primates - yizilwane nge emihlanu kwabonakala ukuziqonda esitho, evuthiwe. It is ingashintshwa ukuze ukugibela bale ukuhleleka amagatsha emithi. Bonke babe ingqwababa, futhi ihlukaniswe ngokugcwele ulna kanye engaba, esihlinzeka ezihlukahlukene ukunyakaza futhi ukuhamba nasemilenzeni phambi. thumb ezithathekayo kanye. Kungaba basiphikise e kwezinhlobo eziningi lonke. Izipikili ebekelwa phalanges esigungwini. Ngo amafomu wezinkawu banezimfanelo izinzipho unguiculate, noma ukubala nalawo aba izimpiko eminweni ambalwa nje, isithupha libhekene izinzipho flat.

Isakhiwo wezinkawu

Kepha lapho ehamba phezu kobuso bezwe bancika lonke unyawo. Ngo wezinkawu ne izinkuni ukuphila ukunciphisa ezihambisana iphunga kanye nokuthuthukiswa ezinhle yokuzwa nokubona. Sinenkosi 3-4 turbinate. Primates - ezincelisayo, indandatho omehlo akho iqondiswe phambili, periorbital kusukela imigodi yesikhashana ahlukaniswe orbit (lemurs, isihlahla shrews), noma ithambo ukwahlukanisa (izinkawu, ama-tarsier). Ngo wezinkawu nasezilwaneni ebusweni babe amaqembu 4-5 vibrissae (izinwele ethintekayo), ayanda - 2-3. Ngo izinkawu, njengoba kubantu, lamagquma isikhumba achazwayo kulo lonke plantar kanye Palmar ebusweni. Nokho, prosimians zingabantu kuphela amabhola. A ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi ukuthi babe forelimbs futhi ukuphila okumatasa wezinkawu kwaholela ekwakhekeni eqinile zobuchopho. Futhi kusho ukwanda kwalezi zilwane ivolumu Nogebhezi lwawo. Nokho, amakhulu, ubuchopho evuthiwe ne convolutions eziningi imisele babe wezinkawu ephakeme kuphela. Ngo engezansi yobuchopho abushelelezi, kwakukhona gyri kancane futhi sulci.

Elingenamikhono futhi umsila

Ngo zezintaka leli qembu linoboya obukhulu. Ngo prosimians kukhona undercoat, kodwa iningi abameleli wezinkawu kuba ampofu. Fur nesikhumba kwezinhlobo eziningi kuthiwa egqamile, amehlo ophuzi noma ensundu. Umsila at kubo eside, kodwa futhi kukhona esifushane-tailed ifomu waphansi.

ukudla

Primates - kukhona izilwane zidla khona ikakhulu ukudla okuxubile, ubuswa kwezimila. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-insectivorous. Isisu e wezinkawu, ngokuqondene uhlobo okuxubile ukudla okulula. Sinenkosi 4 izinhlobo namazinyo - canines, amazinyo, ezinkulu (molars) nabancane (premolars) Bomdabu futhi molars nge 3-5 lamachubu. Qedela esikhundleni amazinyo kwenzeka wezinkawu, iyasebenza unomphela futhi ubisi.

usayizi umzimba

Usayizi umzimba abamele leli qembu, kunokungqubuzana okukhulu. Emincane kakhulu wezinkawu - igundane lemurs, kuyilapho ama-gorilla ukukhula ifinyelela 180 cm nangaphezulu. esisindo of DUNA females kuyahlukahluka - ngokuvamile kunangendlela kwabesilisa, nakuba lo mthetho has okuhlukile eziningi. Umkhaya kwezinye izinkawu siqukethe nabesifazane eziningana kanye nabesilisa. Kusukela mass umzimba - inzuzo ye yokugcina, kukhona kwemvelo ezihlobene ne izithelo zalo. Ngokwesibonelo, Hanumana besilisa ekubutheni Harem, ehlanganisa nabesifazane 20 ukuthi - emkhayeni omkhulu kakhulu. Primates kufanele aqaphe isigodlo sabo kusuka abanye abantu besilisa. Kulesi umndeni e isisindo aphethe umzimba 160 mass nabesifazane%. Ezinye izinhlobo kabani kwabesilisa sokukhwelana evamile nge elilodwa lensikazi kuphela (isib, gibbon anezintende), abamele nabesifazane ezahlukene musa ihluke ngosayizi. dimorphism ngokocansi is wavuma kakhulu obonakaliswe lemurs.

Lapho ekulweni ubuyise zidlala indima ebalulekile hhayi kuphela ubukhulu umzimba iyunithi, njengoba wezinkawu. Lesi silwane, ogama Amazinyo kukhona isikhali zazo ezinamandla. Abesilisa uwasebenzise imiboniso nolaka futhi izibhelu.

Lokuzaliswa nenzalo wezinkawu

Primates ukukhiqiza kabusha unyaka wonke. Ngokuvamile umuntu engazalwa ithole (at mafomu aphansi kungaba 2-3). zinhlobo elikhulu wezinkawu nokuzala kancane njalo, kodwa baphila isikhathi eside ukwedlula nozakwabo ezincane.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-unyaka bayakwazi wande igundane lemurs. Minyaka yonke, ukukhanya elivela amawundlu amabili. isisindo umzimba ngamunye wabo imayelana 6.5 g Ukukhulelwa ihlala izinyanga 2. iminyaka engu-15 - irekhodi zokuba nempilo ende kwalesi silwane. gorilla Female, kunalokho, kuba ucansi abadala abaneminyaka engu-10 kuphela ubudala. Omunye ithole okuzelwe, mass umzimba okuyinto - 2.1 kg. Ukukhulelwa ihlala izinyanga 9, ngemva ekhulelwe okuphindaphindiwe singenzeka kuphela emva kweminyaka 4. Ngokuvamile ama-gorilla aphila iminyaka engaba ngu-40.

Esivamile ezahlukene zama-izinkawu, ne umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo, kukhona ezincane udoti. Ijubane ukukhula abamele abasha baleli qembu sincane kakhulu, ephansi kakhulu kunalokho ebonwe elezinye izilwane ezincelisayo kokuba efanayo umzimba izinsimbi. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi yini imbangela yalesi sici. Mhlawumbe kufanele itholwe e inani ingqondo. Iqiniso ukuthi iningi amandla khudlwana emzimbeni ncamashi izicubu ingqondo. Ngo wezinkawu omkhulu, it has a izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu umzimba, okuyinto kunciphisa izinga yentuthuko Izitho zokuzala, kanye ekukhuleni komzimba.

Bethambekele kwezinsana

Ngo wezinkawu, ngenxa izinga eliphansi ukukhiqizwa kabusha sivezwe ukuthambekela kwezinsana. Ngokuvamile amaduna abasha bayabulawa, okuyinto wabeletha insikazi abanye abantu besilisa njengoba ondla umuntu ngeke akhulelwe futhi. Abesilisa abasendaweni isiqongo ngokomzimba, kungagcini zizalela imizamo. Ngakho benza konke okusemandleni ukuze silondoloze genotype yayo. Izinkawu wesilisa, isibonelo, Hanuman, bazalane babe kuphela izinsuku 800 kusukela zeminyaka yokuphila 20.

indlela yokuphila

I-oda wezinkawu, njengoba umthetho, uhlala izihlahla, kodwa kukhona polunazemnye nezinhlobo eliwumhlaba. Abameleli leli qembu yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Wayevame abathanda abantu, akuvamile ibalula noma kabili. Bahlanganyela bahlala emahlathini nakwezifudumele futhi elishisayo Asia, e-Afrika kanye Melika, futhi atholakala okusezingeni eliphezulu izindawo ezisezintabeni.

ngezigaba wezinkawu

Mayelana 200 eyaziwa wezinkawu yesimanje. suborder Kuncike 2 (izinkawu prosimians), 12 izizukulwane nemindeni 57. Ngokwe ngezigaba, ezivame kakhulu okwamanje, e wezinkawu kuhlanganisiwe isihlahla shrews, ukwakha umkhaya ezimele. Lezi wezinkawu nge tarsier futhi lemurs ezakha prosimians suborder. Zikuxhuma ngokusebenzisa lemurs ezilwane ezidla ezinye kanye wezinkawu yesimanje, ukukhumbula lokho okhokho babe endulo esikhathini esidlule.

Primates: Evolution

Kukholakala ukuthi amadlozi wezinkawu yesimanje babe ezincelisayo ezidla izinambuzane bakudala efana isihlahla shrews, ekhona namuhla. izinsalela zabo zitholakale eMongolia, Elingenhla Cretaceous. Ngokusobala, lezi zinhlobo lasendulo bahlala e-Asia, lapho esezinzile nakwezinye izindawo e-North America nase Old World. Sekuke kwaba khona ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuze dolgotyapov futhi lemurs lezi wezinkawu. Ukuvela amafomu yokuqala Old Umhlaba futhi INguqulo Yezwe Elisha izinkawu, ngokusobala, wathabathela dolgotyapov bakudala (okhokho lezimfene, abanye abalobi cabanga lemurs lasendulo). Kungakhathaliseki izinkawu elalihlangana Old World, kwakukhona wezinkawu American. Okhokho babo kusukela eNyakatho neMelika wangena eNingizimu. Lapha, bona ngokukhethekile nokuthuthukisa, uvumelane nezimo yokuphila kuphela arboreal. Ukuze izici eziningi eziphilayo kanye yokwakheka abantu - kungcono nezinkawu okukhulu. Thina bahlelekela umndeni ahlukene abantu nomuntu bomdabu, kanye nohlobo olulodwa kuphela - lwanamuhla ezihlakaniphile.

Ukubaluleka esiwusizo wezinkawu

wezinkawu Modern kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo. Sinenkosi isikhathi eside yabakhanga Ntu izidalwa njengoba ezihlekisayo. Izinkawu babezingelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, embukisweni ukudayiswa ekhaya ukuzijabulisa noma e-zoo lezi ezincelisayo. Primates Namuhla ngisho kudliwa! AboMdabu base-Australia namuhla udle inyama izinkawu eziningi. prosimians inyama Uphinde abhekwe ukuba ezihlwabusayo kakhulu. Khumba of ezithile ukusetshenziswa namhlanje ngoba ukugqoka izinto ezahlukene.

wezinkawu eminyakeni yamuva sekwande ezibalulekile ucwaningo lwezokwelapha nezinto eziphilayo. Lezi zilwane ukukhombisa ifana esinamandla sokuba indoda ezihlukahlukene izici yokwakheka bokuphila. Futhi nje kwezinkawu olukhulu sibathinta Ukufana, kodwa futhi aphansi. Abamele leli qembu, ngisho ukungenwa izifo efanayo nathi (sofuba, uhudo, idiphtheria, uvendle nesifo umkhuhlane, isimungumungwana, njll) Lokho kwenzeka sisonke ngendlela efanayo neyethu. Yingakho ezinye izidumbu zabo zisetshenziswa namuhla ekwelapheni abantu (ikakhulukazi, izinso lezimfene oluhlaza, macaques nezinye izinkawu - ayizidleke ukutshala amagciwane, okuyinto emva kokwelashwa ke aguqule zibe umgomo uvendle).