Pioneer - Amaphayona zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kuyinto ...

Uyazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi igama elithi "ukuphayona"? Kwenzeka kanjani kusuka? Othile ngokuthi ngakho? Le mibuzo kanye neminye sizobe ngayo kulesi sihloko. Ezibizwa ngamaphayona amaphayona amaphayona. Nakuba kunjalo ngokuthi okuthunyelwe yamasosha noma uchungechunge e amabutho zomklamo Armed Forces of the Empire, Russian ekhulwini XVIII-XIX futhi kwamanye amazwe yesimanje (isib, Germany).

Ethula igama elithi "iphayona", umuntu angase abe engqondweni kwelanga noma sapper uthi isiJalimane, noma isosha ophethe ukwakhiwa earthworks, okuzobe kudlalelwa amabhuloho, ukumba nezisele, imigwaqo kwesibalo nokunye. Futhi okwamanje abakubiza amalungu ukunyakaza Pioneer - amaqembu izingane lamaKhomanisi BakaJehova e-USSR nezinye uthi sezenhlalo, wadala ngezindinganiso imisebenzi Ukuthola.

Inani

Ngokusho Efrayimi, iphayona - nguye kuqala wangena indlela entsha, endaweni nhlobo noma izwe, futhi waqala ukulifunda. Ngakho umuntu wabeka izisekelo into entsha emkhakheni isiko, isayensi noma omunye mkhakha womsebenzi. Efremov futhi ukholelwa ukuthi amaphayona kokubili amalungu kumiswa lamaKhomanisi izingane njengoba amasosha namayunithi sapper amabutho zobunjiniyela. Ushakov betshisa kukhona incazelo efanayo lelo gama. Ngo uthi Dahl sika isichazamazwi ngaphambilini yayikhona njengamaphayona ihhashi.

umsuka

Ngakho ukuthi kusho ukuthini "ukuphayona"? Igama kubolekwe abakhuluma isiRashiya-ka isiFulentshi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII futhi lalisetshenziselwa lisho "iqhawe unyawo isosha." Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuwachaza ngale ndlela wehlile emlandweni, futhi igama elithi "iphayona" waqala ukubiza amaphayona - abantu ukumvuthela emizileni entsha.

Lapho usuqede Okthoba 1917 eRussia eqala ukudala amaqembu izingane ukuphayona sika, elimalungu alo wayefuna ukuba kuqala konke. Bafuna emibuthanweni yabo ukuze bazivulele "indlela eya ekhazimulayo kusasa."

Amabutho lokuqala

Amaphayona ... Lingobani leli qembu? Kosuku lonke-igama amaphayona kubhekwe Meyi 19, 1922. Ngalo lolo suku, ngesikhathi 2nd Congress Zonke isiRashiya iYoung Communist League, kwanqunywa ukuba ukudala amaqembu ukuphayona ezweni lonke. Inhlangano abadumile kusukela 1924 iqanjwe V I. Lenina. Ngo-1925, isimo wethula iphephandaba "Pioneer iqiniso", okuyinto evame babembiza i- "Pioneer".

Amayunithi lokuqala krasnogalstuchnikov isinyathelo ngaso zokwakheka YCL ku izimboni, emahhovisi, iqhaza wokuhlanza, nokusiza ukususa yokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ukubhekana nakhaya. Kusukela 1920. Lezi zinhlangano Kwamiswa ezikoleni. Isikole ngasinye bekulokhu iphayona squad, futhi isigaba - party. Ayikwazanga yiphayona cishe njalo ingane zeminyaka 9-10. Emcimbini ukuzinikezela izingane wafunga, isiveze ukuthi "bukhoma, lokulwa bafunde, njengoba washiyela eLenin okukhulu, njengoba kufundiswa neQembu LamaKhomanisi."

Pioneer - ke iwuphawu nenkathi yamaSoviet. Wayegqoka uthayi obomvu (njengoba uphawu wamavukelambuso umaka obomvu), uphawu nge isiqubulo esithi "Njalo ukulungele!" Futhi izithombe amalangabi komlilo, iphrofayela kukaLenin futhi inkanyezi ezinhlanu olucijile. Indawo enkulu e imisebenzi izingane matasa emsebenzini ukuzivikela wezempi krasnogalstuchnoy: abahlengikazi lokunyenti, ngabe tinkomishi based, aleso abasha, ukuxhumana, yabamba ezemidlalo umdlalo yezempi.

ezinyakazayo

Bewazi yini ukuthi iphayona - lena uyisibonelo kuzo zonke? Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili eSoviet Union kwakukhona ukunyakaza mass Timur, wayiqamba igama negama indaba iqhawe "Timur nethimba lakhe", eyabhalwa A. P. Gaydar. Amavulandlela ngendlela efanayo umkhiqizo izinhlamvu wasiza amasosha imikhaya ekhubazekile, abadala. Ngo ngemva kwempi timurovtsi ube ukusekelwa amaBolshevik ubudala, eqoqwe imfucuza yephepha bese edayisa izinsimbi ezindala ebusika, ehlobo - amakhambi, wasiza Veterans empi, umsebenzi wokuvuna.

Ezweni kwakukhona uhlelo kwezigodlo (izindlu) iphayona ngemibuthano ehlukahlukene (lobuchwepheshe, kwezemidlalo, ezobuciko), njengomdala nephayona okuhlushwa, lapho izingane phakathi kwabo namaholidi asehlobo. izimfanelo okuphoqelekile ukuphila of the izikhungo okugcina, kukhona nalawa umlilo nezingoma, kusihlwa futhi ekuseni umugqa (ukwakhiwa wonke amayunithi), ukudlondlobala Uzalo ifulege, izimali krasnogalstuchnikov (imihlangano enikelwe izindikimba ezihlukahlukene yokushisekela izwe). The best kubhekwe "Eaglet" futhi "Artek" Young Pioneers okuhlushwa, lapho atholiwe oLwandle Olumnyama. Pioneer yobudala waqedwa ngeminyaka 14, kanye nezingane eziningi wajoyina i-Komsomol.

ukunyamalala

Ngakho, siye sathola ukuthi iphayona - umngane onokwethenjelwa. Ngeshwa, ngemva kokuwa wase-USSR inhlangano emangalisayo ke licishe nje nakacedza umsebenti walo. ERussia namuhla kunamaqembu ukuphayona, kodwa zimbalwa hhayi kakhulu undab 'uzekwayo kubantwana. Ngo-1990-yalolucwaningo. abanye zokwakheka yezenhlalakahle wazama esikhundleni zinyamalele ayohlola Movement inhlangano eziqhutshwa eRussia zangaphambi wamavukelambuso, kodwa futhi abalethanga imiphumela.

publicism

Namuhla, abantu abaningi bangase bazibuze ukuthi iphayona. Incazelo leli gama ukhohlwe ngabaningi. Noma kunjalo, eziningi zezingoma namabhuku zilotshwé krasnogalstuchnikah USSR wathwebula, eziningi zazo ayibalulekile kwezobuciko. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izilaleli uyazithanda ngempela amahlaya kwekamu ehlobo "Siyakwamukela, uyisihambi noma vospreschon okokufaka!".

Enkulumweni lanamuhla, ikakhulukazi asebekhulile, ungakwazi ngezinye izikhathi ukuzwa inkulumo ethi "njengephayona (Pioneer)," okungukuthi, 'ukuba bafeze okuthile ukuyalwa esilalelayo. " Futhi le nkulumo ethi "Njalo ukulungele!" Kusho kwemvume nokuzimisela ukwenza lutho. Ngo-Soviet journalism krasnogalstuchnikov ngokuthi abasha Leninists (Abasekeli V I. Lenina).

uthayi

Through ukwakheka kokuzihlanganisa Izishoshovu entsha zezingane yezwe Soviet. Abanye abazali wamenqabela ukwenza izingane ukuba babe ngamaphayona, kodwa namanje weza inhlangano. Babefanele uzifihla umama nobaba izibopho. Ngo-USSR, cishe zonke izingane babengamaphayona. kid Okokuqala ukuya esikoleni, futhi wavuma ukuthi lokhu kwakuyoholela Octobrists, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ngeqholo egqoka esifubeni sakhe lwenkanyezi nge isithombe umfana abacaphuni-onezinwele ezimhloshana.

Lapho ingane ifinyelele eminyakeni engu-9 ubudala, candidacy yakhe ivunyelwe emhlanganweni iyunithi, bese anikezelwe amaphayona. Futhi ekugcineni, ekupheleni cwaningo, njengoba "esigabeni sokugcina ukwakheka umfundi ngamunye," usho yanikwa Komsomol ibheji.

Wonke umuntu kwakudingeka ukugqoka iphayona uthayi Samaphayona. Wayengase kwenziwe kusuka kunoma iyiphi Indwangu, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kwadingeka ukuba bomvu. Abafundi bakwazi uzobopha elikasofasilahlane ekhethekile. Uma ingane yakho ifika esikoleni nge rumpled, uthayi wakhe ezisheshayo noma ingabe ngaphandle kwalo, kwakubhekwa njengento kuyihlazo. Pioneer njalo kwadingeka zihlanzeke futhi icocekile futhi ngodumo ukugqoka amatshwayo yenhlangano zabo.

What do imikhawulo ezintathu isibopho? Bakhomba ubunye nolungenakunyakaziswa izizukulwane ezintathu: amaKhomanisi, Amaphayona amalungu Komsomol. Kwamanye amazwe, le nhlangano ngo isikhafu okubomvu okulapho ngaphandle noma yiziphi izinguquko (Moldova, Venezuela, North Korea, China, Cuba, Vietnam).

namaqhawe

Amaphayona Soviet, ngifeze feat ngesikhathi kumiswa kombuso wamaSoviet, seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, ngokuthi namaqhawe.

izithombe zabo abangu kabanzi eSoviet Union njengesibonelo zokuziphatha eziphakeme. Ngo-1954, uhlu olusemthethweni heroes-amaphayona yadalwa, futhi siqanjwe Ukuhlonishwa egwalweni Zonke-Union Young Pioneers Inhlangano yaqanjwa V I. Lenina, lapho kwakuhlangene Encwadi Ukuhlonishwa wendawo amayunithi krasnogalstuchnikov.

sempi

Adume amaphayona-Amaqhawe ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe? Kakade ezinsukwini lokuqala Empini Brest Fortress zihlukaniswa Klypa Petya oneminyaka engu-14 ubudala - owaphothula Leli qembu zomculo. Amaphayona amaningi alwa namaNazi emaqenjini engabandlululi, okwakukhona scouts kanye saboteurs, futhi baqhuba imisebenzi ngasese.

Amaqembu alezi zishoshovu abasha abadumile Dubinin Volodya, Kazei Marat, Golikov Lenya, Zhora Antonenko, noValya Kotik. Bonke abaye bafa empini kodwa Dubinina Volodi, yamila ku emayini. Ngamunye wabo, ngaphandle ngimdala Golikova Loni, ngesikhathi sokufa wayeneminyaka engamashumi 13-14.

Isikhathi esining impela, abafundi balwa amayunithi ibutho (okubizwa ngokuthi "amadodakazi kanye namadodana ka regiments" - eyaziwa indaba Kataeva uValentina "iNdodana Regiment").

Amaphayona of ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe wabonisa izimfanelo zabo engcono ekulweni. Ngakho, Chekmak Vilor izindleko oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala ngokuphila kwakhe ukuze asindise ihlukane engabandlululi ka Sevastopol. Umfana waba isimo senhliziyo, eseyingane, kodwa ngo-1941, ngo-August, wangena ehlathini amaqembu alezi zishoshovu. Wayengumuntu ahamba ngo-November 10, ngakho ngowokuqala ukubona olusondelayo lamabutho ingajezisa. Vilor isibhamu waxwayisa mayelana usongo abashokobezi, futhi omunye wathatha ekulweni amaFascist. Lapho waphelelwa izinhlamvu, walindela izitha ngeke asondele eduze naye, bakhalisa efake nge amaNazi amabhomu. Vilor wangcwatshwa emathuneni iMpi Yezwe II Veterans ku Dergachi ngomzana, eduze Sevastopol.

Lapho wahlanganyela amaphayona omkhulu? Bona yempi abafana umkhumbi yakhonza nangasemuva Soviet ayesebenza izimboni, esikhundleni abadala baya phambi, waba nengxenye sezokuvikela.

Esiteshini Obol (Vitebsk esifundeni) inhlangano Komsomol komhlaba "Young Avengers 'wadalwa. It isinyathelo iphayona Portnova uZiza, loJewushi zahlangana Komsomol komhlaba, ababulawa amaNazi kanye Hero zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwakhe ukhishwa isihloko.

Amashumi ezinkulungwane izinsizwa ezingu ukhishwa sokunconywa umkhosi:

• Order of the Red Banner waklonyeliswa - Yuliy Kantemirov, Dubinin Volodya, Makarikhin Andrey, uKonstantin Kravchuk Kamanin Arkady ;
• Order of Lenin - vitya Korobkov, Shumov Tolya, Kaznacheev Volodya, Lenya Golikov Chekalin Aleksandr;
• Order of the Red Star - Samoruha Volodya Efremov Alex, Andrianov Vanya, Ankinovich Lenya, Kovalenko vitya, Kamanin Arkady (kabili);
• Order of the Patriotic neMpi 1st degree - volkov Valery, Klypa Pete, Kovalov Sasha.

amakhulu amaphayona baklonyeliswa ngendondo "Partisan besizukulwane seMpi Patriotic Omkhulu", abangaphezu kuka-15 000 - ngendondo "Ukuze ukuzivikela kweLeningrad", phezu 20 000 ngendondo "Ngoba Defense of Moscow".

Hero kweSoviet Union baye yaklonyeliswa lamaphayona amahlanu: Golikov Lenya, noValya Kotik, Kazei Marat, Portnova uZiza, loJewushi Chekalin Alexander. Eziningi zalezi zamasosha abasha ezabulawa empini noma babulawa amaJalimane. Isethi amagama abantwana kufakwe ku "Book Ukuhlonishwa we Zonke-Union Young Pioneers Inhlangano yaqanjwa V I. Lenina" futhi waphakanyiselwa esikhundleni esiphezulu "Amaphayona-Amaqhawe".