Petersburg umlando kafushane. History of the Saint-Petersburg

Saint Petersburg - elinye lamadolobha amahle kakhulu eYurophu, kufanele ngokuthi Northern Palmyra. Ungabhala amavolumu lonke, etshela ungakha kanjani le nhloko-dolobha yombuso yesibili. Ayikho ezithakazelisayo kancane wonke umlando Petersburg. Kafushane sizama cabangani kuhle.

Northern impi Omkhulu

Impi IsiSwidi King indle XII, kamuva wathola igama North, ngokuvumelana uPetru kwadingeka ukuvula ukufinyelela Russian noLwandle iBaltic, futhi ngenxa yalokho, "ukuvula iwindi eYurophu", okuyinto kwaba magange ukwenza inkosi-wezinguquko.

Ngo eziningi zokunqoba esikhulu butholakala phakathi nalo mkhankaso isikhathi eside, okuyinto namanje eziqhenyayo AmaRashiya: Narva, Shlisselburg futhi, yebo, Poltava. Ekugcineni, wakwazi Ukunqoba yokugcina empini eyayisenyakatho 1721 futhi sifinyelele Ukuhoxiswa Russia noLwandle iBaltic.

Njengoba lezi izigigaba eziphathelene emlandweni ukudalwa Petersburg? Kafushane ngalokhu Kuzoxoxwa.

Amapulani okwakha amahholo yenhloko-dolobha entsha

Tsar uPetru mina ngiqonde ukuthi iRussia idinga izinguquko ezibalulekile, cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezisukela ukuphathwa kobuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa. Kodwa akakwazanga ukuqonda nokuthi Uzungezwe yinhlangano boyars esidlekeni yabo endala yokuphila, eMoscow, ngeke ukwazi ukunqamula amaketango izisekelo ezindala. Ngakho-ke, ngisho ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe wayengenazo umbono ukwakha inhloko-dolobha entsha, lapho kuyodingeka ulawule hhayi umbuso isiRashiya, futhi Russian Empire.

Kamuva, uPetru waya eHolland benamandla isiko European, ngakho-ke, wayefisa ukuba inhloko-dolobha yayo entsha isanda Emingceleni esentshonalanga yezwe.

Ngo-1703 Peter ngakwazi ulwe ucezu i Russian lasendulo zwe elake elalihlala abaseSweden. Ngesikhathi leli zwe wabizwa ngokuthi kakade ngendlela German - Ingria.

Kulapha uPetru wanquma ukwakha dolobha yakhe entsha. Yaqala kanjalo-ke umlando engu-nantathu ekusungulweni Petersburg. Kafushane ngalokhu kamuva.

Igama idolobha

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, uPetru mina ebusheni bakhe baya e-Holland, lapho ngobuciko wafunda ukwakha imikhumbi, bafunda ulimi wendawo futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, benamandla isiko European. Yena umxhwele Europe ukuze eRussia bonke bezama ukuhlela ngendlela European, imithetho emisha zaphoqa boyars aphuce intshebe. Akumangalisi ukuthi njengoba dolobha yakhe entsha, wazama ukwenza afana Amsterdam - umuzi wezentengiselwano Dutch.

Leli dolobhana laqanjwa ngokuthi yokudumisa ongumvikeli inkosi - umPhostoli uPetru. Ngokwemvelo, igama awunika dolobha yakhe isitayela Dutch - St Peter-Burj. Kuyinto nge leli gama liye lakhishwa exhunywe ne umlando Petersburg kuze 1914. Kafushane ngalokho okwenzekile futhi kungani igama ishintshile, uyofunda kancane kamuva.

Kokusungulwa Petersburg

iminyaka eyishumi nantathu Undlulile kubekwa itshe lokuqala Fort, ethiwa iSt Peter-Burj, e 1704 futhi kuze 1717, lapho le nqaba yaphenduka idolobha agcwele kwangempela. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukwakhiwa kwenziwa abantu ikakhulukazi abavamile abasebenzayo. Wathatha iqhaza ukwakhiwa kanye uPetru ngokwakhe, ngoba esemncane, wahlanganyela emsebenzini ngembazo, basiza ekwakheni imikhumbi ngoba iviyo lalo lemikhumbi yempi, kamuva owaba esinganqobeki.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umuzi yachichima ukwazisa, futhi uPetru kukora anqobe izizwe eziningi nasempini, futhi isakhiwo. Kodwa pearl yakhe yangempela yayingewona ncamashi Petersburg. Umlando edolobheni uyakusitshela kafushane.

I inhloko-dolobha yombuso

Ngakho, Petersburg wethu usukhule kusukela Fort elincane emzini, uyakufanelekela ngempela ukuba abe inhloko-dolobha yombuso. Ngo-1712 ukudluliselwa esemthethweni-dolobha, Yenziwa. WaseMoscow laqala kancane kancane ukuthuthela Petersburg ejensi esemthethweni ahlukahlukene, zamanxusa kanye emagcekeni ezigodlo.

Ngelinye ilanga ngo-1717, lapho imisebenzi yokwakhiwa kwaqedwa Imininingwane, ngoba umhlobiso inhlokodolobha zazivela amakhosi wangempela izikebhe zabo, abamenyiwe, yebo, owayevela eYurophu. Petersburg zonke oluhle. Ngo 1725 kwavulwa khona Academy of Sciences, okwakwenza edolobheni nje kuphela isimo kodwa futhi inhloko-dolobha kwamasiko ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso.

Ngemva kokufa uPetru mina Petersburg angizange ayeke ukuba uthuthuke njengomuntu isikhungo emhlabeni, eclipsing ubuhle nemizi yalo amaningi eYurophu. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba emzini ababekwenza enjalo Okugweda omkhulu futhi abaklami njengoba Rastrelli, Bazhenov, Velten nezinye geniuses eziningi ezivela emhlabeni wonke.

Ekhulwini XIX edolobheni yaqhakaza yonke inkazimulo yayo. Kodwa lokhu akumvimbi umlando Petersburg. Kafushane mayelana ukuthi kwabe sekwenzekani, kuyoba indaba elandelayo.

Petrograd: ekulahlekelweni umbuso

Ngo-1914 kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Empire Russian nge naseFrance wajoyina ekulweni eJalimane nase-Austria-Hungary. On the igagasi lokushisekela ubuzwe umbuzo ukuthi kungani igama inhlokodolobha Russian liphinyiselwe ngendlela German. Ngakho kwanqunywa ukuqamba kabusha Petersburg ukuze Petrograd.

Kodwa igama elisha akazange anamathele isikhathi eside. Ngo-1917 kwakungekho October Revolution, lapho yabhubhisa khona Empire Russian. On Amanxiwa alo isimo esisha, iSoviet Union. Ngenxa budebuduze naleli phambi, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange esatshwe ukuba Petersburg, ngakho ngo-1918 kwanqunywa ukuba ukuthutha inhlokodolobha emuva eMoscow.

Kodwa akugcini umlando Petersburg. Kafushane sendlela ukuqamba kabusha le edolobheni futhi, kuzomele ufunde kabanzi.

Leningrad futhi Petersburg futhi

Ngo-1924, idolobha Kwakunenye ukuqanjwa kabusha. Kwakuhlangene ngesikhathi esifanayo ne kokufa kukaLenin, isifiso ubuholi Soviet ukuzoqhubekisela inkumbulo yakhe, futhi inqubomgomo jikelele ekuqambeni kabusha amadolobha, ebizwa amagama wasebukhosini. Ngakho Petrograd iqanjwe kabusha Leningrad. Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinograd, Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinodar nakwamanye amadolobha ukuthi athwale amagama Romanovs A liyobhekana nesiphetho esifana elindelwe.

Phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet edolobheni elahlekile isimo dolobha, kodwa yayisalokhu komnikazi lesibili ngobukhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu e-USSR. It savela izakhiwo isitayela Soviet, wavula izinhlangano zamasiko, ukwakhiwa ephezulu liphumele omakhelwane ezintsha zokuhlala.

Nakuba Leningrad wayazi futhi iminyaka ezibabayo. Ikakhulukazi ukufa kabuhlungu ka abakhileyo UMkhandlu sewusungule ngesikhathi evimbezela 1941-1944.

Ekugcineni, ngo-1991 iSoviet Union iwa. Lokhu kuye kwavula igagasi elisha ekuqambeni kabusha izwe. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, "phezulu" akekho wayifaka, njengoba kufanele ngokuthi idolobha. Igama abakhileyo zacelwa ukuba zikhethe ngokwabo. Futhi inhlolovo ezingaphezu kuka-50% we-Leningrad wanquma ukubuyela igama yokuqala edolobheni - Petersburg. Intuthuko thina kafushane ngazo kule isibuyekezo. Kodwa into ebalulekile ukuthi umuzi uyaqhubeka ukuba bahlale kuwo zizalwa abantu abasha, izakhiwo zakhelwe, ingqalasizinda isakhiwa.