Okuphokophelwe yi-Central Bank of the Russian Federation nezindlela kokusebenza kwabo

Emazweni amaningi emhlabeni usethe ebhange kazwelonke, unesibopho ukusebenza uhlelo lwezimali. ERussia, amandla anjalo onikwe Bank of Russia. Ngaphansi kwegunya Central Bank of the Russian Federation - ehlukahlukene yasakazwa imisebenzi. Impumelelo ikhambi kuncike kakhulu ukuzinza kanye ijubane ukuthuthukiswa emnothweni kazwelonke. Ziyini izimpokophelo ethile Bank of Russia? Kuyini oyiyo yenhlangano, nokuthi kunomthelela isixazululo imisebenzi ku isikhungo?

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana CBR

I Bank of Russia - inhlangano esemthethweni, isebenza ngokuzimela kwanoma iyiphi kahulumeni. Nokho, umsebenzi wayo ibika Duma State, futhi inhloko-dolobha ogunyaziwe namanye amafa lenhlangano ziwumsebenzi isimo. Injongo, imisebenzi kanye nokusebenza kweBhangengodla Russia sisonke zifana nalezo babe amabhange kazwelonke kwamanye amazwe.

Ikakhulu, i-Central Bank - kuphela sikhungo ngalo unelungelo ukukhipha lwemali kazwelonke, futhi ukuhlela ukusakazwa kwalo emnothweni. CBR akubhekwa kuhambiselana zokubika intela, athwala izindleko ngokunciphisa inzuzo. Injongo Central Bank of the Russian Federation akuyona ukukhuthaza ukukhishwa nezibopho isimo, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ngaphandle-ke, isivumelwano esihlukile alisho ngenye indlela.

Manje ake sicabangele okushiwo ezimqoka induna yasebhange isikhungo waseRussia.

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko Central Bank of the Russian Federation

Ngo ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zoMthetho Federal № 86 ka 10.06.2002 ngonyaka, elawula umsebenzi Central Bank of the Russian Federation, yezinjongo eziyinhloko Central Bank of the Russian Federation elandelayo.

Okokuqala, kuyinto ukuvikelwa Russian lwemali kazwelonke - Ruble - kusukela kokushintshashintsha kwamanani okuhwebelana nemiphumela zokucabangela. Okwesibili, i-sesimanje kanye nokuthuthukiswa isimo uhlelo yasebhange. Okwesithathu, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza izindlela zokukhokha ku emnothweni wesifundazwe.

Cabanga idatha bekuhloswe Central Bank of the Russian Federation ngaphezulu.

NokuVikelwa lwemali kazwelonke

Ngo uthi iningi yesimanje kwakhiwa exchange rate is ngokuyinhloko ngesisekelo ngokukhululekile-isebenze indlela ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona e ezimakethe zomhlaba. Kungakanani okufanele Ruble kunqunywa, ngaleyo ndlela kakhulu bathonywe izinto kwezomnotho wangaphandle.

Izifiso, izimpokophelo imisebenzi imisebenzi ye-Central Bank of the Russian Federation ngokuyinhloko okuhloswe ngaso ukuhlonza phakathi lezi zici yilezo ezithinta lwemali kazwelonke Russia omubi, ungenalo imvelo emakethe. Ngisho noma leso senzo sabo kuyinto ngempela esisemthethweni, kodwa umsebenzi alikho isithakazelo isikhewu Russia angase bayaphikisana nabo. Kanjani? Ngamuphi izindlela?

Okokuqala, it is ekufezeni, uma kunesidingo, exchange angaphandle kokungenela - ukuthenga noma yokuthengisa lesitigamu atholakale lwemali kazwelonke noma angaphandle ukuze andise noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunciphisa izinga supply yayo emakethe. Ukudala, isibonelo, babutha zamarandi endaweni emakethe lapho ruble adayiswa, Central Bank kungehlisa izinga layo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, lwemali kazwelonke we Russian Federation ezibizayo.

Kodwa manje inqubomgomo kanye nezinhloso ze-Central Bank of Russia ehloselwe ukukhawulela ukuphazamisa emakethe izindlela of the ruble. Ikakhulu, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umthombo oyinhloko we-Central Bank exchange angaphandle kokungenela - izinqolobane malini isimo. Ngenxa umphumela obumbi Amathrendi CBR ukuphathwa ukhetha hhayi ukuchitha kubo phezu lokungenelela izindlela emakethe ukuthi zakha Yiqiniso.

Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo yasebhange

Okuphokophelwe yi-Central Bank of the Russian Federation zihlanganisa ukulondoloza ukusebenza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo yasebhange kazwelonke. Umsebenzi CBR izixazululo nezindlela ebekwe Kulokhu kungenziwa okwethulwa anhlobonhlobo. Ngumuphi kubo osemqoka?

Okokuqala, kuyisiqondiso normative kwamabhange. CBR ishicilela izenzo zomthetho ezahlukahlukene elawula ukuhlinzekwa ngesikweletu nezinye izikhungo zezimali ezisebenza isimo, imisebenzi kahulumeni nezinhlangano; abeka kuyo izindinganiso lokubika zezimali kanye yentela ngoba abadlali efanele. Kuyadingeka, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukuze bavikele izithakazelo amakhasimende amabhange - emabhange, abanikazi yama-akhawunti wamanje, ababoleka.

Okwesibili, inqubomgomo ezihlobene ukubala yenani elilungile izinga ukhiye. Lokhu izinyathelo inkomba wezimali ikakhulukazi indlela ezibizayo loan kuyoba ukuqaliswa ebhange yangasese Central Bank ukuze uyothuthukisa ukusetshenziswa Ngaboleka imali emsebenzini oyinhloko. Ngokwesibonelo, ezihlobene ukuhlinzekwa imali yayo. Uma izinga ayisihluthulelo Central Bank of the Russian Federation, ukuphakama, yenyuka intengo nokubonga esikhishwe amabhange yangasese.

Okwesithathu, amabhange amakhulu, enifeza imisebenzi ukusekela ukusebenza ohlelweni Banking kazwelonke, uhlela ukuqapha imisebenzi ukhiye ngokusebenzisa indawo izikhungo yengcebo. A ingxenye enkulu ukuthenga kwemali egcina kubo futhi kwenziwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho ye-CBR.

Ukusebenza izindlela zenkokhelo

Okuphokophelwe yi-Central Bank of the Russian Federation futhi zihlanganisa ukugcinwa izindlela zenkokhelo ngaphakathi isimo. Iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke-credit yesimanje nezinye izikhungo zezimali - akuyona nje imali, ukubolekisa kanye nezinsizakalo nokuphathwa kwezimali, kodwa futhi nokugqugquzela ukuqaliswa kwemali ezihilela ngabanye, amabhizinisi angasese, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, abadlali emhlabeni jikelele.

isakhamuzi Russian noma engumfokazi kumele akwazi ukwenza izinkokhelo kwabanye abantu nezinhlangano ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene: kulandzisa ngaye, amakhadi okuthenga ngesikweletu, ngokusebenzisa imigudu non-yasebhange izinhlangano credit. Ukuqapha ukusebenza iziteshi abafanele - munye umsebenti we CBR.

Central Bank Umsebenzi kule ndawo sisonke wenziwa izinqubo ezifanayo ezihambelana owedlule isiqondiso CB umsebenzi. Lokhu kungenxa ukuhlinzekwa kohlelo yasebhange. CBR ishicilela amazinga elawula ukuthengiselana olwenziwa nge iziteshi ezahlukene, uqaphe le misebenzi. Umsebenzi we-non-imali ebolekiswayo ebhange izikhungo, ukubandakanya ingqalasizinda lokukhokha, okuyinto isimo, kuxhomeke kakhulu kangakanani nemisebenzi wesikweletu ezejwayelekile kanye nezikhungo zezimali, ukubaluleka izinga ayisihluthulelo Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Sesihlole izisulu the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia) ukuphakamisa ukugcwaliseka imisebenzi ethile. Sifunda ngokucacile yabo.

Imisebenzi ye-Central Bank

CBR has izici ezilandelayo main:

• iqhaza ngokuhlanganyela noHulumeni ekuthuthukiseni e okuyizidingo eziseqhulwini wezimali ka inchubomgomo yembuso;
• lucwaningo inqubo kuyi yedwa ruble futhi ukuqinisekisa isikhalazo kwato kutemnotfo Russian;
• Linikeza izimali ze-non-state credit izikhungo ngesimo ukubolekisa, inikeza refinancing ukubolekisa ekhishwe;
• Kuchaza imithetho owawuthi emnothweni Russian abazenzi kwemali;
• abeka kuyo izindinganiso kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yasebhange;
• ebuyako inkonzo ukuthengiselana ekulandiseni kwesabelomali Russian Federation;
• bachithe ngendlela ebekiwe exchange angaphandle izinqolobane isimo;
• kufanele ubhalise udumo nezinye izikhungo zezimali, ukukhipha kubo ilayisensi noma, kunalokho, usula kubo uma ithola ukwephulwa kwalezi zikhungo komthetho yasebhange;
• kokuqhuba izinqubomgomo ukulawula exchange angaphandle;
• Ithola imithetho elawula zokuhlala izakhamuzi Russian nezinhlangano nge abadlali ngamazwe;
• usungula amazinga kwemibiko yezimali nokubika kwezezimali ngaphakathi ikhono lakhe;
• inquma ngesilinganiso lwemali kazwelonke emakethe international futhi uyazifeza yanyatheliswa esifike ngesikhathi;
• abathintekayo kulesi sibalo ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa we yesimo sezomnotho;
• ulawula umsebenzi lwemali Ukuhwebelana;
• It lucwaningo umsebenzi kohlaziyo ne ingxenye ekutadisheni izinqubo zezomnotho ezingeni umnotho isimo buboke, kanye nesifunda;
• abathintekayo ekuvikelweni kwezezimali emabhange ebhange.

Njengoba injongo yomsebenzi futhi umsebenzi we-Central Bank of Russia, singakwazi ukuhlola izici isakhiwo senhlangano ye-izikhungo zezimali eyinhloko WaseRussia. Siyaphenya ukuqala ke ngesisekelo salokho izimiso kunqunywa oda inhlangano umsebenzi Central Bank ngokuya ukusatshalaliswa nemisebenzi isikhungo zezigaba sangaphakathi CBR.

CB Sakhiwo: Izimiso zokuphathwa ejensi

Njengoba vele sesiyazi, izisulu the Central Bank of the Russian Federation zihlanganisa lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela lwemali isiRashiya, ukuqinisekisa uhlelo yasebhange futhi izindlela zenkokhelo e emnothweni wesifundazwe. Ukuphumelelisa ngamunye wabo eqala, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukudidiyela we Bank of Russia ne izithakazelo saletinye wesi yesimo sezomnotho, isibonelo, nahulumende Russian. Lolu khetho yakha omunye Izimiso eziyinhloko CBR - interagency nokubambisana.

Izenzakalo yasebhange isikhungo esiyinhloko we Russian Federation kuhilela izinkinga nokuzixazulula hhayi kuphela endaweni ethile kahulumeni, kodwa futhi ezingeni lesifunda. Ngakho-ke, iBhange amahhovisi waseRussia omele usebenze kuzo zonke izifunda of Russia. Umsebenzi wabo wenziwa ikhumbula isimiso yinye, lapho bonke ejensi ziphendula ehhovisi main futhi usebenze ngokuhambisana nemithetho akhiwa kubo.

Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi injongo yomsebenzi futhi umsebenzi Central Bank of the Russian Federation yiwona asondelene sixhumene. Ngakho-ke esinye isimiso wokusebenza lesikhungo - obusebenzayo lunye ukwahlukana. In ngamunye izakhiwo yangaphakathi ibhange BakaJehova ochwepheshe sekhono kakhulu umsebenzi ukusebenza.

Esinye isimiso CBR - ukwehlukana amandla nokuthathwa kwezinqumo phakathi ehhovisi central kanye namahhovisi ezifunda. Sathi, ngenxa umsebenzi kwezinhlangano Bank of Russia ezindaweni ngokuhambisana nemithetho akhiwa ehhovisi ephakathi ye Central Bank. Nokho, i-okuzimela ezithile kusukela amayunithi lesifunda izinhlangano yasebhange eyinhloko WaseRussia namanje lapho, futhi lena ukugcwaliseka isimiso embuzweni, practice.

Isakhiwo Central Bank of the Russian Federation: inhlangano ukuphathwa isikhungo

Thina manje ukuphenya ngalokho yini izidumbu ayisihluthulelo Central Bank ethulwa isakhiwo nokubusa. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa:

• INational Banking Council.
• Ihhovisi lemcoka kulomkhakha.
• IBhodi Yabaqondisi ye-Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
• izakhiwo Local.
• RCC.
• amayunithi Military.

Sizokwenza ukufunda imininingwane yabo ethize.

INational Banking Council

Izinhlaka eyinhloko Central Bank, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenhlangano zihlanganisa National Ibhange Council. Uyena umzimba collegial lesikhungo. Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi inhloso ye-Central Bank of the Russian Federation akuyona ukusiza uhulumeni izibopho zayo kanye yokuthi umsebenzi enkulu yezezimali Russian akanakulandisa emagunyeni.

Nokho, isibonelo National Ibhange Council usukela, ngokomthetho ukwencika Central Bank kusukela isimo kungaba ephawulekayo. Iqiniso lokuthi indlela yokwakheka uMkhandlu kaZwelonke Central Bank kuthiwa abameleli Federation Council, uMbuso Duma RF Uhulumeni, kanye abantu abakhethwe nguMongameli we Russian Federation ukusebenza. Usihlalo Central Bank of the Russian Federation futhi isebenza njengoba ingxenye Central Bank of isakhiwo kubhekwe.

ibhodi yabaqondisi

Ngakusasa isitho ebaluleke kakhulu Central Bank - eBhodini Labaqondisi. He kubhekwa esiphezulu esiphezulu isakhiwo yasebhange futhi inquma izinkomba lapho imisebenzi uzobe bagxila Central Bank of Russia, izinjongo nemigomo yesikhungo. Ukwakheka kwabo has ukufana ezithile inqubo ukufakwa izikhulu ezithile National Ibhange Council.

Ngakho, Central Bank of the Russian Federation uyazicabangela isakhiwo Usihlalo zokusebenza Central Bank, kanye kwamalungu avamile 12, njalo wahlanganyela emsebenzini okufukuzwa kulo ebhange. Kumiswa yokwakheka Bank of Russia eBhodini Labaqondisi is by iqhaza ngqo State Duma futhi uMongameli Russian. Nalapha-ke usukela iqiniso lokuthi ukwencika Central Bank uhulumeni umkhuba namanje eside, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Central Bank ngokomthetho - esizimele inhlangano kahulumeni.

IBhodi Yabaqondisi ye-Central Bank of the Russian Federation, ebheka inhloso, imisebenzi kanye nokusebenza kwe-Bank of Russia uzahlangana okungenani 1 isikhathi ngenyanga. Lesi sakhiwo kwenza izinqumo mayelana ngodaba ruble, ukubeka izindinganiso amabhange yangasese, kumiswa uhlu izikweletu zokwenana nalo nezinye izibambiso esetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimali ezibolekiwe Central Bank, ukusungulwa zenzalo, imikhawulo emakethe ukuthengiselana, ukubolekisa olukhona njengamanje, isibonelo, ucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka sokuvuselela. Central Bank eBhodini Labaqondisi lucwaningo lokuphatha nokulawula imisebenzi.

Central ehhovisi futhi isakhiwo indawo

Izinjongo kanye nemisebenzi ye-Imisebenzi ye-Central Bank okokuqala wemfanelo Headquarters iyunithi, kodwa kamuva ngo kohlaka izindlela esungulwe bathunyelwe ezingeni izakhiwo indawo ye CBR. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CA imelelwa amayunithi ahlukahlukene obusebenzayo ukuthi banesibopho ikhambi lezinkinga ezifana nalezi noma ukuthi sithombe. Letakhi iBhodi Yabaqondisi nenhloko Central Bank of the Russian Federation ngokuphathelene ukuqaliswa kwathathwa nezinqumo yibo. Ezindaweni of Central Bank imisebenzi yena, athwale izingodo aye nazo ukwahlukana main indawo lenhlangano yasebhange. Ukhiye yenkinga - ukuqaliswa indlela evame ukuqaliswa izinqubomgomo yokuphathwa kwezimali yokutholwa ezingeni sikahulumeni.

ISonto LamaRoma Katolika futhi amayunithi lempi Central Bank

Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi izinhloso Central Bank of the Russian Federation zihlanganisa ukugcinwa kwamakhilomitha ekusebenzeni kwenqubo isimo yasebhange. Phakathi main amayunithi kwesakhiwo, kokuba sekhono kudingekile ngenjongo efanele - izikhungo imali yokukhokha Bank of Russia.

Lezi zikhungo zihlukaniswe ikhanda, ekufezeni imisebenzi ezindaweni, kanye inter-zesifunda. Zifeza umsebenzi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa zokukhokhelwa inter-yasebhange, ukugcinwa non-state credit izikhungo kanye akhawunti kwesabelomali.

Ngakusasa uhlobo ebaluleke kakhulu izikhungo afakwe isakhiwo CBR - amayunithi lempi. Umsebenti wabo - nokugcinwa kwemali, okuyinto yizakhamuzi kwezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi kohlaka Russian Armed Forces.

Ngakho, sahlola ukhiye imisebenzi ibhange elikhulu nohlobo izimpokophelo zesigungu Central Bank of the Russian Federation nezindlela kokusebenza kwabo. The main Russian yasebhange - isikhungo ocebile, isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto has a ezahlukene kwamakhono emkhakheni wezezimali.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Central Bank ngokomthetho ezizimele kusukela uhulumeni, ngakolunye - ezakhiwe ngqo iqhaza kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Central Bank lucwaningo imisebenzi yayo izithakazelo nezinye izinhlaka wombuso.