Nominalism ifilosofi - ke ... nominalism Nokubhekana Namaqiniso ifilosofi

nefilosofi Medieval, okungukuthi, indodakazi yakhe ayithandayo - scholasticism - abaningi bacabanga ingxabano kanjani akunasisekelo phakathi kwabantu izembatho sendlela amademoni amaningi ukulingana enhlonhlweni yenaliti. Le ndlela esiqonda ngayo iza kithi kusuka Yempucuko. Khona-ke kwanqunywa ukuba ubonise inkathi edlule ngendlela ukukhanya black kunalokho eliyikho ngempela kwaba. Kodwa kulapho eladabuka yezingxenye eziyisisekelo symposia lesimanje lesayensi nezingqungquthela, kanye wonke ama-apharathasi yokuloba zomgunyathi nezindaba eziphathelene nocwaningo. A indima ekhethekile udlalwa wonke umlando wokucabanga e ifilosofi nominalism. Lokhu isiqondiso yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo izifundo oseza nemvelo futhi rationalism endleleni. Kodwa zama ukuqonda le nkinga iyadida.

"Schola" - kusho ukuthini?

nefilosofi Medieval savela ngesikhathi yekusungulwa kwebudlelwane amakhosi asendulo. Ngisho ngesikhathi Carolingian Renaissance - okungukuthi, ngesikhathi usaqala kakhulu - usezuze kakade leyo mikhuba ukuthi manje wazi. Isonto eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ngesisekelo ubunye emhlabeni yobuKristu. Njengoba wonke labantu medieval babeyithanda inkolo, futhi imibuzo zefilosofi ezibangelwa futhi zixazululwe, unayo i-imvelo efanele. Uma patristic nezaba nezimfundiso ezimisiwe iBandla, ezintweni zesikole amazwana futhi nokumisa le miphumela. Ngakho-ke, kwaba yiyona nto esigxila kuyo ukucabanga medieval - ngoba yayisekelwe nefilosofi eziyisisekelo. kakhulu Igama lo mkhuba kusikisela ukuthi kuqala kunazo zonke-ke uye wazakhela ezikoleni lezindela, futhi kamuva - emayunivesithi.

Izici eziyinhloko scholasticism

Sekukonke kunezinhlobo ezintathu izinkathi ukuthuthukiswa kulesi siqondiso. Okokuqala - lena ekuqaleni scholasticism ephakathi, kusukela ngasekupheleni sefilosofi classical Boethius ukuze Fomy Akvinata. Bese kufika isikhathi sesibili. Kube advantageously zibandakanya abe-Thomas ngokwayo futhi abalandeli bayo. Ekugcineni, scholasticism sekwephuzile we nane lweshumi nanhlanu eminyaka, ngokuyisisekelo kwaba isihloko ukugxekwa izibalo Yenguquko. Kubaluleka nefilosofi zesikole kuyinto ingxoxo izimpikiswano ezinkulu isikhathi. Okokuqala, ulwazi kanye nenkolelo ke - ubuhlakani nentando, essence khona, futhi, ekugcineni, impikiswano mayelana universals. Lapha ekugcineni sima. Phela, kuyinto impikiswano of ngokoqobo futhi nominalism.

Kuyini lokhu?

Inkinga universals, okuyinto ingenye izindaba eyinhloko ingxoxo ngesikhathi ososayensi abaningi waphula umkhonto, kanje. Namaqiniso babe abantu abasekela lokho imiqondo Ngokuvamile, njengoba ngangicabanga imfashini Ephakathi uPlato, kukhona ngempela. A nominalism ifilosofi - lena lomkhuba okuphambene emlandweni umcabango. abameleli balo wayekholelwa ukuthi jikelele (jikelele) imiqondo - ke nje igama izinto ngabanye, amagama abo (e nomines Latin) kungcono.

namaqiniso aziwayo

Ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi ukhona universals wayengomunye walaba ezishisa emlandweni nefilosofi ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, iningi amakhosi phambi ekuqaleni kwekhulu weshumi nane babe namaqiniso. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, uJohn Scott Erigena abamenyiwe ukufundisa ukuba senkantolo yasebukhosini e Karolingov okuqinisekile. Kusukela ngombono wakhe, phakathi kwenkolo yeqiniso ubunjalo mehluko kweqiniso. Ngakho-ke, umbandela weqiniso ingqondo. Kodwa konke kubonakala sibe real, eqinisweni, ngokomoya. Ukuze namaqiniso kweqiniso IsiZulu uMbhishobhi Omkhulu u-Anselm Kenterberiysky. Wavuma ukuthi ingqondo ukholo ngezansi, kodwa abe ngaphezu kwesigqila intando okushiwo - into esemqoka, hhayi ekuphileni. Ngakho-ke, wayekholelwa imiqondo jikelele yizinto yangempela. Okuhle, wathi: kukhona izenzo ezinhle, iqiniso - iyona imiqondo ilungelo, kodwa ubulungiswa - kungakhathaliseki izinqumo zenkantolo. Kwaba namaqiniso futhi Albertus Magnus (Boldshtedtsky). Wayekholelwa ukuthi universals khona ngezindlela ezintathu - e esinqunyiwe emqondweni kaNkulunkulu ezintweni ngokwabo, futhi ngemva kwabo. Nokho, inkinga ka nominalism Nokubhekana Namaqiniso, noma kunalokho, isilinganiso esivuna wangaphambili, ishintshile kusukela ngekhulu weshumi nantathu, okungukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni kwesifundo bemvelo.

conciliators

Indlela esiphatha ngayo amalungu mkhuba obuhlukile? Ngaphambi Aquinas nominalism ifilosofi - kuba into efana uyimbuka. Lapha, ngokwesibonelo, John Rostsellin. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kukhona kuphela izinto ezithile futhi imiqondo - umsindo wenkulumo inkohliso. Kodwa njengoba waveza ukuthi imibono enjalo kungaholela esiphethweni sokuthi akekho uNkulunkulu, waphoqwa ukuba bangayeki izinkolelo zabo. Ukuvumelanisa disputants ekhulwini weshumi nambili, wazama Per Abelyar. Wabhala ukuthi ezinye izinto ezikhona, futhi kuba nabantu ngendlela engenakuphikiswa. Kodwa ziyafana nomunye. Lokhu ukufana - ezingqondweni zethu kanye amagama abo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uNkulunkulu liqukethe izithombe izinto ukuthi wayezomvusa ukudala. UMlamuleli kwaba kanye foma Akvinat. Ngokuyinhloko, elandela imibono Alberta Velikogo, okuheha kubo kancane ngenye indlela kuphela. Izinto owawukhona ngempela engqondweni zikaNkulunkulu nasemandleni umqondo amagama abo kakade ngegama. Abantu kuphela kungakwenza amaphutha. Kodwa uNkulunkulu uyazi iqiniso.

Nominalism Franciscans. Rodzher Bekon

Oxford School kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nantathu yaba isiphephelo, kusukela lapho mashi okunqobayo yeziNguquko eYurophu waya nominalism ephakathi. IsiZulu Franciscans baye njalo kwadingeka ethambile ngoba lo mkhuba okwakushiwo ifilosofi yamaGreki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwabo waqala ukuthuthukisa sciences kanye cwaningo bemvelo. Ngakho-ke, babé baxgeki main njengoba umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela futhi scholasticism classical. Ngakho, Rodzher Bekon wazibuza ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuba yahlulele ngento ngaphandle kokwazi wezibalo. Hhayi ukuwuthobela, kungabi kuphela by logic esisemthethweni, hhayi emiBhalweni, kodwa kuphela ukuhlolwa main Indlela yesayensi. izinto ezithile zingcono futhi truer kunanoma iyiphi imiqondo, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho kuyigugu ngaphezu kwezimpahla noma iyiphi indlela yokucabanga.

Duns Scotus

Lokhu sefilosofi Oxford libhekisela nominalists ngokulinganisela nabalandeli Aristotle. Wabalahla uThomas Aquinas, bethi kukhona uhlobo okumsulwa - unguNkulunkulu. Okunye enjalo cha. Yonke enye into - ubunye ifomu kanye ndaba, umphefumulo ngisho nezingelosi. Ngoba into esemqoka kuNkulunkulu - kuyintando yakhe, le ke ingozi okuholela abantu. Nominalism Nokubhekana Namaqiniso e ifilosofi Scotus hlala mayelana isikhala efanayo. Ingabe, uthanda ngaphezu kwakho konke isizathu. Nkulunkulu, uma ngifuna, kwakungeke wadala ezweni elinjalo, futhi izindinganiso ezihlukene kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lo jikelele angaba khona kuphela izinto, njengesisekelo yokufana kwawo. Ngokusebenzisa izinto ngazinye, singakwazi ukwazi essence yabo. KuNkulunkulu akukho universals ingqondo - akakwazi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukushintsha konke njengoba efuna.

Occam kanye nsingo yakhe

Kodwa mhlawumbe edume kakhulu iyona nominalist Uilyam Okkam - umsunguli we khulu futhi umthetho of kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yokukhanya. UNkulunkulu akanakulingwa eyaziwa - ubukhona Bakhe kungaba yokholo. Kuyefana nasendleleni universals. Isihloko ulwazi kungaba into ngempela, futhi indlela - isipiliyoni. Nominalism ifilosofi - lena isiqondiso lesifanele kuphela, bonke abanye "izinhlangano nande ngaphandle isidingo." Lesi isimiso edumile "nsingo Occam sika". Le filosofi kunesithembiso nominalist ngisho kakhulu. Ukwabelana imibono Scotus, Ockham wakholwa nguNkulunkulu "despotism angenamkhawulo." UMdali akudingi Uketshezi futhi universals - Angasebenza ukudala izinga futhi ngaphandle kwabo. Ngakho imiqondo jikelele khona kuphela engqondweni yethu - UNkulunkulu udala ngaphandle imibono, futhi Akadingi ngezinduku. Universals zobuchopho bomuntu kudala ukuze kube lula yethu. UNkulunkulu wadala kuphela ukuthambekela kwengqondo yomuntu - ukuya kusukela ngokukhethekile jikelele. Ngakho-ke universals kuphela izimpawu kanye nemibandela. Kuyinto lo mbono yagcina owamukelwa.