Ukuzila: kuyini? Izimiso ukuzila

yezisusa zakhe kuzo zonke izinhlobo izimfundiso wenkolo nefilosofi akufani. Ngakho, ezimfundisweni esikabili ukuthi ucabangele okubalulekile zomzimba njengoba "ejele umphefumulo", austerity wabakhumbuza indlela yokunqoba enyameni, kusukela wenkululeko yayo (ikakhulukazi imfundiso yenkolo syncretic njengoba Manichaeism), kuyilapho AmaCynic yena kuchazwa umbono lokukhululeka umphakathi ubudlelwane izidingo.

Ngakho, lesi sihloko kuzoxoxwa into ezifana ukuzila (okungukuthi, imibono yakhe, izimiso). Ngokuyisisekelo ohamba ingxenye yayo zefilosofi.

Ukuzila: kuyini?

Kusukela esiGrekini ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi "umsebenzi". Lokhu isimiso zokuziphatha, edinga abantu kutihluphekisa, ukucindezelwa of a izifiso izinkanuko, adikile izinjabulo zezwe, izinzuzo ukuze kuzuzwe iminqopho ezithile zezenhlalo nesimilo self-ukuphelela.

Ngakho, safunda ukuthi ukuzila (lokho), manje kubiza iya ku izindaba zakhe. Kuyasiza ukwazi ukuthi lo mqondo Kwabonakala Ephakathi.

Umlando we umqondo

Ngo zangaphambi kaMarx izimfundiso lokumukelekako ukuzila ngokuvamile ziqhathaniswa Epicureanism futhi hedonism. Izimpande zawo phindela umphakathi bakudala: lwezimiso ukuphila efunwa ngabakwa umuntu ephezulu ukukhuthazela ngokomzimba, ikhono ukukhuthazelela ubunzima extreme kakhulu. Le nhloso sabonakala isidingo namasiko enkolo ekhethekile.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngosizo Ukuqalwa emkhubeni wenziwa kunikezelwa yonke intsha amadoda. Lokhu emkhubeni lalinabashumayeli zokuzila eside, ekuhlukanisweni nabantu bakaJehova, wokufaka amazinyo nezinye izinto, yayihloselwe ukuba ugqozi abantu abasha bacabanga ngesidingo ukuze uthumele ka ubhekane nobunzima nokuhlupheka.

Izimiso ukuzila emphakathini ekilasini aluthola isiqondiso owehluke. Umzamo wokuqala isisekelo salo theory usukela e izinkolo zasendulo, noma kunalokho, ezimfundisweni benkolo Pythagoras futhi kamuva ebuKristwini. ukuphenduka atehlukanisa wawubhekwa njengophawu umzila ephakeme nasici ngokokuziphatha: i yokunqoba wezimiso komuntu impahla, ukuthuthukiswa uyinto engokomoya ( "sihlangane Nkulunkulu," "nivume yenyama"). I ngempela okushiwo yezenhlalakahle lesi simiso kwaba ukusakaza umbono ka isidingo renunciation ephelele noma isiphi isifiso sokugcina izinzuzo, okuyinto amuncwa nezigaba zabantu ababusayo. Ukhuthaza umqondo wokuthi of austerity, okuyinto azenzile ithuluzi ngemibono ukuze bathethelele uhlelo ikilasi, ukusungulwa izisekelo zalo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Institute of monasticism ehlanganisa austerity abefundisi (ukungashadi izikhundla, ukugcaba), ubungcwele halo kwakhiwa sibahaqile baqala khona ukukhuthaza umbono lezisebenzi zakhe zokuzila uquqaba.

ukuzila sezenkolo wagxekwa yi ideologists ka onxiwankulu wamavukelambuso (Humanism). Kodwa umthwalo wokuvuselelwa ngokwendalo izidingo zomuntu ngaphansi kohlaka amafilosofi wobunxiwankulu self-eziphikisa. Ngemva kokumenyezelwa sokulwelwa kwamalungelo abantu ukuba ujatshulelwe, umphakathi ke wobunxiwankulu akazange anikeze amathuba sangempela salokhu, ngenxa yobumpofu, ukungalingani komphakathi, abanye.

Ukubheka umqondo kusukela iphuzu umbono wakhe ngefilosofi

Ukuzila ifilosofi - lokhu ukunganakwa emhlabeni izinkanuko, impairing ekuphikeni yayo ngenxa esizayo, izwe elingokomoya. Ifomu elula, yena kusikisela nokukhawulela nokucindezela isifiso nokuhlupheka yokuzithandela, ubuhlungu, elinganiselwe.

Uma sicabangela izimo ezinqala more, kukhona kakade ukuzila kudinga Zishiya impahla, umndeni, njll, Ukuze kuqinisekiswe kuqala okungokomoya phezu impahla yesikhashana, izwe esiphelele real.

Okuningi ngobubanzi, it has eziningi isizathu ontological, ngoba kusekelwe amaqiniso ekhona umbono ngemibono zomhlaba mayelana isakhiwo yezingxenye zayo, ubudlelwano babo. Ekuphakanyisweni ngempela emhlabeni ekahle, oyingxenye okushiwo kulo mqondo, okusho semvume kakhulu emikhulu lamanani main yaleli zwe empeleni ekhona.

Ukuzila: umphakathi collectivist nomphakathi

Uthatha isinyathelo njengoba omunye izici zabo eziyinhloko. Esimweni sokuqala, lokhu ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini, a lamaKhomanisi, nabanye, kanti eyesibili - esontweni, ephathini wobushiqela zezombusazwe noma ihlelo lenkolo, impi, elinye.

Njengengxenye imiphakathi collectivist ukuzila kwabonakala ngowokuqala amathuluzi ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi unikeze ushintsho kusukela ukuhleleka emphakathini ukuze umphakathi ongcono, singasho, "IPharadesi eZulwini" noma "EPharadesi Emhlabeni".

izingxenye austerity

Anakho impahla kanye nohlangothi ezingokomoya. Esimweni sokuqala, yena akahambisani noma uyaphika impahla, umndeni, noma okungenani ukwehla abukhali kakhulu indima yabo yezenhlalo, kanye division of izidingo zabantu yokufakelwa kanye yemvelo ne wehlisa wokuqala.

ukuzila izinto ezingokomoya zazihlanganisa ukwenqaba iningi izidingo ezingokomoya kwenhlakanipho noma kwezinto nokuphakamisa indlala engokomoya, kanye okulinganisela iqhaza ekuphileni okungokomoya bokusungula isikhathi, kanye nokwenqaba amalungelo abo kanye namalungelo ezepolitiki. Umngcele phakathi ingxenye isihlobo lokuqala nelesibili.

I-medieval ukuzila

Wayesho umhlatshelo zonke izinto zasemhlabeni ngenxa ayanda wasezulwini, ukuzibamba ukubonakaliswa ezikhona emhlabeni, kanye nokwehlisa phansi amatshe, ukukhathazeka esiphansi, ukunciphisa ukubaluleka enyameni yomuntu ekuphileni wonke umuntu, kubanjwa isibonisi emhlabeni, ngekwehlukahlukana kwalo, nengcebo kwezobuciko.

Ngokusho Augustine, ekhangwa nezinjabulo ukudla, iwayini, enephunga, umsindo, imibala, bobunjwa, kuyingozi kakhulu, kodwa hhayi jikelele, kodwa kuphela lapho isiphetho ngokwakho, umthombo ezimele izinjabulo zezwe. Iqiniso lokuthi indoda kudala ngezandla zakhe, ngaso sonke isikhathi enhle, kodwa kuphela kuze kube manje njengoba has lesi siphetho eNkosini wobuhle ekahle. Kukholakala ukuthi ngokwazi okungumoya nje ka nesilingo kuyingozi ukwedlula ngisho nenkanuko zenyama. Ukube abanothando ekutadisheni emhlabeni uthathwa njengoba "nenkanuko yamehlo" ngenxa yelukuluku, ukuhaha, ukuthi "ukushintsha izingubo" e izingubo ulwazi nesayense. Kungashiwo sivunyiwe kuphela uma lokhu kwaba ezenkolo kuphela, okuhambisana nokholo.

I engavamile ukuzila Russian

ERussia yasendulo, bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye ingxenye ebalulekile kokubili ukuzishaya wokuziphilisa futhi ukuphila zenkolo futhi atehlukanisa (ubungcwele, abadala, monasticism, ubuwula). ukuzila Russian libhekene okwakhe, okuyinto wavezwa ukungabi kokuqhathanisa abukhali ezingokwenyama nezingokomoya, kwezwe nokwenkolo, okuholela okwesula emhlabeni, ikhefu nabo.

Ngokusho V. Zenkovskogo, uyahamba hhayi kunoma nokwedelelwa yenyama, ukulahlwa emhlabeni futhi umbono eliqhakazile iqiniso ukwamukeleka ngaphandle kokungatshazwa wasezulwini, ubuhle, okuyinto, ne Ukubengezela yayo likwenza kucace iqiniso ukuthi owandile ezweni, ngaleyo ndlela elisitshela ukuba ngokugcwele ukukhululeka ebugqilini zezwe. isisekelo salo into omuhle, hhayi omubi, okungukuthi, austerity - kusho indlela ukungcweliswa, ukuguqulwa zomhlaba.

isimiso sayo itholakala ngesisekelo ubuwula lasendulo, izenzo yobungcwele. Owawukhona ngesikhathi umfanekiso saint, ngamanye amazwi, "umuntu kaNkulunkulu", yayihlukile maqondana Western ubuKristu isiko ezingokomoya WaseByzantium. I engavamile ohlobo Russian itholakala ushona wonke isimiso zokuziphatha, kanye ukuvezwa umuzwa wethu wokuziphatha kobuKristu, endaweni eseduze, ukusetshenziswa ngokuphelele izimiso yobuKristu yokuziphatha, yebo, ebunyeni eziphilayo lokucabanga ngezinto ezingokomoya ngesevisi abantu kanye nezwe. Lesi sakamuva wenziwa esebenzisa wokuzidela nothando. I ekhululekile kakhulu kubhekwa feat wokuzidela. Ukuze uhlobo yethu yobungcwele akuyona nobuntu iyiphi ukuzila olukhulu noma nobuqhawe umSiriya, isiko yobuKristu waseGibhithe noma nezimfihlakalo sublime iSonto, ubungcwele ngesiGreki. Njengengxenye yethu yobuKristu saint Russian kuzibonakalisa njalo ngokusebenzisa uthando abakhuthele kulelizwe, ukuthobeka mnene, nobubele.

isiphetho

Isihloko utsheliwe, okungukuthi ukuzila: okungukuthi kusukela iphuzu umbono wakhe ngefilosofi, izimiso zawo nemibono.