Njengoba ekuqaleni ukuqondwa 'ifilosofi' ngokwezwi: definition, umlando kanye namaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Izitatimende zefilosofi zasendulo sisasebenza nanamuhla njengoba sasinjalo ayengamakhulu amabili kanye zeminyaka nengxenye edlule. Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi izwe liye kusukela zashintsha kancane, noma amaqiniso lapho bezindla ngempela phakade? Uma indoda ozihambela emigwaqeni zibuze umbuzo, futhi njengoba ngiqonda ifilosofi ke, cishe, leli zwi uzobe ehambisana ne-zo zasendulo, isindala ngakho.

Empeleni, izazi zefilosofi nazo ziye babehlala bonke ubudala, futhi ekhulwini lama-21, njengoba imibuzo eyisisekelo, isibonelo, mayelana nohlobo khona futhi iyini injongo yokuphila, izimpendulo ngakho futhi azitholakalanga.

Inani inqubo ukucabanga

Uma siphendukela kakhulu umsuka, ngesisekelo ifilosofi eside kusekelwe emazwini ngesiGreki ezimbili: phileo, okusho ukuthanda, futhi sophia - ngokuhlakanipha. Ngakho, ifilosofi ekuqaleni waqonda njengoba ukuthanda ukuhlakanipha, kodwa akayena umuntu oyedwa futhi wonke umphakathi:

• Ngesikhathi inhliziyo yalesi isayensi acabanga, hhayi ukufunda okuthile, hhayi inkolelo noma umuzwa.
• Philosophy akuyona umphumela ukugcwaliseka iqiniso ngomuntu oyedwa, kuba ukucabanga collective ngakho. Esikhathini sazi lasendulo wabeka phambili bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, ngokoqobo ayezoba ukufakazela amaqiniso, bese-ke ngacabanga abanye, ngezinye izikhathi kuba ingxabano, futhi iqiniso izalwa.

Kuyadingeka lokumba umlando, ukuqonda ukuthi ekuqaleni ukuqonda ifilosofi. Kwabonakala ithuluzi ukufeza iqiniso mayelana okushiwo izinto. Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bebelokhu nzima yonkhe izenzakalo of ingqondo ubuhlobo nezwe elibazungezile. Ukubuka ezinye isinqamu ethize yalo, isibonelo, amagagasi, baye wanda ukwazi kwabo, ukugcwalisa ngomuzwa kokutadisha nemvelo.

Lokho senqubo yokucabanga evamile benza Homo sapiens, njengoba unconditioned ukuziphatha reflex kwaba esivela kuye kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba ashise wena ashisayo, abantu ungakhulumi, futhi ngokomzwelo wemvelo ukudansela isiginci sakhe esandleni sakhe ngenxa yomlilo.

Lapho phakathi isinyathelo futhi umuzwa kukhona ukubambezeleka impendulo, zizogcwaliswa ukucabanga ukuthi iyiphi indlela ephephile noma inzuzo engaphezulu ukukwenza nangakwazi, siwukubonakaliswa indlela zefilosofi.

Izazi eziningi zasendulo

Okokuqala, isikhathi pre-yefilosofi kwaba ingxenye ekhethekile isiko, njengoba bexhumene awusizo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, uConfucius zifundiswe indlela okumelwe ziziphathe emphakathini, ngokuvumelana nomthetho: ungenzi kwabanye lokho ayengeke akuthande ukuba abantu bakwenze kini. Lezi abahlakaniphileyo wahlala hhayi kuphela e China lasendulo, kodwa futhi India.

Laba bantu abakwazi ukushayelwa zefilosofi, zingabantu ongqondongqondo. Ukutadisha izitatimende zabo, kungenzeka ukwakha umqondo othile njengoyiqiniso ekuqaleni ukuqondwa ifilosofi Abantu bangaleso sikhathi.

Eyokuqala sefilosofi yangempela kubhekwe Thales, owayehlala e-625 - 545 BC. e. ethi wakhe ukuthi zonke - lokhu luwumgogodla amanzi, ungumsebenzi yaleso sizathu kuphela, njengoba lokhu akathembeli kweminye imithombo, ezifana izinganekwane.

Lapho sicabanga ngale ndaba, babusekelwe kuphela imibono yakhe yemvelo izinto futhi wazama ukungichazela izakhiwo abakufundayo. Iqiniso lokuthi imbangela zonke Animate nemvelo ezingaphili amanzi, waphetha, ukuhlola uthi yayo ezahlukene: okuqinile, uketshezi futhi gaseous.

Abafundi futhi abalandeli Thales baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa imibono uthisha wakhe, ngaleyondlela obeka isisekelo isikole sokuqala ukucabanga, ngaphandle okuyinto besingeke sibe khona Heraclitus, owayekholelwa ukuthi akunakwenzeka emfuleni efanayo ufake kabili noma Pythagoras, eyathola phakathi lenqwaba izinto kanye izenzakalo iphethini zezinombolo.

Laba bameleli be-esivelele kunazo zonke izikole yefilosofi zasendulo noPlato, Aristotle esingumGreki, uSeneca. Babehlala BC, kodwa babefuna izimpendulo zemibuzo efanayo ukukhathazeka futhi abantu yesimanje.

Philosophy medieval

Imfundiso eyinhloko Ephakathi kwakungamadodana nezimfundiso zeSonto, ngakho umsebenzi oyinhloko zefilosofi le nkathi kwaba ukucinga ubufakazi ukuba khona koMdali.

Njengoba nefilosofi ekuqaleni aqondwe njengokufaka uthando yokuhlakanipha ukufuna iqiniso ngenqubo reflection nokuqaphelisisa nemvelo, ngesikhathi wokugoqa ephelele umcabango ngokwesayensi, kuba pheze okonakele.

Phakathi nenkathi ende futhi emnyama Ephakathi zonke ongqondongqondo edume kunazo noma eyayigujwa esontweni, noma alalele alo, okuyinto akwamukeleki, njengoba nefilosofi - ifomu ekhethekile yolwazi zomhlaba ngosizo Ukubophezeleka khulula kunoma umbhedesho yokucabanga.

Ongqondongqondo kakhulu owaziwa isikhathi:

• Avgustin Avrely, owabhala indatshana "City of God", ogama imibono abangu owawusekelwe ukudala eSontweni LamaKatolika.

• Foma Akvinsky labetibambile imibono Aristotelian ukuthi iphethwe ukuzivumelanisa naletintfo ezinkolo.

Izindawo ezisemqoka yempikiswano yefilosofi isikhathi kwakungamadodana igunya kwezinto ezithintekayo noma imibono, futhi izikhombisi - Theocentricism.

Renaissance

Impumelelo eyinhloko ngale nkathi belikhumbuza kancane kancane izingqondo zabantu ethonyeni kwezenkolo, okuyinto, saholela ukuba zezimbali isayensi, ubuciko, izincwadi kanye emisha.

Yini ekuqaleni Ashoni ifilosofi Renaissance wabizwa ngokuthi kubuye imibono lasendulo zobuntu, eyayisekelwe anthropocentrism. Indoda iba nendawo emkhathini, futhi isifundo kuziwa ziza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Pico della Mirandola umangalele ukuthi uMdali wadala indoda ukhululekile ukukhetha kanjani ukuba: + ukuba bawele leliphansi kakhulu khona, noma yokukhuphula somphefumulo wakhe.
• Erazm Rotterdamsky Babekholelwa ukuthi yonke into nguNkulunkulu, futhi enqabe ukuyinikeza ukulawula sangaphandle zonke izinto, uhlobo indalo.

• Giordano Bruno wabulawa esigxotsheni ukuze umqondo sebuningini imihlaba.

Ngenxa ongqondongqondo isikhathi, kungabonwa njengoba nefilosofi ekuqaleni ukuqondwa endulo, nokuthi ushintshe izici zibuyekezwe futhi yabukezwa izimfundiso zo lasendulo.

isikhathi esisha

Ikhulu nesikhombisa wanika izwe lonke Umthala zefilosofi ezinkulu owaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukucabanga esikhathini esizayo.

Uma nefilosofi ekuqaleni waqonda njengoba ukuthanda ukuhlakanipha, manje ukufika ekulazini ziza kuqala nokuhlala isicelo salo esisebenzayo. Ongqondongqondo bangaleso sikhathi zahlukaniswa amakamu amabili: empiricists futhi rationalists. Iqembu lokuqala:

• Frensis Bekon, ababethi elokuthi ulwazi ngamandla, unikeza abantu ithuba balahle ubandlululo kanye imibono nemikhuba yenkolo ngokutadisha izwe kusukela ngokukhethekile jikelele.
• Thomas Hobbes wacabanga ukuthi ngesisekelo solwazi kumele kube okuhlangenwe nakho, okungukuthi seduze nendalo kanye nombono yayo izinzwa.
• Dzhon Lokk kwaba nombono wokuthi kukhona umqondo womuntu lutho kwakungeke ekuqaleni futhi emizweni ayenayo. Kungenxa ngokusebenzisa umqondo umuntu efunda, ecabanga ngemvelo yayo futhi wenze okushiwo yisayensi.

Empiricists Kwakudida ukwethembela emizweni ukuba uqonde izwe nethonya izimo zokuphila komuntu.

rationalists

Ngokungafani empiricists, rationalists unombono ohlukile, isibonelo:

• Rene Dekart uzwakalise mqondo ekwakhelwe: Ngicabanga, ngalokho ngiphakamisile khona. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi kuphela Iqiniso lokuthi le ndoda - ukucabanga, kunqunywa yokuthi ukhona. indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni Komuntu odlale isitatimende sakhe mayelana sicabanga kanjani, futhi lokhu ukuphila kwethu. Waqale wakhuluma webumbacambili zomhlaba, ogxile isimiso ngendaba kodwa cabanga nangezilaleli ngokomoya hhayi kuphela ukuthi ayincenye.

• Benedict Spinoza babekholelwa ukuthi ngesisekelo zonke izinto uhlobo lomcebo, kusukela eyaqala ukuvelela zonke imihlaba ebonakalayo nengabonakali. Bafaka phambili imfundiso yokuziphendukela isithombe ngokoqobo, lapho uMdali kwahlonzwa nemvelo.
• Gotfrid Vilgelm Leybnits wadala imfundiso yokuziphendukela monads, lapho umuntu ngamunye abe Monad esiyingqayizivele - umphefumulo.

On isibonelo izinkolelo-mbono ososayensi kwekhulu le-17 kungabhekwa njengokuvikela ekuqaleni ukuqondwa nefilosofi (uthando ukuhlakanipha basendulo), futhi liyini lizinga ukucabanga kwabantu wangishiya.

Izazi kwekhulu le-18

Ubudala Ukukhanyiselwa wabeletha uhlobo olusha izikole zefilosofi, lapho impi ezibaluleke kakhulu bokusungula kwenziwa phakathi imiqondo ezifana nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo nokuziphatha ukukhohliseka. Phakathi ongqondongqondo olukhulu isikhathi ikakhulukazi eyaziwa kahle:

• UVoltaire, owayengufakazi owayephikisana ngokuphelele amandla monarchical futhi yisonto tebantfu. Yena wayengumbulali khulula-sazi, owayephikisa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu akekho.
• Zhan Zhak Russo kwaba nomcwaningi intuthuko nempucuko, okuyinto eyaba imbangela isimo, okuyinto kwaholela ekuhlukaneni kwabantu ngokuvumelana isimo senhlalo.
• Denis Diderot yayimelelwe materialists. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umhlaba wonke - kuyindaba iragela phambili, lapho ama-athomu ukuhambisa.
• U-Immanuel Kant, kunalokho, khona idealist. Ngakho wabeka phambili futhi wafakazela ukuthi inkolelo yokuthi izwe lenesicalo futhi obuhlukile, ukuthi Izwe alinaso ekuqaleni. Udume ngokuba antinomies yayo - ukuphikisana zefilosofi.

Uma nefilosofi ekuqaleni aqondwe njengokufaka uthando yokuhlakanipha nenkululeko yokucabanga, Yokukhanyiselwa kwekhulu le-18 wakukhiphela yingqondo yomuntu ukuqonda ngale ndaba.

Amafilosofi kwekhulu le-19

Ecwebezelayo kakhulu isiqondiso zefilosofi, wathonya ukuthuthukiswa okwalandela kwale sayensi, ezintweni ezinhle kwaba umsunguli okwakukhona Ogyust Kont. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ngesisekelo wonke kumelwe abe nolwazi omuhle kuphela, zisuselwa isipiliyoni Ucwaningo etholakala.

Uma nefilosofi ngokuvamile kuchazwa njengendlela ithiyori esekelwe ulwazi indoda zomhlaba ngosizo kuveza kuye, Conte wathi ukuthi ayisadingeki, njengoba ngesisekelo lonke ulwazi kumele elisekelwa amaqiniso. ithiyori yakhe yaba umfutho sokuthuthukiswa iziqondiso ezintsha ifilosofi kakade ekhulwini lama-20.

Ifilosofi kwekhulu lama-20

UKarl Popper wabelane imiqondo lokuqala isayensi nefilosofi. Uma ekhulwini langaphambilini, kwakukhona ukungezwani phakathi ongqondongqondo kule ndaba, khona-ke, Popper ekugcineni wafakazela ukuthi ifilosofi akuyona isayensi uhlobo olukhethekile isiko, okuyinto eziyizici indlela yayo ekuqondeni izwe.

Namuhla, le isiko singene ku yonke imikhakha. Kukhona nefilosofi yobuciko, inkolo, umlando, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, njll

UMuntu futhi umbono abanawo emhlabeni wonke

Ekhulwini lama-20 lalibukeka futhi baba umqondo ethandwa sempilo yalelozwe. Ukuze azi kanjani humusha ifilosofi kufanele uqaphele ukuthi uthanda:

• Ekuqaleni, kwaba nolwazi ukuba ngokucabanga mayelana izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka emhlabeni futhi konke okukulo.
• Esigabeni esilandelayo - ekutadisheni indoda futhi indawo yakhe engokoqobo.
• I okwalandela isinyathelo - ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi lwesayensi, ukwabiwa nefilosofi njengendlela isiyalo ehlukile.

Ayikho isayensi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi izifundo kuphela ingxenye yezwe, akakwazi ukukucabanga iyonke. Itholakala ngefilosofi kuphela, ngakho-ke akuyona isayensi, kodwa kungathatha ulwazi wakhe omkhulu ngibenze isithombe emhlabeni.

Ingqikithi yalo muntu

Ngazo zonke izikhathi, ama-philosophers ufuna ukwazi ngenjongo yokuphila komuntu nendawo injongo yawo. Namuhla lezi zigaba is aminingi ukudlula zo endala eyaziwa, kodwa izimpendulo esichazayo abesakutholile akekho. Ngakho ifilosofi uyaqhubeka efundelwa ntu njengoba microcosm we jikelele lonke umzimba.