Ngubani sefilosofi? Amagama zefilosofi enkulu

Ezweni amafilosofi eziningi ezahlukene kanye nezikole. Ezinye badumise izindinganiso ezingokomoya, namanje abanye ukushumayela ngendlela yokuphila yansuku zonke. Kodwa ukwabelana into eyodwa - konke kusungulwe indoda. Yingakho, ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukuba isifundo esikoleni yokucabanga, ke kudingeka ukuba uqonde ngubani okungukuthi sefilosofi.

Kuyadingeka nje kuphela ukufunda okushiwo izwi, kodwa futhi bheka emuva esikhathini esidlule ukuze bakhumbule labo bema umsuka izikole wokuqala wefilosofi. Phela, indlela kuphela yokuqonda lokho okushiwo yinkulumo umbuzo ngubani sefilosofi kweqiniso.

Abantu elalinikezelwe ukucabanga okukhulu

Ngakho, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, indaba kufanele uqale nge eziyisisekelo. Kulokhu lowo sefilosofi. Ngempela, esikhathini esizayo, leli gama ngokuvamile avele umbhalo, ngakho-ke, ngaphandle nokuqonda okucacile nencazelo yalo nje awasebenzi.

Yini sefilosofi - indoda wazinikela ngokuphelele ukuba uzindle okushiwo ukuba. Nokho, isifiso sakhe esikhulu isifiso ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani, ngakho ukukhuluma, ukubukeka ekusithekeni yokufa nokuphila. Strictly ukukhuluma, lemicabango bese uvula ayengumuntu ofana nathi ku sefilosofi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukucabanga okunjalo - lokhu akulona nje fancy ezidlulayo noma kumnandi, lokhu injongo yokuphila kwakhe, noma ngisho noma ofuna ukushaya. Yingakho izazi zefilosofi omkhulu enikelwe imibuzo ukuzimisela wokuhlupha kubo sonke isikhathi sakhe.

Umehluko ekucabangeni

Isinyathelo esilandelayo Ukuqaphela ukuthi zonke izazi zihlukile komunye nomunye. Awukho umbono jikelele zezwe noma oda izinto. Ngisho noma ongqondongqondo ukwabelana imibono efanayo noma imibono evamile, ekwahluleleni kwabo kuyohlale kukhona umehluko.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imibono zefilosofi zezwe zincike nakho kwabo siqu kanye nekhono sihlaziye amaqiniso. Yingakho zaphetha emhlabeni wabona amakhulu namafilosofi ezahlukene. Bonke ahlukile ngokwemvelo, okuyinto eyenza lokhu isayensi uyazishintshashintsha nokuwusizo.

Kodwa konke sandulelwa, kuhlanganise ifilosofi. Ngakho-ke ngeke kube nengqondo kakhulu ukuze ujike ukubukeka ku esidlule bese ukhuluma ngalabo eyasungulwa lesi siyalo. Okungukuthi, phezu yongqondongqondo basendulo.

USocrates - wokuqala izingqondo ezinkulu endala

Kumele siqale nalowo kubhekwa yetinsita emhlabeni zezazi omkhulu - USocrates. Wazalwa futhi waphila in Ancient Greece eminyakeni 469-399 BC. Ngeshwa, lokhu akuzange kwaholela amarekhodi pundit zemicabango yabo, ngakho iningi amazwi akhe ezisekhona kuphela ngenxa yemizamo abafundi bakhe.

WayeyiZwi lokuqala abantu babecabanga ngalokho sefilosofi. USocrates ayekholelwa ukuthi ukuphila liye okusho kuphela uma abantu uyaqaphela siphile ngayo. Walahla Bakwethu zabo ukuthi babekhohliwe ngokuziphatha futhi shí imikhuba yabo emibi siqu.

Maye, ukuphila USocrates baphela kabuhlungu. Iziphathimandla zendawo ngokuthi izimfundiso zakhe njengoba lokuhlubuka futhi isigwebo sokufa ngokungafanele. Akazange ulinde ibulawa ngesihluku futhi ngokuzithandela waphuza ushevu.

Izazi omkhulu yaseGrisi yasendulo

Lokho eGrisi lasendulo kubhekwa indawo lapho isikole Western wefilosofi wazalwa. Abaningi izingqondo ezinkulu endala bazalelwa kuleli zwe. Futhi nakuba ezinye izimfundiso zabo zenqatshiwe bangesikhathi, akunakwenzeka ukuba akhohlwe nya yokuthi ngowokuqala ososayensi-zefilosofi uvele lapha ngaphezu 2.5 ayizinkulungwane. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

uPlato

Kuzo zonke abafundi uSocrates, uPlato kwaba impumelelo. Ukuba ugxile ukuhlakanipha othisha, yena ukuqhubeka ukuhlola izwe nezinto zalo imithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusekelwa abantu, afike wasungula khona iSikhungo omkhulu Athene Academy. Kukulo muzi lapho waqeqesha abafundi abasha izinto eziyisisekelo ngemibono yefilosofi nasemiqondweni ethile.

UPlato wayeqiniseka ukuthi ukufundisa kwakhe uyakwazi ukunikeza abantu ukuhlakanipha kubalulekile kakhulu. Wagomela ukuthi kuphela ufundile futhi nizithibe umuntu kungadala isimo ekahle.

Aristotle

Aristotle Okuningi esenzelwe ukuthuthukiswa wefilosofi Western. Lokhu ngesiGreki iziqu Academy of Athens, bathi omunye wothisha bakhe kwaba uPlato yena. Njengoba u-Aristotle ovelele ngumuntu erudition ekhethekile, ngokushesha esebizwa ukuba bafundise ongumphathi esigodlweni. Ngokusho umlando, wafundisa yena Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

zefilosofi Roman ongqondongqondo

IziNyathelo ongqondongqondo ngesiGreki babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu empilweni yamasiko kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma. Eshukunyiswa imibhalo kaPlato no Pythagoras, ekuqaleni II ekhulwini BC kwaqala ukuvela wokuqala wamaRoma zefilosofi izinto. Futhi ngenkathi iningi emibonweni yabo zazinjengethusi ngesiGreki, umehluko ezimfundisweni zabo kwakusadingeka. Kahle kahle, lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi amaRoma kwadingeka lwemibono yabo mayelana yini imiphumela emihle kakhulu.

Mark Terentsy Varro

Omunye zefilosofi lokuqala lwaseRoma Varro wazalwa BC mina leminyaka. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe wabhala eziningi imisebenzi abazinikele nezindinganiso zokuziphatha nezingokomoya. Wabuye wabeka phambili ocatshangelwayo ezithakazelisayo ukuthi zonke izizwe izigaba ezine:, ubusha, umuntu osekhulile kanye nokuguga.

Cicero

Lona omunye kakhulu zefilosofi abadumile laseRoma lasendulo. dumo Cicero ngoba wakwazi yokuhlanganisa ibe lonke ingokomoya uthando ngesiGreki namaRoma olulodwa sokuba yisakhamuzi.

Namuhla, ke yaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi yokuthi he was fike of ifilosofi kuqala kahle akuyona isayensi abstract, kodwa njengengxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Cicero ngakwazi ukuletha abantu umqondo wokuthi wonke umuntu, uma uthanda, ongaqonda ubuciko ukucabanga. Kahle kahle, lokhu yingakho usanda kwethula lento isichazamazwi ayo, echaza okushiwo imigomo eminingi yefilosofi.

Isazi sefilosofi esikhulu Ephakathi Kingdom

Abaningi bathi lezi zinto amaGreki umbono wokubusa ngentando yeningi labantu, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi lomhlaba ayisi- omkhulu wakwazi ukubeka phambili imfundiso yokuziphendukela efanayo, sithembele kuphela izinkolelo zabo. Kuyinto lokhu sefilosofi lasendulo futhi kubhekwa jewel Asia.

Confucius

China bekulokhu izwe amadoda ahlakaniphile, kodwa phakathi kwabo bonke abanye, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhelwe Confucius. Lokhu sefilosofi omkhulu wayehlala iminyaka 551-479. BC. e. futhi ungumuntu odumile kakhulu. Injongo eyinhloko yokufundisa kwakhe kwakuwukushumayela izimiso zokuziphatha eziphakeme futhi izimfanelo siqu.

Amagama kwaziwe yibo bonke

Kuyo yonke le minyaka, abantu abaningi bazimisele ukuba bafake isandla ekuthuthukiseni ngemibono yefilosofi. Wazalwa ezingasho entsha ezikoleni kanye izitayela, futhi ephapheme ingxoxo phakathi labo ababamele babé komkhuba kuyinsakavukela. Nokho, ngisho ezifana izimo, zikhona labo abamagama imicabango zefilosofi zezwe zazinjengethusi umoya fresh air.

Avicenna

Abu Ali Husain Ibn Abdallah ibn Sina - leli kuyigama egcwele u-Avicenna, omkhulu Arab sefilosofi-nososayensi. Yazalwa ngo-980 endaweni ka-uMbuso WasePheresiya. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, wabhala angaphezu kweshumi nambili yesayensi azibhala okuhlobene physics kanye nefilosofi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalungisisayo esikoleni sakhe. Kuyo, wafundisa imithi onesiphiwo izinsizwa, lapho ngenhlanhla kakhulu kuphumelele.

foma Akvinsky

Ngo 1225 ukukhanya wazalwa umfana okuthiwa uThomas. Wakhe abazali futhi ayikwazanga ucabange ukuthi esikhathini esizayo liyoba ungomunye wongqondongqondo kunabo bonke emhlabeni wefilosofi. Wabhala imisebenzi eminingi enikelwe ecabanga amaKristu emhlabeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1879 iSonto LamaKatolika neyaziwayo umsebenzi wakhe futhi wabenza nefilosofi olusemthethweni kumaKatolika.

Rene Dekart

Yena waziwa kangcono ngokuthi uyise izindlela zanamuhla zokukhulekela umcabango. Abaningi bazi inkulumo yakhe ezinamaphiko "Uma ngicabanga, ngalokho ngiphakamisile khona." Ezinkondlweni zakhe wayebheka ingqondo njengendlela isikhali ebuntfu. Usosayensi wafunda emibhalweni zefilosofi kwezinkathi ezahlukene kanye bababike sovremenikov yabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Descartes wenza eziningi izinto ezintsha isayensi ethile komunye umkhakha, ikakhulukazi kwi-mathematics ne-physics.