Ngenzuzo Uhulumeni kanye izimbangela nokuntengantenga kwezezimali: Ukubukeza izifundo enokwehla

Izimbangela nokuntengantenga kwezezimali, osomnotho abaningi ixhuma kwemali uhlelo. Ngokwesibonelo, Kaminský noRichard ingamboziwe mkhuba "zinhlekelele iwele", ezifaka hlangana ukuhlahluba crisis yasebhange futhi inhlekelele ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa. Abalobi futhi wazi ukuthi iziqephu ukuthi sihlaziye, izinkinga kwamabhange ngokuvamile sibandulele lwemali izinkinga, kanti isixuku esikhulu bese sijulise yasebhange izinkinga, ukwakha mjikelezo, okuholela kakhulu ziyancipha izimali zikahulumeni kanye izindleko.

Kukhona izifundo eziningi ze-theory, okuyinto hlahlela achaza umphumela ethize ukutheleleka, lapho inani kunomthelela ekusakazekeni obumbi kusuka kwelinye izwe, kuhlanganisa ipharamitha lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama lwemali kanye nezimakethe isitokwe, unqamule izwe yasebhange kanye nobudlelwane namanye amazwe kanye umthelela wabo izimali zikahulumeni.

Ngakho, umongo umhlaba wonke jikelele, ukuvulwa kwezimakethe zezimali, ukunwetshwa namanye amazwe ukwandisa ekwandeni nezingozi nokuntengantenga kwezezimali kanye nenhlekelele kusuka kwelinye izwe. manje Konke lokhu wakha engcupheni ngumlamuli izimali isimo Russian Federation nokuzinza wezimali. inqubomgomo Fiscal endaweni enjalo uyithuluzi elilawulayo lokhu ukumelana.

ukuphathwa komnotho omkhulu enkathini nokuntengantenga kwezezimali kanye nokuwa komnotho kufanele kugxile nokugcina umsebenzi kwezomnotho futhi esekelwe ehlelekile yemali inqubomgomo yentela. Izinsimbi zomculo eyinhloko esimisweni somthetho kwezimali ka imijikelezo kwezomnotho, enquma izimali isimo kukhona, njengoba yaziwa, Izilawuli othomathikhi nangokuzithandela. Ukuphumelela kanye nokwanela we stabilizers othomathikhi lapho besekuhluphekeni kabanzi yadingidwa ezincwadini kwezomnotho. stabilizers okuzenzakalelayo kusekelwe nokwehla ngesikhathi esisodwa intela nge ukwehla zokukhiqiza nokwenyuka izindleko, e Ukudluliselwa ethile yomphakathi, zonke zazo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba nokwandisa ukubuyiselwa uhulumeni. Izinzuzo stabilizers okuzenzakalelayo basebenzela afanako phezu umjikelezo ibhizinisi: ngesikhathi off - banawo umthelela ngokushesha, mancane singangena ithonya lezombangazwe.

Libuye libe iphuzu ethandwa umbono, owawuthi esikhathini recession kanye nezibhelu ezilandela lokhu kwezomnotho, ekusebenzeni stabilizers othomathikhi akwanele; kukhona isidingo discretionary izinyathelo inqubomgomo yentela. Beqaphela isidingo futhi ukudingeka isebenze inqubomgomo discretionary kwezimali ngokumelene isizinda isikhathi ekhona uthuthumele umnotho womhlaba, osomnotho sinake amathuluzi afanelekile kakhulu ukulondoloza izimali zikahulumeni ezingeni elifanele, ukuhlola ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwalezindlela amathuluzi yezinhlobo ezahlukene iminotho. Ucwaningo olwenziwa yinkampani IMF wathola ukuthi amathuluzi amahle kakhulu inqubomgomo yentela ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile, lapho umphumela izinyathelo discretionary uhilela izenzo esikhathini esifushane naphakathi, ngesikhathi izimakethe abasafufusa, umphumela wangaleso sikhathi uhilela izenzo, kanye medium-term - okungekuhle. Izibalo olwenziwa ukukhombisa ukuthi discretionary umfutho iphakheji at ngephesenti elilodwa kuholela ekwandeni e-GDP nge-avareji ka-mayelana 0.1 - 0.2 amaphesenti.

ukulungiswa Fiscal ngesikhathi recessions esekelwe ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi ezimbili eziyinhloko umthelela kumsebenzi kwezomnotho - ukwandisa imali kahulumeni ngenkathi ukwehlisa izintela. I impikiswano kakhulu umbuzo ukusebenza senyusa imali ukuze kubekhona kwezomnotho. Neo-Keynesians baphikisa ngokuthi ukwanda kwemali kahulumeni kunomphumela omuhle lonke ukusetshenziswa kanye nokukhula inkokhelo yangempela. Nokho, osomnotho abaningi ukhombe ingozi yokusebenzisa amathuluzi efana nokwenyuka kwemali kahulumeni ngoba angase into engenamsebenzi ukukhonza izithakazelo amaqembu ethize kunase emnothweni iyonke. It is wafakazela ukuthi isenzo multipliers kwezimali kungenzeka omubi ngisho, uma ukukhula kwemali kahulumeni, ekugcineni, kuholela ukwehla kweBraam- kanye ukusetshenziswa yangasese. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi abaningi baye baphawula ukuthi ukwanda kwemali kahulumeni okusivimbela sokukhula komnotho kwesikhathi eside. Ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwabonisa futhi ukuthi isu kwezimali lingaphansi efanelekayo iminotho evulekile, lapho kungenzeka izenzo amathuluzi kwezimali offset ngu zokulawula bofeleba netinhlavu exchange rate umbuso.

Ingozi okwandayo isabelomali izindleko kuhlotshaniswa ukwanda izingcindezi inflation. Emazweni nge imali esele yokukhokha kanye engaguquki exchange rate, ukwanda kwemali kahulumeni angaba nomthelela ikakhulukazi omubi.