Namagundane - ekilasini noma uhlobo? Namagundane - uhlobo lamabutho, noma? Kwebalingisi namagundane

Laba bameleli be-lokuqala igundane uvele kwenkathi Cretaceous. Futhi isayensi, ziye zaba owaziwa kusukela ekuqaleni Paleocene. Ososayensi, kwezazi bakholelwa ukuthi namagundane babe okhokho ezidla.

Igundane: umbono jikelele

kukhona abamele ehluke ngokuphelele izigaba isisindo phakathi izilwane yaleli qembu. Ubude yomzimba 5 cm birch amagundane. Capybara ongafinyelela 130 cm ubude, isisindo sawo kuhluka kg 6 kuya ku-60. Ngenxa ezihlukahlukene zama-namagundane Sakhiwo sangaphandle umzimba ziyahlukahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, ithambo angase abe nombono ohlukile. Namagundane kukhona 5- noma 4-palye forelimbs futhi 3-, 4-, 5-palye labaqaphi elingemuva. Elingenamikhono wehlukile kakhulu - kusuka imnene aminyene futhi kwaphela, noma baze basungula amaqembu inaliti bristle. Umbala futhi ahlukahlukene. On umzimba azikho nezindlala umjuluko, libhekene khona kuphela sebaceous. Indawo nezindlala umjuluko yiwona kuphela. Isibalo izingono kuhluka ngazimbili 2 kuya ku-12.

Ngokusho uhlobo lokudla abamele imindeni eminingi nazo ziyehluka. Ungakhetha herbivorous, omnivorous, ezidla nenhlanzi yokudla namagundane.

izici kwesakhiwo

izimpawu Isici iyashelela ama- cerebral; thermoregulation okungaphelele; khona amabili namabhuzu wamkhulisa kakhulu amazinyo emaphakathi ezikhula ukuphila kwabo futhi abanalo izimpande. Ukuma la amazinyo sengathi ishizolo futhi ebukhali kakhulu, phezu kwangaphakathi ohlangothini bezihlahla camera dentin elithambile, kuyilapho ingxenye phambi phezulu camera koqweqwe lwawo okuqinile. Lesi sici kwesakhiwo ivumela ukuziveza imimese bezihlahla uma kunesidingo. Canines ngingekho namagundane, futhi phakathi amazinyo kanye molars kuyinto diastema (isikhala esingenalutho). Inani kwamazinyo zinhlobo ezahlukene kuhluka 12 kuya ku-20.

Kuye ohlotsheni yokuphila futhi molars ukudla ingahluka zamazinyo isakhiwo ebusweni. Kungaba lumpy noma ikamu. Izindebe yenza umsebenzi zokuzivikela, ivikela umlomo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba izinhlayiya engadingeki. Isakhiwo imisipha ukuhlafuna, elitholakala ngemva nemihlathi ukuvala isiphanga nemihlathi phambi emhlathini ivumela ezinkulu uma kudingeka. Kuyinto umehluko e ukucushwa kwe le misipha babe uphawu ngawo kuhlukaniswe le namagundane. Esiswini kungaba lula noma multi-ekamelweni. Ngoba bonke kodwa dormice, libhekene ebukhoneni cecum, kodwa Kuvunguza phinda awunazo.

Namagundane ngezigaba iyunithi

Namagundane squad ekugcineni oluthathwa. Kuze kube muva nje, lagomorphs, wanikezela namuhla ihlukane ehlukile, futhi ngelakhe.

Kuze kube manje, kukhona imindeni engaphezu kuka-40, 30 zazo zifaka abameleli wesimanje sale oda. Lesitshalo ukuhlukahluka kubhekwa njengegugu kahle amelwe iqembu namagundane, ngokusho kombiko ehlukahlukene, kukhona phakathi 1600 futhi 2,000 zilwane.

Ukusakazwa kabanzi kwamakhamera nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene namagundane kusikisela ukubusa kwamanani nabameli babo phakathi ezincelisayo. 150 izinhlobo imindeni 11 banamuhla ngokunenzuzo, kuhlanganise Letyagovye, Squirrel, Beaver, Hamster, Spalacidae, murine, Soneva, dipodidae et al., Ikoloni evulekile namathafa esishintshashintshayo esipholile nakwezifudumele, ikakhulukazi esishintshashintshayo eyomile. Ukuze kwezinhlobo eziningi libhekene beqhuba ngendlela semi komhlaba wokuphila, lapho amandla ihlinzekwa kwamanzi.

namagundane Wild lasezindlini, okuholela imini nobusuku ukuphila, abakhulu nabancane - abaningi abameleli babo besakaza emhlabeni wonke.

okusho namagundane

Kuyaziwa ukuthi namagundane ezizibandakanyile enhlabathini kumiswa. Umsebenzi wabo burrowing kuba nomphumela omuhle plant umkhiqizo.

Usayizi incike ubude bokuphila: sidla amagundane amancane uhlala izilwane kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 1.5 2, futhi ezinkulu - 4 kuya eminyakeni 7. Ukuqala Kwenkathi bathombe zilwane ezincane kwenzeka ezinyangeni 2-3, futhi wonkana - eminyakeni 1-1,5. Isibalo sidla amagundane amancane abavula ngonyaka uyakwazi odala kuze kube izikhathi 6-8 angakhula 8-15 namazinyane azo amakhulu izikhathi ezinye iminyaka. Khona-ke namagundane abangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo. Phakathi kwezilwane lamabutho esiyingozi okungukuthi, labo abangababiziweyo abathwali izifo kanye Amagciwane. Lokhu, isibonelo, phansi izingwejeje futhi marmots. Izingwejeje, muskrats kanye nutria babe noboya eyigugu, kule ndaba, isibe ndaba ebalulekile ukuhweba noboya. zinhlobo ezimbili zenyathi ezinhlanu namagundane ahlelwe njengoba ezisengozini.

abameleli ejwayelekile ye-oda

Umkhaya bohlanga namagundane, uhlu okuyinto abekwe ngezansi zihlanganisa onhlobonhlobo ababukeka indlela yokuphila izilwane.

• Sem. Squirrel: squirrel Evamile, ehlala emgodini, Chipmunk, Mexican inja enkangala, groundhog.
• Sem. Letyagovye: flying squirrel.
• Sem. Goferovye: Gopher Flat.
• Sem. Beaver: Beaver.
• Sem. Pedetidae: Strider.
• Sem. Hamster: hamster ezivamile, Jungar hamster, zokor ezivamile, vole, lemming arctic, eSiberia Lemming, gerbil okukhulu.
• Sem. amagundane imvukuzane: mkhulu imvukuzane-rat.
• Sem. Igundane: Eurasia sokuvuna igundane, Pasyuk.
• Sem. Soneva: Sadovaya Sonya.
• Sem. Selevinievye: Selevinia.
• Sem. Myshovkovye: ihlathi birch igundane.
• Sem. Dipodidae: thick-tailed elibhekwa njengabaThwa jerboa, jerboa okukhulu.
• Sem. ingungumbane emhlabeni Old: ingungumbane Indian.
• Sem. izingungumbane American: Porcupine Brazilian.
• Sem. Caviidae: ingulube Guinea, mara toothfish.
• Sem. Vodosvinkovye: Capybara.
• Sem. Chinchilla: i-Chinchilla, bizcacha.
• Sem. Nutrievye: nutria.

Indlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo namagundane

I izinsalela zamathambo namagundane lasendulo, eziningi zazo etholakala eNyakatho Melika eYurophu nase-Asia, ke lalilincane kakhulu futhi liyafana amagundane yesimanje. Kuphela izinhlobo ezimbalwa kukhona kancane athuthukile ukwedlula iningi wafinyelela osayizi yama-beaver.

Eyokuqala izibonakaliso okwaba esihlukile naleti igundane izilwane emhlathini isakhiwo, ikakhulukazi, ukuvela amazinyo isici. Lezi zilwane zazinzima linesizotha futhi kancane kancane ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene kwemvelo, nge izici isakhiwo, kuye yokuphila, waqala ukuvelela ngokucace kakhudlwana.

sidla amagundane amancane sidilizwa ukuhambisa egijima, bese kuba khona labo izinhlobo abaye bafunda gxuma. Ngo parallel, iqembu namagundane komhlaba lalihlukene, isakhiwo Yekhanda, izinyawo kanye claws eseziphenduke zaba izici isici.

Ezinye ezivamile namuhla namagundane - amagundane kanye amagundane - Bavele kamuva kakhulu. Abameleli beNdikimba izinhlobo lezi zilwane lasendulo babengene e-European Pliocene kwezakhi.

Ukuthola abameleli oda kungenxa ngokuyisisekelo kumuntu, ngoba namagundane babe "stowaways" emikhunjini olwandle ngemikhumbi eyaya, futhi kamuva ahamba ephethe mahele amakamela ogwadule, futhi izitimela phezu nojantshi. Zihlala eduze indoda futhi kuze kube namuhla. ukhululekile emakhaya nemfuyo amapulazi, okusanhlamvu emafektri kanye kwawokugcina izimpahla ukudla kakhulu.

Namagundane: izizukulwane izinambuzane main

Amagundane - abayikho abameleli rattus bohlobo, ababebalelwa 63 zinhlobo. Lezi zilwane chithi emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa 2 izinhlobo amagundane adale ingozi embi kakhulu esintwini, kulimaze izitshalo, abhubhise ukudla nokuba abathwali isifo. Sikhuluma omnyama rat grey, okuyinto evame ukubizwa ngokuthi Pasyuk. Futhi labo nabanye - abameleli oluvelele ezidala womuntu. Ngokuya yokuphila, ungakwazi ukuhlonza ezinye umehluko phakathi abamele lezi zilwane. Black - kungcono ngaphezulu "kwendle" i-rat. Igundane uthanda efudumele futhi izimpilo, njengoba umthetho, kule uhlalwe abantu, kuyilapho Pasyuk bazizwa ngempela ukhululekile futhi izindlu, ukuhamba bedabula imizana. Black rat uthola ubiquity yayo imikhumbi. EBrithani, lezi namagundane babé abathwali izifo okungalotshiwe kwabulala izigidi zabantu. Pasyuk kubhekwe lapho kwazalelwa China, okuvela kulo engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XVIII. igundane wangena e-Europe, baphokophelele black rat. Zombili lezi zinhlobo - namagundane ayingozi kakhulu. Zingaba abathwali zezinhlupho, typhus, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis.

Mouse - a namagundane elincane. Izinhlobo elinegama elifanayo ezitholakala imikhaya eminingana. I ejwayelekile kakhulu abameleli esipholile sezulu zone - Eurasia sokuvuna igundane nezinkuni igundane; Afrika - Afrika Utshani Igundane futhi ezimthende ensimini igundane; Australia - drevesnomysh Asian prickly irayisi hamster. Kodwa edume kunazo namanje iyona igundane indlu, naphezu lingakanani encane, Uyingozi kakhulu impilo yabantu. Okunye igundane kuthinte isimo somnotho wezwe lonke, kokulimaza izitshalo izitshalo yezolimo kanye amasheya ukudla. Le nkinga ukhona acute ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Cishe zonke amagundane kukhona omnivorous, kodwa kubonelelwa ukutshala ukudla futhi ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela kudle izinambuzane. Ukuze amagundane zihlanganisa ezinye esincelisayo esincane kunazo zonke. Isibonelo okuphawuleka hamster yemifino kabani isisindo - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-10 g.

Voles eziseduze hamsters, emagundvwane kakhulu. Voles kanye lemmings ayingxenye subfamily ejwayelekile, elimalungu alo abahlala ezindaweni ezibandayo yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Ngo isakhiwo yangaphandle sinezici: nomsila esifushane ekhaleni oyindilinga. Isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke 99 zezintaka lokhu uhlobo lwe - American must rat, olubizwa nangokuthi muskrat. Lezi zilwane namagundane sebejwayele ekuphileni emanzini, aluthola ngesikhathi ukuvela izici ezithile morphological. Ukuba ikakhulukazi herbivorous, izimvukuzane zibe usongo ezolimo kanye nezimboni zokudla. Lezi namagundane ukudla kwezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo kanye nezinyoni ezidla inyama, okhombisa ukubaluleka emvelweni.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo le namagundane

• Namagundane zande kangaka emhlabeni, okuyinto ezigcwele zonke amazwekazi ngaphandle Antarctica.
• Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke igundane izimpilo eNingizimu Melika iminyaka eyizigidi ezine edlule. Isisindo ngabanye babengakhetha ukufinyelela 1 ton. Kuze kube manje, ilungu elikhulu oda kuyinto Capybara.
• A Malayan Porcupine kwaba ngo-Guinness Book of Records, ephile iminyaka 27 nezinyanga 4.
• izazi zezakhi zofuzo Japanese alethwe zama-igundane asabekayo. Isici esiphawulekayo asabekayo laboratory ukuthi uyakwazi Tweet, efana undlunkulu.
• Image Chipmunk sigqoke izikhali amadolobha amabili we Sverdlovsk esifundeni - Volchansk futhi Krasnoturyinsk.
• AmaShayina ngonyaka ikhalenda Mouses, futhi Zoroastrian - Beaver unyaka nonyaka Amaphrotheni.
• Ethandwa kakhulu ikhathuni igundane ithimba labatakuli kwemisebenzi Walt Disney: burunduchata Chip and Dale, rat negundane Rocky nut. Liphinde laziwa kabanzi ngenxa namagundane nge funny voices kusukela comedy movie "Alvin kanye Chipmunks."
• UProfesa Dzhenni Morton eCambridge University kwenziwe ucwaningo on imiphumela methamphetamine ku ezincelisayo. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kwegundane. Ngephutha, kwatholakala ukuthi umculo okhalela phezulu sithuthukisa izindawo ubuthi zomuthi. Kusukela iqembu ehlanganisa 40 abantu, owayelalele Bach, ezine kuphela wayeshone ngesikhathi noma ngokushesha ngemva isilingo. Kodwa kuzo 40 amagundane, ulalele umculo I Prodigy, 7 lishonele ngokushesha. Yiqiniso, akukhona ukuthi isici esikhethekile tebuciko ukulalela, futhi enze Ukwedlula umsindo Rhythmic, okuyinto kwabangela nokuqinisa ukusebenza anobuthi.
• Clever Rat - yotshwala. Lesi sici usetha ngempela kulolu hlobo. Namagundane kakhulu ngempumelelo unqobe Maze, angeke simelane "ingilazi". Lesi siphetho esingavamile uprofesa wase-University Konkordiya Monrealya. Labo abantu abafunde kakhulu ngamakhasimende Maze ngokushesha wacabanga ngamathuba okuxhumana utshwala umuzwa kwesasa eyenza. Lokhu kuboniswa iqiniso lokuthi unuka utshwala, wayiswa ethangeni kuye. Kodwa ngaphansi rat savvy akayazi le uxhumano futhi ingilazi ngisho wasondela, iphunga ezingemnandi utshwala funky.
• Negciwane, ukuthatha umsuka HIV, ososayensi kusukela California Institute of Technology wachitha ucwaningo bezijabulisa, izilwane odlulayo izakhi zofuzo ezithile nge izici ezithile kwezinye izidalwa. Ikakhulukazi ke kwenziwa ezifana ukuhlolwa umxhwele: endaweni owumphumela umbungu igundane langena jellyfish isakhi kwenza kube siyakhazimula. Kuyamangalisa, kodwa igundane liphile esakhini sofuzo angaphandle sizalwa akhazimula oluhlaza Fluorescent emizimbeni ukukhanya. I kukhanya baba isici okusimeme lezi amagundane nenzalo eyengeziwe futhi kwadingeka lesi sici.

Pet namagundane

Izingane ngokuvamile dream tasendlini. Kodwa ambalwa nje isineke, isikhathi kanye nemizamo ukufezekisa anakekele. I linesizotha kakhulu kule umqondo kungenziwa ngokuthi ekhaya namagundane. Ukunakekela lezo zilwane ezihlekisayo incane. Ekugcineni akudingi izimo ezikhethekile, kanye nezindleko ngokwanele etholakalayo.

Njengoba isilwane kuqala enganeni encane udinga ukukhetha nje namagundane. Phela, umntwana angakwazi ukondla uqobo kanye zilokazane ezihlekisayo, futhi bahlanganyele zihlanza izitokisi.

Sezilwanyana anikele iziphi izilwane eziningi ezihlukahlukene, njenge namagundane. Uhlu ezivamile tibalwe lapha ngentasi.

Inani elikhulu of hamsters, amagundane, Guinea izingulube, gerbils, chinchillas, onogwaja zokuhlobisa, chipmunks, izingwejeje ngisho ferrets edayiswa ezitolo. Kakhulu "elula" Yiqiniso, hamsters, leyehlukile inhliziyo ezolile futhi amnandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulula kakhulu yokulawula. Izingwejeje, chinchillas, onogwaja ferrets kudingeka isikhala esiningi, futhi babanakekele nzima.

Njengoba sazi ukuthi namagundane kukhona abathwali izifo eziningi, kubalulekile ukuba izinqubo ngezikhathi yokuhlanzeka, kuqondwe ngayo ukuvimbela yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, izilwane asanda kuluthola badinge isikhathi sokuba yedwa, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze siqiniseke ukuthi iphila. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile zokukhipha igciwane imishini futhi afeze magciwane ezidala isikhumba.

Amagundane eNew York

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezincelisayo - kuba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ekilasini, namagundane (ezifana amagundane) Uyi leyavela impucuko. Baye savela nathi, kanye ukuhlaliswa kwabantu ngaphezulu - enhle uzizwe namagundane phakathi kwabantu. Mhlawumbe yingakho njengoba inhlokodolobha ezweni rat ukhethe New York.

Ngokusho idatha eseduzane, labantu edolobheni amagundane izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili isibalo sabantu. Kungakhathaliseki izindlela zokuvimbela igundane noma ukuziqambela neziphathimandla zedolobha, lezi ezincelisayo namagundane namanje wathola indlela yokusinda.

omakhelwane okungafuneki eminyakeni babe ngaphezulu futhi ezinkulu, eziqinile futhi evunde kakhudlwana. Futhi ezihlekisayo ukuthi rat ezisemadolobheni kucashile okuningi kuka ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Baye bafunda ukuba ngiqonde izinto eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma omunye izilwane washona ngemuva kokugwinya lolo, izihlobo zakhe ize ngeke akudle. Babetadisha ukuxhumana komhlaba bayakwazi ukuhambahamba edolobheni emizileni ethile.

Amagundane bahlala komakhelwane nendoda ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, nande ngejubane umbani. Igundane eneminyaka engu-amasonto 8 okwamanje sexless. Ngemva konyaka wakwazi ukuba azale 50 inzalo ngonyaka. Banjengemafu isekisi abadlali afake ngembobo ewumngcingo, enyuka kakhulu evele mpo futhi ukubhukuda. Yiba nomuzwa esihle yokuhogela nokuthinta ephezulu, labo abazokwazi jumping elingamamitha ambalwa ubude futhi lihamba zokwakheka nomphakathi.

Muva nje, kwatholakala ukuthi abaningi yamakati wayeka ehlasela amagundane. Manje ngokuthula ukuhlangana nabo, ukudla ndawonye zihlala ndawonye. Isizathu salokhu kwesibalo zamabutho ezisebusweni inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo e amagundane kakhulu sanda.

Ngisho baseNew York wayeka sokunaka amagundane, manje kwahambisana ukubukwa komuzi. Namagundane ayeke yokucasha, bona umxhwele ukungcebeleka eduze kwasemaphethelweni eceleni komgwaqo, kusale ngesandla esivulekile ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi abantu babo.

Yebo, i-rat Ukulunywa Akasekho usengozini ofayo, kodwa namanje eyingozi empilweni. Izingane ngokuvamile kakhulu izisulu ka ukulunywa zabo. Minyaka yonke engaphezu kwekhulu abantu yenhlwathi amagundane faka umtholampilo e-New York.

Isici kuphela njengoba namagundane izinambuzane namanje ayikalungi. Ngempela, ezinye zazo zingabantu izinambuzane ezinonya kufanele libhujiswe ngo zonke izindlela. Kodwa kukhona izinhlobo bekuyokwenzekani ngaphandle ukuphazamiseka okuyoba inhlekelele bezinto eziphilayo ku izinhlelo eziningi semvelo. Futhi namagundane eziningi zinendima izilwane zokuhlola laboratories.

Ngakho, namagundane, okuyizinto ngakho amagama ahlukahlukene, futhi nenombolo likhulu e okukushoyo ngakho ezihlukene kakhulu, beletha ukuphila komuntu kanye iplanethi njengoba umonakalo oyinhlekelele futhi izinzuzo ezinkulu.