Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich: biography, umndeni, ubuciko

Namuhla igama likaMstislav Rostropovich ligama lomunye wabaculi abafunda kakhulu bezemfundo ekhulwini lama-20. Akazange abe nekhono elilodwa eliyingqayizivele, kodwa naye wayeyisigungu esivumelana nenqubomgomo yesimiso sobubusi se-USSR. Ngoba le Rostropovich yaxoshwa ezweni. Ngasentshonalanga, wenza umsebenzi womhlaba wonke, emva kwalokho waphindela ezweni lakubo lapho ubukhomanisi sebewile kakade.

Ubuntwana

Umqhubi wesikhathi esizayo nomakhalekhukhwini uMstislav Rostropovich wazalwa ngoMashi 27, 1927 eBaku. Abazali bakhe kanye nabakhulu baba ngabaculi, ngakho ikusasa lomntwana lalinqunywa ngisho nangaphambi kokuba azalwe. Eminyakeni ye-1932-1937. URostropovich wafunda esikoleni saseGnessin eMoscow. Kwakungenye yezikhungo ezinhle zomculo ezweni.

Lapho kuqala impi, ukuthuthwa kwamasonto amaningi kwaqala inhloko-dolobha. Kwawela uRostropovich oneminyaka engu-14 ubudala. I-biography yomqhubi yayixhunyaniswe nomuzi waseChkalov (Orenburg). Ubaba kaMstislav ushonele ekuthunjweni, kanti le ntombazane yaba yinduna yangempela yomndeni. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, waqala ukufundisa esikoleni somculo wendawo futhi izihlobo ezondliwe.

Kwabe sekuvela imisebenzi yokuqala yokuzimela, eyabhala uRostropovich. I-biography yomqambi we-budding yamakwe ngokudalulwa kwembongo ye-cello, i-concerto ye-piano kanye nesandulela se-pianoforte. Phakathi nempi, umculi waba umculi wokuvakasha. Wenza kanye noMaly Theatre Orchestra, enza imisebenzi kaTchaikovsky. URostropovich wanikeza amakhonsathi ezinkambini zempi, izibhedlela, izikhungo zesifunda kanye namapulazi ahlangene.

Imfundo:

Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, lo mdlali onesiphiwo sangena wangena eMoservervatoire yaseMoscow, lapho aqala khona ukufunda ubuciko bokudlala amakhono e-cello namakhono. Uthisha wakhe wayenguSenen Kozolupov. Wabona ngokushesha ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uRostropovich wazifihla. I-biography yomculi yayingase ihluke uma engazange abe ngezandla ezithandekayo nezindayo zeKozolupov.

E-conservatory, uRostropovich wahlangana noShostakovich wamkhombisa ukuthi uyiphikishi yepiyano yakhe, futhi wakwenza ngokucacile. U-Dmitry Dmitrievich wambonga imizamo yalowo mfundi osemncane futhi wammema ukuba afunde ngamunye ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhono ahlanganiswa.

Nokho, esikhathini esizayo uRostropovich akazange aqale ukuqamba umculo wakhe. Isizathu sasilula. Lapho ezwa okokuqala u-Shostakovich wesigqila sesishiyagalombili, okwamenza waba nomthelela omkhulu, umakhalekhukhwini wakhe wanquma ukuyeka inzuzo yakhe yesikhathi esizayo, eqaphela ukuthi angeke afinyelele izinga lekosi noma kunjalo. Mhlawumbe lokhu kwakuwukunyanyisa kwentsha, kodwa uRostropovich wamukela isinqumo sakhe. Isikhathi sibonise ukuthi wenze isinqumo esifanele, ngoba izwe lonke liyikhumbula njengomdlali oyingqayizivele nongenakho.

Mfundisi

Ngo-1945, kwaba nomncintiswano olandelayo we-All-Union wabaculi abasha. UMstislav Rostropovich wanqoba umklomelo wokuqala. I-biography ye-cellist yamakwe umklomelo wokuqala, nakuba ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe wabathola okuningi kakhulu. Lokhu kuphumelela kwavumela umfundi weklasi yesibili ukuba athuthe ngokushesha kulesihlanu. Ngo-1950, lo mdlali osemusha waba nomncintiswano weGanush Vigan owawusePrague.

Ngaleso sikhathi wayekade eseqedile esikoleni se-conservatory nesiqu. U-Rostropovich washesha waba uthisha okhanyayo futhi onomusa. Kwaphela iminyaka engu-26 wasebenza eMoscow Conservatory futhi iminyaka engu-7 eLeningrad. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka, uMstislav Rostropovich uye waqeqesha abaqeqeshi abaningi emhlabeni wonke. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uNatalia Shakhovskaya, uNatalika Gutman, u-Iosif Feigelson, uSergei Roldugin, uDavid Geringas, uMaris Villehrush, u-Ivan Monighetti, njll. Abaningi balaba bafundi kamuva baba ngabaprofesa bezifundo zomculo ezihlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele.

Ubunjiniyela Rostropovich

Yini uMstislav Rostropovich akhumbula njengomdlali? Umculi wenza nge-repertoire enkulu yemisebenzi. Umsebenzi wakhe ungahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili. Okokuqala, u-Rostropovich wayengumakhalekhukhwini (uhlanganiso no-soloist), futhi okwesibili - umqhubi we-symphonic and opera. Ithenda yakhe yaqashelwa emhlabeni wonke - abalingisi abangaphezu kwezingu-60 zomhlaba babhala imisebenzi ngokukhethekile kuMstislav Leopoldovich. Wayenguye owokuqala ukwenza izingcezu ezingaphezu kwekhulu ze-cello futhi wanikeza ezinye izikhonzi eziyinhloko ezingu-70 nge-orchestra. Njengomqhubi, uRostropovich wenza i-debut yakhe ngo-1957, ngenkathi engaphansi kobuholi bakhe obubucayi eBolshoi Theatre, "u-Eugene Onegin" kaTchaikovsky wathengiswa. Kwakuyimpumelelo ephawulekayo.

Esikhathini seSoviet sokusebenza kwakhe, isazi sezinhlamvu uRostropovich sasihamba kulo lonke i-USSR. Wabe esebenza njengomculi wekamelo kuhlangene noDavid Oistrakh noSvyatoslav Richter. Umklami womculi wayengumculi we-opera uGalina Vishnevskaya. U-Rostropovich wayevame ukuhamba naye esigabeni esifanayo, ehamba nomkakhe. Ngo-1951, umqhubi wathola iStalin Prize, ngo-1965 - uLenin, futhi ngo-1966 waba uMculi Wabantu We-USSR.

Ukuvikelwa kwe-Solzhenitsyn

UMstislav Rostropovich, owayephila impilo yakhe siqu ehlotshaniswa nabangane abaningi, wayengesabi ukuwavikela ngaphambi kombuso wobandlululo, noma ngabe wayebeka engozini isikhundla sakhe. Ngo-1969, umqambi owayevikelekile e-dacha yakhe wayedelela umlobi u-Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Ngaleso sikhathi izinhlanzi zikaKhrushchev zashiywa esikhathini esedlule , futhi iziphathimandla zaseBrzhnev zaqala ukungcolisa umbhali we-One Day ngu-Ivan Denisovich nakwezinye amakamu adumile.

Umculi akagcini nje ngokuvikela uSolzhenitsyn, kodwa wabhala incwadi evulekile ekumvikeleni, eyathumela ephephandabeni elikhulu laseSoviet Pravda. Ngemva kwalokho, i-cellist uRostropovich yabhekana nezinkinga eziningi. Iziphathimandla azizange zimvumele ukuba enze nge-orchestra ezinkulu futhi akazange avumele ukuvakashela phesheya. Umshini wokuqala waqala ukunganaki i-cellist. Eqinisweni, waba yisitha esincane futhi esingenakuqhathaniswa nesimo seSoviet.

Ukuphila e-USA

Ngo-1974, uMstislav Rostropovich nomkakhe uGalina Vishnevskaya baxoshwa e-USSR. Ngo-1978 babenqatshelwe ubuzwe baseSoviet. Umlando wonke wezingcingo zomculi omkhulu waqala ngeposi evulekile eya ePravda. Sekuvele ngemuva kokuwa kobukominisi nokubuyela eRussia yentando yeningi, uRostropovich kwelinye lalezi zincwadi uthe uhlonipha ukuthi uStezhenitsyn uyayenza kahle kakhulu impilo yakhe, ngoba nguye owabuyisana nomnumzane ngonembeza wakhe.

Ngemva kokushiya iSoviet Union, umculi nomndeni wakhe babehlala e-United States ikakhulukazi. Wayenguyise wamadodakazi amabili. U-Olga no-Elena Rostropovich bazalwa eminyakeni engu-50 futhi bashiya leli zwe ngezingane zabo. Eminyakeni ye-1977-1994. Umqhubi waqondisa i-Washington National Symphony Orchestra. Kanye kanye eminyakeni emine, leli qembu lidlale emcimbini wokuvulwa komongameli we-US. Futhi, i-Rostropovich iqhutshwa njalo emakhokheni ezemidlalo ezinikezelwe osukwini lwe-Independence ngoJulayi 4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahamba emhlabeni jikelele. Esimemo, wenza ngezinsimbi zomculo ezinkulu zaseFrance, eBrithani, eJalimane, e-Austria, eJapane, njll.

I-Star Star

URostropovich wahlangana nokuzalwa kwakhe kwe-60 eWashington. Ngo-1987, ngesikhathi salolo suku, i-First World Congress of Cellist yayiqhutshelwa enhloko-dolobha yaseMelika. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uRonald Reagan wethule umqhubi ngomklomelo omkhulu wombuso - i-Freedom Medal. URostropovich wavakashelwa yi-Queen of Great Britain Elizabeth II.

Umculi wayengokwemvelo umuntu othumele futhi ojabule. Phakathi nenkazimulo yenkazimulo eminye izwe, wathola inamba enkulu kakhulu yabangane nabangane abaphezulu. Ngesibili sakhe sejubili baqoqa wonke umhlaba womculo womhlaba wonke. Abangane bakaRostropovich babeyiPicasso, Chagall, uDali, Galich noBrdsky. Ngo-1994, lapho umqhubi wamemezela ukuphela kokubambisana neWashington National Symphony Orchestra, waba nekhonsathi enkulu ye-gala. Izincwadi zokubonga uRostropovich zathunyelwa kubo bonke abaongameli baseMelika abahlangana naye esikhundleni sakhe: uCarter, Reagan, Bush Sr. noClinton.

Umculi nesakhamuzi

Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, uRostropovich waziwa nje njengomculi ongenakuqhathaniswa, kodwa futhi njengomdlali wamalungelo wobuntu. Wayevame ukwenza amakhonsathi ezindaweni ezikhathazayo kakhulu zomhlaba. Isibonelo, ngo-1989, i-maestro yadlala elinye lama-cites suites aseBell Wall. Ngo-1974, waba ngumnikazi womklomelo owawunikezwa yi-League of Human Rights.

Okwamanje, isimo sezwe sishintshile. E-USSR, ubuholi obusha buye baba namandla, baqala indlela yokuguqula. Ngo-1990, uMikhail Gorbachev wasusa isinqumo, ngokusho ukuthi uRostropovich noVishnevskaya babenqatshelwe ukuthatha isakhamuzi, iziklomelo nezihloko ezihloniphekile. Kodwa-ke, umculi wayefuna ukuhlala "isakhamuzi sezwe". Akazange abuyisele isakhamuzi saseSoviet, futhi kamuva waseRussia. Ngo-1991, ngenkathi ekugcineni kwe-Soviet uhlelo lwabadlali abathintekayo benza ama-putsch weKomidi Eliphuthumayo, uRostropovich wagijima ngokukhethekile eParis ukuya eMoscow futhi wajoyina isixuku esilwela i-White House.

Ukuqhubeka komsebenzi

Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye umculi waqhubeka nokuvakasha ngentshiseko. I-cello yeRostropovich yazwakala emadolobheni amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Njengomqhubi, wenza nge "Queen of Spades" eSan Francisco, ne "The Bride of the Tsar" - eM Monte Carlo, ne "Lady Macbeth" - eMunich. Umculi waqala ukunikeza amakhonsathi eRussia. Ngo-1996, wenza eBholhoi Theater ngeKhovanshchina.

I-Rostropovich ivame ukubhala amakhonsathi omsakazo. Ngo-2003, wathola i-Grammy Award. Lesi sikhathi bekuhlonishwa - ngokuba "ukuphila kumarekhodi" kanye "nomsebenzi ongavamile". Ngokuphelele, uMstislav Leopoldovich wanqoba i-Grammy Award kasikhombisa. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, abagxeki baye baphawula ubuciko, ukuzwelana, ugqozi kanye nokuhlelwa kobuhle besidlala se-maestro.

I-Rostropovich Foundation kanye noMkhosi

Njengomfundisi, umqhubi wavula isikole eValencia ngo-2004, lapho efundiswa khona ikhono eliphakeme kakhulu lomculo. Amakhono omhlangano we-cellist abonakalisiwe emsebenzini wakhe wokuzikhandla nokudala imikhosi emisha. Izenzakalo ezinjalo zenze ukuthi kungenzeka ukuvula amagama amancane amasha abenzi abanethalente emhlabeni wonke. Namuhla ukukhumbula umculi omkhulu uRostropovich kwenzeka njalo ngonyaka.

Umqhubi waba umongameli wezimali zakhe. Izimali zakhe zasiza abafundi abanezipho. Siyabonga, izibonelelo ezintsha kanye nezibonelelo zezingane-abaculi bavele eRussia. Namuhla isikhwama somculo sikababa osephuzile siholwa u-Olga Rostislavovich Rostislavovich.

Usizo lwezokwelapha

Njengengcweti, uRostropovich uye waba udumo ngemisebenzi yakhe yokusiza izikhungo zezokwelapha eRussia. Lo msebenzi wenziwa futhi wenziwa yi-Charitable Foundation yaseVishnevskaya-Rostropovich. Namuhla iholwa yindodakazi yomculi u-Elena Rostropovich.

Ngonyaka ka-2000, inhlangano yaqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokugoma izingane ngokumelene nesifo sofuzo esibhedlela B. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyisenzo sokuqala ngemva kokuwa kwe-USSR.

Ukufa

Ngonyaka ka-2006, abezindaba babika ukuwohloka kwempilo kaMstislav Leopoldovich. Umculi waqala ukusebenza eGeneva, eSwitzerland. NgoDisemba, umqhubi wabhedlela ngemuva kokubuyela eMoscow esuka eVoronezh.

Wachitha izinyanga ezintathu esibhedlela. Ngemva nje kokukhishwa kwakhe ngo-March, lo maestro wagubha usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-80. Wayehalalisela ngokufanele labo osebenza nabo abadume kakhulu esitolo somculo, osombusazwe, izibalo zomphakathi nabangane abadala. Umkhosi wenziwa eMoscow Kremlin. Ngokushesha isimo sikaRostropovich saphinda sanda futhi. Ngo-Ephreli 27, 2007, wadlula. Ngemuva kokufa kwengane eMoscow, umkhosi womculo weRostropovich unyaka ngamunye.

Ukuqashelwa

URostropovich wayeyilungu le-Academy of Arts of France, i-Academy of Sciences nobuciko base-United States, i-Royal Academy of Music yase-England, njll. Emayunivesithi angaphezu kuka-50 umculi waba profesa, nasemadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele-isakhamuzi esihloniphekile. I-France yamnika uMyalelo weLegion of Honor, futhi i-Japanese Art Association yaphawula ukuziphatha komqhubi we-Imperial Prize. Iziphathimandla zaseBrithani zenze iRostropovich i-knight ehloniphekile.

E-USA, umculi wathola uMdongameli weMongameli, eSweden - i-Order of the Polar Star. Kuphelele, kwakukhona imiklomelo kahulumeni evela emazweni angu-29 ebhange lakhe le-piggy. Ngobusuku obuneminyaka eyi-80 uRostropovich wathola iRussia Order "For Services kwi-Babaland" degree.