Meiji Ukubuyiselwa - a eziyinkimbinkimbi yezinguquko kwezombangazwe, ezempi kanye nezenhlalakahle Japan

Meiji Ukubuyiselwa Japan - a eziyinkimbinkimbi imisebenzi kahulumeni eyenziwa eminyakeni 1868-1889. Ixhumeke kumiswa kokubusa entsha uhlelo. Imicimbi avunyelwe ukuphula indlela yokuphila evamile sabantu futhi ngokushesha nokuqalisa ipumelelo West. Cabangela eminye kanjani Meiji Ukubuyiselwa.

Kusaqhuba uhulumeni omusha

Ngemva shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu wabuya ngamandla umbusi, lo hulumeni omusha sesakhiwe. Ekuqaleni kuka-January 1868-ke ezamenyezelwa isimemezelo ku izinguquko ekuseni zokuphatha. Ngokwe-ncwadi, Tokugawa Shogunate abasekho. ukulawula isimo, ngaleyo ndlela bashintshele umbusi nakuhulumeni wakhe. Emihlanganweni, kwanqunywa ukuphuca wangaphambili Shogun iningi iziqu komhlaba kanye ezinhlwini. Against umyalo onjalo zenziwa Abasekeli ezazisekela uhulumeni omdala. Ngenxa yalokho, isimo bahlukana baba izigaba ezimbili. Izwe laqala yombango.

ukumelana

Ekupheleni kuka-January, Abasekeli shogunate wangaphambili kwazanywa ukuyokudla Kyoto ukubuyisela umbuso wazo. Ngokumelene nabo out amabutho ambalwa, kodwa yesimanje kaKesari. 27-30 Januwari 1868 lezi zihlubuki behlulwa Battle of LaseToba-Fushimi. Ibutho imperial iyiswe enyakatho-mpumalanga. Ngo-May 1868 ngowokuqala umaluju Edo. Kuwo wonke ihlobo noma ekwindla amabutho ukulwa engxenyeni esenyakatho isimo ngokumelene Northern Alliance, naye wakhonza ohlangothini shogunate wangaphambili. Kodwa ngo-November sika Resistance Army wagcina iphukile yokubuyiswa enqabeni Aizu-Wakamatsu.

Ngemva kokugumbuqelwa Yoshinobu, emazweni amaningi wayeziqaphela umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla. Nokho, umnyombo abasekeli yangaphambili shogunate, eyayiholwa le Aizu clan, baqhubeka ukumelana. Battle okwenzeka, eyathatha inyanga. Ngenxa yalokho-September 23, 1868 Aizu udliwe ukunqotshwa, ngemva kwalokho iningi abasha Samurai iqembu "White Tiger" wazibulala. Ngemva kwenyanga, i-Edo yethiwa kabusha ngokuthi iTokyo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala umlando Meiji.

Uhlaka lukahulumeni

Kombuso phakathi ukumelana civil kufanele unqume ukuthi izindinganiso zalo zezombusazwe. Ngo-February ka-1868 uhulumeni wamemezela nabameleli bayo esisemthethweni uthi angaphandle. Njengoba inhloko yezwe bathatha isinyathelo esivumelana nako, umbusi. Inelungelo lokufeza inqubomgomo angaphandle, ukusungula ubudlelwano nayo. Ekuqaleni kuka-April, Charter Izifungo yanyatheliswa. Ubeka izimiso eziyisisekelo, okuyinto okufanele idlule Meiji Ukubuyiselwa eJapane. Kulezi isigaba ezinhlanu inikeza:

1. Collegiality umthetho.
2. Ukuhlanganyela abameleli esithatha izinqumo ku-wonke amakilasi.
3. Ukunqatshwa kwabokufika.
4. Ukuhambisana nemigomo ezingokomthetho ngamazwe.
5. I nokuvuleka zomhlaba uthi ukuze bathole ulwazi oludingekile ukuze uqinise ukuphathwa.

Ngo-June 1868 kuze kube isinqumo gosustroystve isakhiwo sikahulumeni omusha sivunyiwe. Wabe usubizwa ngokuthi Chamber of State oPhethe enkulu. Uhulumeni waboleka isimiso loluhlelekile ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla ku omele amagatsha ikhasi lime ngobude, zokwahlulela neyokuphatha. On the olusemthethweni ihambisana imisebenzi aphinde aqokelwe ukuba okuthunyelwe kwabo kanye eminyakeni 4. Isakhiwo ehhovisi central amasevisi abaphezulu sivunyiwe. Benza umsebenzi zezinkonzo. Izifunda akhiwa isevisi engezansi, emelela iziphathimandla eliyingqikithi amayunithi zokuphatha-indawo. Ngemva ukuthunjwa Edo nokuqamba kabusha ke ekhatsi Tokyo, ngo-Okthoba bamukela isiqubulo esisha Meiji. Japan wathola inhloko-dolobha entsha.

Izimemezelo umphakathi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uhlelo lokulawula iye kakhulu olusha, uhulumeni ekujaheni lokufeza kwekuhlela kabusha izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho. Ekuqaleni kuka-April 1868 5 izimemezelo kubantu abasendaweni yanyatheliswa. Basebesuka izimiso yendabuko odlule inkathi umthetho. Ukuthi babusekelwe zokuziphatha Confucian. Uhulumeni unxuse izakhamizi ukulalela abaphathi, ukuba sethembeke abashade nabo, ukuba zihloniphe abantu abadala kanye nabazali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo thina Kucatshangwa kanye nokulinganiselwa kwakho. Ngakho, ungavumeli imibuthano kanye nemibhikisho, izinhlangano zomphakathi, isivumo ubuKristu.

izinguquko zokuphatha

Njengoba omunye izimo tekwakha inarha ebumbeneko kwenziwe ngaphambi kudivayisi bawabulale. amayunithi Administrative-indawo babe ubukhulu ezizimele, okuyinto kulawulwa daimyo. Phakathi Yombango, uhulumeni, abakwasidlodlo babaphuca nemfuyo shogunate futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izizinda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sahamba insimu, okungasekelwe silawulwa ngokuqondile iSonto umbusi.

Meiji wokubusa kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi okuphakanyiswe unganiki amane ubukhulu Khan. Daimyo ka Satsuma, Hizen, Choshu futhi Tosa bavumelana kuso. Bona wabuyela ezweni lakhe nabantu esimweni. Manje ephethwe kuKesari. Meiji uhulumeni wakhipha umyalo wokuba ukwenza principalities esifanayo nezinye. Ezimweni eziningi, ukudluliswa isimo ubunikazi zenzeka ngokushesha futhi ngokuzithandela. Ukumelana kwadingeka izikhulu 12 kuphela. Nokho, baphoqeleka ukuba uthumele wokuBhaliswa umhlaba futhi umphakathi ku-oda. Ngo isibuyela emuva, le daimyo baba amakhanda amahhovisi esifunda futhi waqala ukuthola amaholo uhulumeni.

Naphezu ukudluliswa esisemthethweni komhlaba kuhulumeni, le khans ngokwabo babekhokha hhayi iqedwe. daimyo zabo zaqhubeka amalungelo okuqoqa intela, ukwakha amabutho ku ezabelweni zazo zakwamanye amazwe. Ngakho, ekuphathweni wahlala endaweni lulwimi ezizimele.

Nokho, nengxenye Meiji izinguquko ezinjalo ziye zabangela nokungeneliseki kwabo abantu. Ukuze inguquko yokugcina efomini ebumbeneko zedivayisi ekupheleni Agasti 1871 Uhulumeni umemezele ukuqedwa okwandile Khans nokumiswa izizinda. daimyo Owabe zadluliselwa Tokyo. Endaweni yabo, uhulumeni esimisiwe kubabusi izizinda sincike isikhungo. Kuze 1888 isibalo izifunda lancipha kusuka 306 kuya 47. Ngenxa wesifunda ekhethekile kwachazwa Hokkaido. Ngu izizinda babelingana futhi emadolobheni amakhulu ase-Osaka, Kyoto futhi Tokyo.

Izinguquko kuhulumeni

Njengoba ngesisekelo ngqongqotshe kwenziwe isakhiwo ukuphathwa kwekhulu 8. Ngenxa Meiji kabusha uhulumeni sehlukaniswe emakamelweni ezintathu: ilungelo, kwesokunxele kanye main. Lesi sakamuva abadlale indima iKhabhinethi. Kuhlanganisa isimo samanje, ilungelo nezikhonzi kwesokunxele nabeluleki. Ikamelo kwesokunxele wayeba nomzimba zomthetho. Igatsha kwesokudla lalinabashumayeli 8 zezinkonzo, ubuholi okwenziwa ngu yoNgqongqoshe namaPhini. Iningi okuthunyelwe kuhulumeni kwakuhlezi inzalo principalities pre-ekhona. Bakha "Khan iqembu." Ihhovisi Main ingeyamakhosi Izicukuthwane wedolobha.

ibutho sesimanje

Kwakungesinye imisebenzi abalulekile uhulumeni ngesikhathi Meiji. Amabutho we principalities pre-ekhona lalinabashumayeli Samurai. Nokho, lezi zindawo sekususiwe, lebutho wangena kuhanjiswa Ministry neMpi. Ngo-January 1873 ngesikhathi isinyathelo Yamagata Aritomo futhi Omura Masujirō jikelele ukungenela inkonzo yezempi laqanjwa uhulumeni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wonke amadoda asafa, sebethole engamashumi amabili, kufanele ibe sebuthweni lezempi, kungakhathaliseki isimo sabo senhlalo. Yokukhululeka izibopho lempi futhi wathola ikhanda lika izindlalifa imikhaya, abafundi, izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nabantu ukukhokha isihe 270 yen. Ibutho abasha babeke baba ikakhulukazi abalimi.

Meiji Revolution ubephelezelwa hhayi kuphela izinguquko amabutho isimo. Endaweni ehlukile, kwamiswa amayunithi amaphoyisa ebuthweni. Bakhandwa subordinated ukuba Ministry of Justice kuze 1872, futhi ushintsho olandelayo ekuphathweni Wezangaphakathi. komthetho amayunithi Inhlokodolobha sika ayehlelwe aba ehlukile Tokyo Police Department.

izigodi

Meiji Revolution wathinta futhi labantu yembuso. Ekupheleni kuka-June 1869 uHulumeni kwamiswa 2 izikhulu nelungelo: kazoku (wohlanga olukhulu) kanye shizoku (okungenasihloko). Eyokuqala ihlanganisa dolobha ngqo kanye nezicukuthwane daimyos kwavala Khans imibuso. I gentry kwakufanele Samurai amancane naphakathi. Ikilasi Meiji Ukubuyiselwa yayihloselwe ekhuluma ukungqubuzana esiphakade phakathi aristocrats futhi ukuthi ama-samurai. Uhulumeni wayefuna ukuqeda ukuhlukaniswa emphakathini ukuqeda imodeli ephakathi wokwakha ubudlelwano, "Mnu -. Inceku" Njengoba sihambisana nale isigaba Meiji Ukubuyiselwa ubephelezelwa ukumenyezelwa kwezindaba nokulingana abalimi, abathengisi nezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sabo nomsebenzi. Bonke nabizelwa heymin (abantu abavamile). Ngo ekilasini efanayo ngo-1871 wahlanganisa nalokho okwakufuneka Pariah, ukuba ukubandlululwa esikhathini Edo. Bonke abantu abavamile kwadingeka ukuba abe negama (ngaphambili they were Samurai kuphela). Untitled futhi izikhulu osesikhundleni kwanikezelwa a imishado mezhsoslovnye. Meiji Ukubuyiselwa siphinde sihlinzekele nezinhlelo ezihlanganisa ukuqedwa imikhawulo uhwebo nokuvakasha ushintsho. Ekuqaleni Apreli 1871 eyakhishwa nguHulumende umthetho ku yokubhaliswa izakhamuzi. Ngonyaka olandelayo, base afakwe amabhuku irejista posemeynye ngokuhambisana izindlu.

Izinkinga komnotho

Gentry kwaba ngezinye yesibonelelo sikahulumeni egcwele. Abamele lesi sigaba ithola impesheni yonyaka ka-30% wesabelomali selulonke. Ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo womphakathi ngo-1873, uhulumeni waphasisa umthetho impesheni emuva le nkosi ngaphansi kwazo. Ngaphansi bezimiso zawo, izikhulu kwadingeka ukuba ayeke izinkokhelo ngaphambilini osungulwe esivuna yesikhathi esisodwa-premium. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuxazulula izinkinga ezikhona. Isikweletu kazwelonke ekukhokhweni impesheni lenyuka kancane.

Kulesisimo-ke, ngo-1876 uhulumeni ekugcineni belahla umkhuba. Ngawo lowo nyaka samurai ayenqatshelwe ukugqoka katana. Ngenxa Meiji Ukubuyiselwa kwaholela ekunyamalaleni we nokungalingani somthetho phakathi samurai nabantu abavamile. Ukuqinisekisa wakhe ingxenye yokuphila isigaba nelungelo waya umphakathi. Izakhamizi baba abafundisi, amaphoyisa onobhala uhulumeni. Abaningi baye baqala ukwenza imisebenzi yezolimo. Ingxenye enkulu isigaba esincike ku kwezamabhizinisi. Nokho, abaningi kubo ngokushesha baya yimali, ngoba kwakungelakutshona isipiliyoni ukuthengisa. Ukuze sisekele izibonelelo zanikezelwa nguHulumende samurai. Zaphinde baye bakhuthaza ukuba zibe Hokkaido semi zasendle. Kodwa izinyathelo ezithathwe nguhulumeni akuzange kulethe siletha imiphumela efiselekayo, owawungumnyaka imfuneko izibhelu esizayo.

imfundo

emfundweni yeSikole futhi eseyishintshe. Ngo-1871 lenzeka sikhungo enkabeni obhekene inqubomgomo imfundo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, 1872, le inkonzo isimane lathatha isinqumo ekuvunyweni imfundo ka isibonelo French. Ngokuhambisana ohlelweni oluthile olumisiwe kwezifunda inyuvesi eziyisishiyagalombili lenzeka. Ngamunye wabo lwalungaba izikole 32 futhi 1 eyunivesithi. Esikhathini uqimba phakathi ukudala izindawo ehlukile. Ngamunye wabo kwadingeka ukuba isebenze 210 izikole aphansi.

Ukuqaliswa kwalesi simemezelo practice kuye kwahlotshaniswa eziningi izinkinga. Ikakhulu Ministry Akazange ababheke njengezinto amathuba yangempela izakhamuzi nabafundisi. Kule ndaba, ngo-1879-m isimemezelo wakhishwa, ngokuvumelana izifunda lapho uhlelo uyekwa. Ukuqeqeshwa kwasekuqaleni kungagcini esikoleni imodeli German. Ngokokuqala ngqá baqala ukuvela izikhungo, lapho abafana namantombazane ababeqeqeshwe ndawonye.

amanyuvesi

Isimo liye lenza umzamo omkhulu nentuthuko yabo. Ngakho, ke yasungulwa ngo 1877. I-University of Tokyo. Kwasebenza eziningi ongoti angaphandle, ababemenywe nguhulumeni. I izizinda kwamiswa nezikhungo Pedagogical namanyuvesi kwabesifazane. Abaholi bomphakathi besekele isinyathelo kahulumeni emkhakheni wezemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, Fukuzawa Yukichi esungulwe yangasese i- Keio University kanye esikolweni esizayo. Kodwa ngo-1880 ezinye imithetho kahulumeni iye yamukelwa eziphathelene nyuvesi, imfundo ephakeme, emfundweni yamabanga aphansi kanye.

ukuguqulwa kwamasiko

Uhulumeni okuhloswe ngazo sesimanje we zombuso kuwo wonke amazinga okuphila. Amandla iqhutshelwe phambili ukwethulwa ezintsha imibono Western kanye tinkhulumo. amalungu Iningi ingxenye kwezobuhlakani labantu wathatha nombono oqondile ngemvu lezi zinguquko. Ngenxa yemizamo izintatheli, imibono emisha kabanzi ukunyusele phakathi umphakathi. Ezweni kwakunengozi fashion zonke Western, enenqubekela phambili futhi imfashini. Kunezinguquko eziyinhloko eziye zenzeka ngendlela yokuphila evamile sabantu. Izizinda eziphambili kakhulu steel Kobe, Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama futhi namanye amadolobha amakhulu. Yesimanje nemasiko ngekukhombisa zokweboleka ipumelelo Europe sasibizwa isiqubulo ngaleso sikhathi wokuphindaphinda "Impucuko nokukhanyiselwa".

nefilosofi

Kule ndawo, njengoba imibono evelele waqala kokwenza komuntu Western futhi liberalism. izimiso Traditional kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi, esekelwe ubuConfucius babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli akusebenzi. Esikhathini izincwadi, izinguqulo yaqala ukubonakala yizincwadi zikaDarwin, uSpencer, uRousseau Hegel. Ngesisekelo yalezizifundo Japan ongqondongqondo basungula umqondo ngamalungelo angokwemvelo enjabulweni, inkululeko, ukulingana. Lezi imibono ukusakaza Nakamura Masanao futhi Fukuzawa Yukichi. Imisebenzi adalwe nalaba ababhali, babé athengisa kakhulu. Umsebenzi wabo waba negalelo elikhulu ukubhujiswa kwezwe bendabuko kanye kumiswa ngiqaphele kazwelonke omusha.

inkolo

Kwake kwathi ngo-1868. ezamenyezelwa ezifundo nokubuyiselwa wekuba sive lasendulo, uhulumeni wanquma ukwenza yobuqaba inkolo endawo Shinto isimo. Ngejubili sivunyiwe ngomthetho delimiting Buddhist yobuShinto. ezingcwele Lobuqaba bahlukaniswa zezindela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amathempeli amaningi Buddhist yawa. Imibuthano olusemthethweni, abasesigabeni esiphakathi nezihlakaniphi kwakhiwa ukunyakaza anti-Buddhist. Ngo-1870 ezamenyezelwa simemezelo, owawuthi, ubuShinto waba isikhulu soMbuso inkolo. Zonke izindlu yamaqaba benziwe inhlangano eyodwa. ikhanda lakhe waba umbusi njengoba umpristi wenkolo yobuShinto. Njengoba iholide lomphakathi kwathiwa usuku nkosi lokuzalwa nosuku isisekelo isimo esisha.

ukuphila

sesimanje Universal kwakushintsha kakhulu indlela yokuphila evamile sabantu. Imizi waqala ukugqoka zezinwele short futhi izingubo Western. Ekuqaleni, lokhu fashion ukusakaza phakathi kwenceku ezempi kanye civil. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iye yangena, yalokhu uquqaba ezehlukene zomphakathi. Kancane kancane equalized amanani eJapane izimpahla ezehlukene. Ngo Yokohama futhi Tokyo wayeseqala ukwakha izindlu lokuqala isitini, ukwakha igesi-izibani. Kukhona ezokuthutha entsha - Urisho. Yaqala imboni. Ukukhiqizwa ziye owethulwa ubuchwepheshe entshonalanga. It is uvunyelwe ukwenza amanani etholakala Japan hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa amakilasi nelungelo, kodwa nezalo abavamile. Ngezenzo ngcono ezokuthutha kanye nekushicilela. Nge ukuthuthukiswa kwabo fashion izinto zaseNtshonalanga langena esifundazweni.

Nokho, naphezu ngcono okukhulu, kokuthuthukisa kuye kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu emasisweni engokomoya yabo bonke abantu. Manengi amatshe ezikhumbuzo kwamasiko ayethathwa ngokuthi udoti ngaphandle isimo. Akha eminyuziyamu namaqoqo yangasese UK, France, e-USA.

Inani

ukukhula komnotho Japan kushesha. Isimo likhona enkathini yesimanje. Ezinye izinguquko ezinkulu ziye zathinta hhayi kuphela impi abomthetho. Izwe laqala udala imikhumbi egcwele. Izinguquko ohlelweni control, e-social, ukuphila kwezomnotho, ukwenqaba self-ngabodwa akha evundile okungamila kuyo nokwakhiwa kombuso ukuncintisana. Konke lokhu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka ukuqeda ingozi yokuthola igciwane ku kwencika zezombusazwe ku US kanye kwemibuso yaseYurophu. Wale mithandazo, eliseduze Japan Russia. Nokho, i-Government akazange sebenzisa izindlela wamakoloni inqubomgomo angaphandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Japan, kuhlanganise emncintiswaneni ne-Europe, Kwakonakele kude phambili uma siqhathanisa nabanye uthi Eastern Europe.

isiphetho

Meiji Ukubuyiselwa waqala ushintsho kusuka umbuso Samurai ukuphathwa ngaphakathi the bombo of shogunate ukuqondisa uhlelo monarchical lapho sibhekene Mutsuhito nakuhulumeni wakhe. Le nqubomgomo kwakufanele nomthelela ekwenziweni komthetho, isakhiwo isimo, isakhiwo inkantolo. Izinguquko abathintekayo ekuphathweni yesifundazwe, uhlelo lwezimali, engumkhulumeli ochwepheshile, umkhakha, inkolo, othisha, kanye nakwezinye izindawo. I eziyinkimbinkimbi izinyathelo ezithathwe nguhulumeni wabhubhisa isimo osekukade bendabuko, lisuselwa encazelweni amandla atihambi todvwa. Ngenxa yalokhu umsebenzi kwavela isimo ngokuphelele entsha isizwe. emisha, olubhekene nezifundiswa ezingasebenzi kusukela West wasiza ekulinganiseni sphere ezezimali nezomnotho, uqale ukunwetshwa yabo kanye ngcono. isikhathi kabusha kuye kwaba isikhathi ehlukile isimo. Wavumela hhayi kuphela ekulinganiseni isimo sangaphakathi cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo, kodwa futhi ngempumelelo faka mazombe nilwele ubuqhawe namanye amazwe eziphambili.