Kuyini ohlangothini emuva kwenyanga? Yini Izimfunda ezingasogwini lwe-elise ohlangothini emuva kwenyanga? Kuyini ohlangothini ulwandle zenyanga?

Kokunye namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalolunye ngonyaka we-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics okokuqala emhlabeni futhi ukubonisa abantu ukuthi ohlangothini emuva kwenyanga. Ukuthi lezi zithombe zathathwa ne othomathikhi esiteshini interplanetary "Luna-3» (Lunik-3). Ngo isikhala airless mkhathi umkhankaso ngo-October 4, ngosizo rocket yenethiwekhi "Vostok-L."

Isexwayiso! Izigqoko!

izithombe abahlukile AMC "wathumela" ngehora lesithathu ekuseni-October 7, 1959. Ukuthola isignali ekhiqizwa Simeiz Observatory (manje ahlukane Crimean Astrophysical Observatory). Izinhlobo "ohlangothini ongabonakali zenyanga", idluliselwe phansi, embozwe ibanga 483 000 km.

Ukubheka izithombe esilufifi, abaningi babezibuza "endaweni": kuba kwi uhlangothi inyanga? Yebo, ikhwalithi yesithombe ayiyinhle, kodwa baye misela! Umholi we-USSR Ucwaningo wathola ilungelo ushayele evulekile phezu izakhiwo lesethilayithi eliseduze.

Izwe lonke wazi ukuthi kolwandle itholakala ohlangothini emuva zenyanga - eMoscow. Ingxenye ke, silibangise enkangala ngokujulile ezweni, ngokuthi Gulf zezinkanyezi. Lesi sigodi mayelana 60 amamayela (96.5 km) kusuka kuye kwaba igama UProfesa Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, iphayona cosmonautics, owashona ngo-1935. Ridge iseduze nenkabazwe ngeqholo linjengezwi Soviet. indawo Dark ngasemngceleni izingxenye ebonakalayo nengabonakali of the Moon kwaba oLwandle Amaphupho. amafomu eyisishiyagalombili emikhulu aye atholakala.

isihlobo I ukufana

Usihlalo Astronomical oPhethe Academy of Sciences, uProfesa Alexander Mikhailov (1888-1983), ekhuluma ku-Radio eMoscow, kusho ukufana isihlobo ohlangothini zenyanga. Wasikisela ukuthi ama-astronomer kanye izazi zokuma komhlaba kudingeka uchaze lo mkhuba, okuyinto ngokungangabazeki, ngenxa umbuzo umsuka sendawo enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga.

Ubude-6 kuya ku-October 7, ikhamera othomathikhi esiteshini interplanetary "Luna-3" wenza 29 izithombe. Zonke imishini, kuhlanganise isiqophi, ubesebenza njengomshayeli amasignali elawulwa kusukela Earth, kanye nokulethwa amadivayisi ugibelile. ngokudubula isikhathi akhethiwe ngokuhambisana isikhundla kwelanga. Ulungele sicu photo AMC esiphakathi sokukhanyisa the Moon. Khona-ke Ngakwazi ukususa 70 cent kufihlwe ensimini yomuntu ngamunye.

Ngaphambi kwalokho kwenziwe kwethulwa ezimbili: i-satellite "Luna-1" landizela esidlule futhi wanyamalala endaweni evulekile. "Luna 2 'wawela ebusweni" Queen of the Night. " Ngalezi iziteshi kungukuthi isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu saveza imisebenzi efana amadivayisi okokukhipha orbit interplanetary, izindlela kokulondoloza umsakazo, nokunye. D. Yonke into yayenziwa ngendlela ukuze uwasebenzise ukuyitshela abantu ngokuzethemba okungukuthi ohlangothini emuva Moon.

izimfihlo phendla

"Luna-3" ebalulekile isakhiwo esisha: imishini amadivayisi we orientation manje, cishe, 'yayiyobizwa Glonass uhlelo "; AMC abasebenze-solar panel. Qalisa yokuphuma siyigubhe esenzeka ngalo indiza wokuqala yokufakelwa Earth satellite udedelwe esandleni orbit Okthoba 4, 1957. Kube revolution yangempela ukuhlola umkhathi wenza izwe elikhulu wase-USSR.

"Fundisa" ukulungiswa satellite okungukuthi ohlangothini emuva kwenyanga, isithombe abacwaningi bafuna ukuthola izicucu kuka 29. By the way, ngezindlela ezahlukene bethwebula isithombe, yize izinga hhayi eliphezulu kakhulu, ingatholakala kuphela kusuka ikhamera nge spotlighting. Ukuthumela uchungechunge lokuqala "ekumeni" esiyigugu, esiteshini ngokuzumayo saphela adlulisele ulwazi.

Lokhu kwaba cishe ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi ukudluliswa kolwazi, amabhethri bafile (noma mhlawumbe kwakukhona ukushayisana komhlaba emkhathini?). Mhlawumbe, iyunithi kwashiswa emkhathini entwasahlobo ka-1960 (kodwa kungase futhi ukusinda kuze 1962). Nokho, imfihlakalo ixazululiwe.

bebatshela Ukujikeleza

Kungani iplanethi isesihlalweni Earth njalo ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela? Ngenxa yalokhu, akunakwenzeka ukuba nazi ukuthi liyini ohlangothini emuva kwenyanga! Isizathu itholakala lokuthi ukuthi Selena wenza emzileni sizungeze Umhlaba esikhathini esifanayo lapho Earth sivuleka axis awo. Axial futhi ukujikeleza esemkhathini izinsuku ezingu 27,3. Traffic ukuvumelanisa zenzeka cishe eminyakeni engu kwezigidigidi ezingu-4 edlule.

Njengoba igama "obubi zenyanga", it is emise (engabonakali, Murky ngakho). Eqinisweni, ilanga likhanyisa "umakhelwane romantic" yethu bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngokulinganayo. It kwakucatshangwa ukuthi synchronism ukujikeleza Earth kanye Moon - into ehlukile.

Ucwaningo lwamuva nje iye yafakazela ukuthi cishe zonke iziphuphutheki ezinkulu amaplanethi abaphendukela ngale ndlela. Basuke abhekiswe "wekhaya" yakhe ohlangothini olulodwa. Lokhu kubonisa amaphethini nobuntu ubunjalo ukuthuthukiswa ezivamile yomthetho bophezela universe. ukwephulwa yabo kungaholela nemiphumela engalindelekile.

Moray kancane

Side of the Moon, kukhona? Ulwandle! Abaningi bazizwa ngaleyo ndlela. Phela, abantu engxenyeni obusobala 'isikela "labo ungabali! Akukhona neze ukuthi nibheka umhlaba - lena omkhulu lasendulo lava notshwala. Ohlangothini flip mancane kakhulu, nakuba kubonakala, isikhala kufanele luhlanganise phezu bonke ubuso iplanethi, kungathi Belting ke (Franz theory).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wavula ngo 1959 e Sea eMoscow (bangazihluphi ensimini Region eMoscow) namaphupho nesizotha kakhulu ngobukhulu. Abacwaningi bamangala Ingabe landscape amaqembu ehlukene kangaka? Kungani?

Ukuze sithole izimpendulo, kudingeka okwengeziwe lapho etadisha ngokujulile. Ucwaningo waqhubeka 1965. Station "Ucwaningo 3" waya ebusweni kwenyanga. "Iso" layo othomathikhi yena Ukujabulele yini ngaphambili embozwe isikhala, efanayo amaphesenti angu-30. I asymmetry amaqembu kwaqinisekiswa ngokugcwele.

Izintaba futhi imigodi yezintaba-mlilo eziningi

Ngakho, kwi "ubuso" ka Selena wabusa kolwandle, nokuthi ohlangothini emuva kwenyanga? Kube ubuswa izintaba asemigodini. Dissimilarity ezinye ukuchaza imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinyanga ezimbili, futhi nokuhlalisana ngokuthula okuyinto URose kancane ibuyiswe ibe eyodwa enkulu.

Ngemva kwamakhulu amabili okuhlangene enezithombe ukucutshungulwa ohlangothini inyanga ukuqopha ayiqinise ukuthi ebonakalayo esifundeni sokukhanya "neengcezu" (bona - enyakatho futhi amazwekazi eningizimu) amvalele overleaf. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona isihlangu iyunifomu ezwekazini. Sea - into ngaphakathi amazwekazi, ukugcwalisa ayimigodi ejulile futhi uqweqwe olubanzi zenyanga.

Ukubuyela izimfihlakalo illuminance bemvelo - Selena, kuyafaneleka ukuthi kukhona Nooks lapho kungcono ngaso sonke isikhathi amnyama. Ngokwesibonelo, imigodi yezintaba-mlilo okufana ngokujulile ukuthi imisebe yelanga neze ukufinyelela phansi kwabo. Kungenzeka ukuthi ebumnyameni phakade zanqwabelana ezifakwa yeqhwa emikhulu abantu bangayidla labizwa ngokuthi i-NC (supply eziphuthumayo).

Observatory oyinyanga

Kungenzeka ukuthi izigubhu wemvelo zizogcinwa air supply futhi i-rocket fuel. Uhlangothi kude of the Moon abakuhlakulelayo bavikelekile amaza omsakazo eMhlabeni - indawo enhle kakhulu izindikimba radiosensitive ukuhlola asemigodini Esinethunzi.

Kodwa impendulo yombuzo othi ngalokho ehlanzeni ohlangothini inyanga? South West! Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izincwadi wentaba pool South Pole - Aitken. Amazing kakhulu ukucindezeleka inkomishi emise e ebusweni Selene - wentaba Aitken, libukeka zokhahlamba. It has a phansi owendlalekile, sizungezwe kushaft okwesongo ephakanyiswe. Into welula 2250 amakhilomitha ukujula ezindaweni ezahlukene 8-16 amakhilomitha.

Ngokuphathelene lesembili iSoviet Union ngo-igama kwenyanga sezwe amafomu, izwe elikhulu ngakwesokunxele ezisenkumbulweni izizukulwane Earthlings ezilandelayo amagama: asemigodini: Kurchatov, Mendeleev, Popov, Sklodowska-Curie, Gagarin, Korolev, njll Phela, eMoscow Sea Amaphupho ..