Kuyini kumephu ibonisani umbala onsundu? Okunemibandela notation sokuqhafaza

Kuyini ibalazwe? Njengoba kahle "funda"? Yiziphi izimpawu amabalazwe? Konke lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu.

Map - lokhu ...

Map - omunye ezisunguliwe endala lesintu. Okokuqala eqoshwe ematsheni, amadwala emhumeni izindonga. Lawa kwakungamadodana imidwebo bakudala sezwe abantu bakudala. Omunye amabalazwe endala sangomhla emuva nesikhombisa ososayensi yeminyaka BC. Futhi kwaba ikhadi akuyona emhlabeni, kodwa besibhakabhaka esinezinkanyezi. On ke zaziphawuleka Vega, Altair, Deneb, namanye izinkanyezi bright kwesibhakabhaka.

amakhadi mhlaba wadala wabahloli-Greek kanye nabahamba - uStrabo, Anaximander, Hecataeus, uPtolemy nabanye. Ngokungavamile ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe e XIV-XVI eminyaka, okuthiwa Age of Discovery. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuba ishadi portolan - izinhlelo zasolwandle, echaza ngokuningiliziwe izindawo kweBlack Sea Mediterranean, kanye West Bank kanye ogwini olusenyakatho yeYurophu.

Map ngesikhathi samanje is ngokuphelele hhayi baqale value yayo nokuhlobana. Ngekhulu xxi akusiyo kuphela umphumela kodwa thuluzi elisemqoka izifundo eziningi zesayensi kanye nocwaningo. Amamephu kabanzi yokwakheka komhlaba, ukuhlela zasemadolobheni, i-meteorology, ukulima nezinye zokukhulekela womuntu. Elihlola futhi geography esikoleni (Libanga 6).

Map - kuyehla kube ezinkulungwaneni noma izikhathi model of komhlaba, akudala esebenzisa uhlelo olukhethekile izimpawu. Cishe bonke abafundi ngesithakazelo esikhulu ukuze cabanga izifundo kulezi izingcezu egqamile ephepheni. Abaningi kubo, kuphakama umbuzo yemvelo: yini kumephu abonisa umbala onsundu? Futhi - kwezinye imibala kanye shades? Okulandelayo sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe mayelana izimpawu ezivamile amakhadi yesimanje. Kodwa okokuqala kufanele uthole ukuthi yini imibono yabo abekho?

izinhlobonhlobo amabalazwe

amabalazwe Geographical ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka esikalini, ububanzi indawo, injongo kanye nokuqukethwe. Ngokusho injongo yabo, kungaba:

• ukuqeqeshwa;
• inkomba;
• yesayensi;
• nezokuvakasha;
• ezemidlalo;
• Navigation t. D.

Uma siyibheka yazo zonke amakhadi zihlukaniswe amancane, aphakathi nendawo kanye ezinkulu, kodwa nge okuqukethwe - jikelele ezindawo thematic. On amabalazwe jikelele kwendawo ukuboniswa eziningi izinto zemvelo nezenhlalo yomphakathi; .. Relief, izimila, Hydrography, imizi nemizana, imigwaqo, njll Thematic isibonisi ngabanye izinto (izenzakalo) bemvelo, umnotho noma imbulunga nomphakathi.

Kuyini kumephu ibonisani umbala onsundu?

Ingaphezulu iplanethi yethu akuyona iyunifomu. Mayelana 70% endaweni yayo kuhlala izilwandle nasolwandle kanti emhlabathini, kukhona emathafeni, Amathafa, futhi izintaba eziphakeme. kanjani konke lokhu lukhonjiswe kwibalazwe kwendawo?

Zonke zemizimba amanzi (emifuleni, emachibini, ulwandle, amadamu, nokunye. E.) isho okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi ngempela okunengqondo. Kodwa womhlaba wembethe out ezihlukahlukene shades, kusuka green kumnyama ensundu. Kuyini kumephu ibonisani umbala onsundu?

Kwembala kuncike ukuphakama ngokuphelele zendawo ethile ngamamitha (ngaphezu kolwandle). Green tint selisho elisezansi nezigodi (kufika ku 200 metres ubude), yellow - awalethe (200 meters 500), kanye brown - entabeni izindawo (amamitha angaphezu kuka-500).

Izindlela kube isiqu wokukhululeka amabalazwe

Ukukhonjwa impumuzo kumephu kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• usebenzisa imibala;
• usebenzisa nentaba imigqa.

Umbala indlela iye yachazwa ezinhlwini ezingu imininingwane esigabeni odlule. Isetshenziselwa, njengoba umthetho, ekulungiseleleni jikelele lwendawo (ngokomzimba) amabalazwe. Ngaphezu izimbali, lamakhadi ziwuphawu lokuthi umuntu iphuzu ezindaweni futhi abonisa engamamitha yabo. Lokhu kungaba aphakeme kungatshalwa eziqongweni zezintaba, noma, kunalokho, ephansi yezilwane endaweni ethize.

Ngu umbala kungacacisa ukuthi hhayi kuphela ukuphakama komhlaba, kodwa futhi kwezilwandle nezilwandle ukujula. Ukuze ukhombise amabalazwe ukujula usebenzisa shades of blue umbala. I luhlaza te ngaphezulu - kujula phansi isezingeni iphuzu elithile.

ibalazwe ngamunye engokomzimba ngempela sihambisana eziphakeme esikalini, nezinzulu. On ke ungakwazi ukunquma ukuphakama esikiselwayo sezwe noma olwandle ukujula.

Eyesibili indlela kuhilela ukusetshenziswa isithombe esiqoshiwe imigqa ekhethekile - wabuka. Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukulungiswa amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo futhi izinhlelo indawo.

ibalazwe elicacisa ngesimo sendawo kanye nezici zayo

Universal emikhulu amashadi ebonisa ngokuningiliziwe ndawo, okuthiwa sendawo. Ngosizo lwabo, ungathola ukuqonda sasivumela eningiliziwe insimu ethile.

Zonke amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine, kusekelwe kulesi silinganiso:

• emikhulu (1: 500 000 futhi ezinkudlwana);
• naphakathi (1: 200,000, 1: 100,000);
• yabadobi (1:50 000, 1:10 000);
• indawo izinhlelo.

Izakhiwo imininingwane kakhulu ukuboniswa ku izinhlelo topographic ukuthi ube isilinganiso esingu-1: 5000 (ngokuvamile iningi). Ziyakwazi ahlukene izakhiwo, izihlahla, amatshe, amasonto nokunye. N. Esinye isici endaweni izinhlelo wukuthi uma kungukuthi kunakwe ugobile ukulungiswa surface eMhlabeni kungenziwa ukuboniswa.

Izimpawu emabalave lalula indawo

Ekubhaleni amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo futhi indawo izinhlelo, iqoqo izimpawu ezithile. Ngosizo lwabo, wapha izici qualitative bobukhulu bezinto zemvelo futhi ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile. Yiziphi izimpawu amabalazwe? 4 yohlobo kuqokonyiswa sendawo yesimanje. Ziyakwazi:

1. Scale.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa.
3. Scaleless.
4. izimpawu esishoyo.

Nge emikhulu izimpawu ukubonisa izinto futhi izinto ungaboniswa esikalini kumephu. Kungaba ihlathi, ensimini, amabhlogo edolobheni, njll .. etc .. izimpawu Scaleless isimo izingcezu ezincane noma izithombe ingcaca. Bavumela ukubonisa kumephu izinto ezincane kakhulu ngobukhulu (isib, ngokhuni, ngamatshe, yamalahle noma sezindela). Ukusebenzisa komugqa ukubonisa izinhlamvu enwetshiwe izinto - umngcele komgwaqo, izintambo zikagesi (zikagesi). Esishoyo okunemibandela notation sokuqhafaza esetshenziswa okwengeziwe elichaza labo noma kwezinye izinto izindawo.

Ubude ezivamile izimpawu kwendawo, kukhona kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili. Umdwebo ongezansi sikhombisa abanye babo. Lapha, ngokwesibonelo, ungabona kanjani ubukeka uphawu isihlabathi, amahlathi, amachibi udonga noma ibhuloho.

impumuzo isithombe amabalazwe

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kuboniswa okuzisholo nentaba imigqa ku amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo isimo sezwe. Lokhu imigqa okunemibandela yokuxhuma komhlaba ngesikhathi ibambene efanayo. Contours aphethwe ngezikhawu 10, 20 noma 50 amamitha. Kodwa-ke wonkhe umuntfu kweyeme etinyatselweni esikalini imephu: sikhulu kangakanani - the kabanzi ungabonisa sezwe wendawo. Hlobo kukhona ovundlile, ungabona esithombeni ngezansi.

Ngokuvundlile, njengoba umthetho, abe nsundu grey noma ogodweni. Ngesikhathi sekhefu ala imigqa abonisa kwawo ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamephu ngokuvamile uphawu futhi amaphuzu ngabanye ngokungena ngemvume ukuphakama yabo ngqo ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Lezi kungaba iphakama ngabanye noma izinto eyingqopha sobala.

Ukufunda "funda" ibalazwe sezwe lula. Kwabantu kanye nenani wabuka imali incike ngezinga surface compartmentalization emhlabeni. I asondeze imigqa komunye nomunye kumephu - the steeper emthambekeni sezwe. Nokho, indlela engcono kakhulu ukufunda indlela ukufunda ibalazwe kwendawo - iwukuba hamba nayo ukushaywa noma uhambo.

Image izimila kanye namathafa emabalazweni

Namathafa, izimila kanye nekhava inhlabathi futhi ngempela ngokuningiliziwe ukuboniswa emabalazweni. Ngakho abahloli Ungasebenzisi izinhlamvu ezikhethekile mayelana 50.

izindawo Green futhi amabhande, okuyinto kungabonwa cishe kunoma iyiphi ibalazwe kwendawo - akulutho like ehlathini. nezihlahla olukhonjiswa njengedifolthi stipple. izici engeziwe lokhuni ethile kuboniswe nge scaleless nezibonakaliso ochazayo.

Marshes emabalazweni ukumela ovundlile imivimbo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma lezi emapheshana okuqinile - ixhaphozi esingaweleki, futhi uma kuphazamisekile - into passable. Sands ibekwa njengezinto brown nemiyalezo wahlela amaphuzu.

Kukhona nezimpawu ezikhethekile ukuze ukhombise isivini, izithelo kanye berry izingadi, izihlahla, amahlathi, amasimu erayisi, itiye emasimini nezinye izinhlobo kwezimila.

isiphetho

Manje uyazi ukuthi kumephu abonisa umbala onsundu ukuthi - oluhlaza, nokuthi - ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwembala incike kokuwa. Ngakho, ukucindezeleka kuyisifo esihlasela oluhlaza, amagquma - ophuzi kanye entabeni izinhlelo - brown. On the amabalazwe ngempumuzo komhlaba uboniswa ngendlela ehlukile - esebenzisa nentaba imigqa.