Izinto eziphilayo: ndawo. yizici zemvelo, izici zabo jikelele

Ngaphansi olwenzeka endaweni ukuqonda isikhala esetshenziswa izinto eziphilayo ukuze khona ophilayo. Ngakho, isihloko efanele umbuzo impilo yanoma isiphi isidalwa. Kukhona izinhlobo ezine izindawo, ngaphezu, zikhona izici ezihlukahlukene ukuguqula ithonya zangaphandle, ngakho nabo kudingeka kucatshangelwe.

definition

Ngakho, liyini imvelo kwendawo isilwane? Incazelo uvele yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye - emsebenzini physiologist Russian Sechenov. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ophilayo njalo uxhumana izenzakalo ezungeze okuyinto kwanqunywa ukuba ushayele imvelo. indima yayo has a imvelo ezimbili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile eziphilayo ephathelene nayo ngqo - ngakho izilwane uthole ukudla, ehlaselwe sezulu futhi ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Nokho, ukuba khona kwabo ayinakho umthelela kancane emvelweni, alichaze ngezindlela eziningi. Izitshalo silondoloze ukulinganisela oksijini umthunzi inhlabathi, izilwane zenza kube friable xaxa. Cishe noma yimuphi ushintsho okubangela eziphilayo. Habitat lidinga Ucwaningo olunzulu noma ubani ofuna ukuba babe kuvisisa biology. Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi abanye izidalwa bangaphila ezimeni ezahlukahlukene. Amphibians bazalwa ngamanzi overwinter sondle njalo ezweni. Amabhungane, abahlala emoyeni, Kaningi baba nesidingo inhlabathi noma amanzi nokuzala.

Symbiosis futhi parasitism

Ngokumangalisayo, kungenzeka olwenzeka endaweni isilwane engavimba nezinye izilwane. Ngakho, ngo-indoda, kukhona zonke izinhlobo abameleli microflora, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, kanye izimpethu flat noma round. Ukusetshenziswa nelilodwa kwenye endaweni iyisimo evame kakhulu kwakuwukuthi khona ngesikhathi yonke inkambo yokuhle kwemvelo. Ayiphumi cishe kwezilwane lapho kungaba khona izimuncagazi yangaphakathi. Lezi izindima kukhona ulwelwe amoebae, ciliates. Ngokuphathelene lesi simo sibangelwa ebaluleke kakhulu ukufunda ukwehlukanisa phakathi parasitism kanye Symbiosis. Esimweni sokuqala kwendawo isilwane isetshenziswa kubo alimaze umzimba lapho ukuthi akuphi. Izimuncagazi ukuphila kuphela lapho inkosi yayo, awusebenzi ngimbulale. Symbiosis siwusizo futhi zombili izinhlangothi ophilayo, okuletha izinkinga futhi kuholela kuphela izinzuzo.

amanzi

Imvelo yasemanzini - iqoqo zonke olwandle, nasemachibini, izinguzunga zeqhwa amanzi yezwekazi le planethi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-hydrosphere, ngaphezu, ngezinye izikhathi futhi zihlanganisa iqhwa Antarctic, uketshezi emkhathini futhi nalezo ezitholakala ezintweni eziphilayo. Kuthatha amaphesenti angaphezu kuka ayisikhombisa ebusweni omhlaba kanye zobuningi ulwandle nezilwandle. Amanzi iyingxenye ye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, hhayi kuphela machibi, kodwa futhi emoyeni nasenhlabathini. Noma yimuphi umzimba kubalulekile ukuze siphile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi is zihlukaniswa kusukela iplanethi engumakhelwane Earth. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni impilo. It oluhlala izinto eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili okuyinto idlulisela ukushisa, yakha sezulu kuqukethwe kokubili izilwane nezitshalo amaseli. Yingakho imvelo amanzi - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu.

emoyeni

Ingxube yamagesi ukwakha emkhathini woMhlaba, kubalulekile ukuze zonke izinto eziphilayo. Air olwenzeka endaweni waqondisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngoba i-oksijini yakha umzimba okusezingeni eliphezulu, okuyinto enquma uhlaka kwemigudu yokuphefumula namanzi-usawoti exchange. Isisindo, ukwakheka, umswakama - konke lokhu kukuthinta libangele imiphumela engathi sina iplanethi. Oxygen owabunjwa eminyakeni eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule ngesikhathi umsebenzi mlilo, ngemva kwalokho share yayo kokukhulumela phezulu emoyeni. imvelo Modern yabantu ihlukile 21% th okuqukethwe kwalesi sakhi. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela liphinde ungqimba lwe-ozone, okuyinto ayikuvumeli yelanga ukufinyelela surface eMhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwayo, ukuphila emhlabeni kwakungabhujiswa. Manje indawo ephephile womuntu engaphansi usongo - ungqimba lwe-ozone libhujiswa ngenxa izinqubo ongemuhle emvelweni. Lokhu kuholela isidingo ukuziphatha bayazi futhi Ukukhetha njalo the best hhayi nje kuphela kubantu kodwa futhi izinqumo eMhlabeni.

inhlabathi

eziphilayo abaningi baphila abahlala emhlabeni. Habitat liyasetshenziswa izitshalo ukuthi ngukudla iningi eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngeke sithole ukuthi inhlabathi ifomu ezingaphili, ngakho-ke libizwa bioinert umzimba. Ngu definition, ikhemikhali kusingathwa umsebenzi eziphilayo. Indawo inhlabathi sakhiwa mass okuqinile ehlanganisa isihlabathi, ubumba kanye daka izinhlayiya; isakhi uketshezi; igesi - kuyinto emoyeni; siphile - bayizidalwa abahlala kuwo, zonke izinhlobo ezincane, ezingenamgogodla, amagciwane, isikhunta nezinambuzane. On ehektheleni ezweni ngalinye iyikhaya amathani amahlanu amafomu ezinjalo. Inhlabathi olwenzeka endaweni kuyinto Lesisemkhatsini phakathi kwamanzi futhi umhlaba futhi emoyeni, nezinto eziphilayo ke abahlala kulo babhekwa njengabanecala ngokuvamile libhekene inhlanganisela umoya hlobo. Hlangana izidalwa ezinjalo kungaba ngisho i ukujula umxhwele.

Ukuxhumana eziphilayo kanye nemvelo

kuleso naleso kuhlukile imvelo ezingaphili khona umzimba kanye inhlangano amaselula. Ukuxoxa imvelo senzeka ngokuqhubekayo futhi kufanele wafunda e inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi. umzimba ngalinye incike kwenzekani emhlabeni. Ground-air imvelo yomuntu kuyamthinta kwezulu, izimo inhlabathi kanye lokushisa ububanzi. Ezinye izinqubo wusizo umzimba, abanye abanandaba nazo, abanye ziyingozi. Inkonde ngayinye ifakwe umshini definition ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, homeostasis - ukuqinisela izinhlelo zangaphakathi, okuyizinto ezahlukene eziphilayo eziphilayo. Habitat Ungashintsha okudinga lithathelwe - ukunyakaza, ukukhula, ukuthuthukiswa. Umzimba - umzimba ephelezelwa zamakhemikhali, ezifana ukuphefumula. Chemosynthesis ucingo ukusungulwa inqubo organic sulphur compounds noma i-nitrogen. Ekugcineni, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula kwencazelo ontogeny. Kuyinto inhlanganisela izinguquko emzimbeni, ezithinta bonke yizici zemvelo phakathi naso sonke isikhathi ukhona yayo.

yizici zemvelo

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo, futhi kuyadingeka ukuba bahlole definition. yizici zemvelo izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwemvelo ezithinta eziphilayo. Bahlukene ngokuvumelana Ukwahlukaniswa isakhiwo ku izinhlobo eziningana. Nezimo emzimbeni libizwa lithathelwe, futhi ukubonakala kwawo ebonisa yizici zemvelo, yigama ifomu ekuphileni.

izakhi

Lena ngenye yama-izinhlobo yizici zemvelo ezithinta izinto eziphilayo. Habitat kuhlanganisa nosawoti kanye izakhi kusuka amanzi angenayo ukudla. abathandekayo Biogenic yilezo ziyadingeka inqwaba ingeyomzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba i-phosphorus, kubalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe protoplasm nitrogen, isisekelo amaprotheni molecule. Kuyinto umthombo eziphilayo kuqala efile nasemifantwini yamadwala, kanti eyesibili - emoyeni ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Ukungabi phosphorus kuthinte khona cishe njengoba sibi njengoba ukuntuleka kwamanzi. Kancane kunabayeni ukubaluleka izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi calcium, potassium, magnesium nesibabule. Eyokuqala kuyadingeka ukuze akhe amagobolondo namathambo. Potassium inikeza isimiso sezinzwa futhi ukukhula kwezitshalo. Magnesium kuyingxenye chlorophyll-molecule futhi ribosomes, nesibabule - lichaza ekwakheni amino acid kanye amavithamini.

izici Abiotic kwemvelo

Kunezinye ezithintana eziphilayo. Habitat kuhlanganisa izinto ezifana ukukhanya, isimo sezulu kanye nokunye okufana nalokho, okuyizinto nge ncazelo abiotic. Ziyakwazi izinqubo ezibalulekile emishinini yokuphefumula kanye photosynthesis, umzimba, futhi ukuthuthela kwelinye zonyaka, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezilwane eziningi. Okokuqala, ukukhanya kubalulekile. Ikhumbula obuphelele, umfutho kanye nesikhathi ukuchayeka. Ngokusho kwakhe wonke ngezigaba zibekelwe okuyinto ukutadisha biology. kwendawo usekukhanyeni, kudingeka heliophyte - edlelweni notshani asemaqeleni, ukhula, izitshalo we nezimfunda. Stsiofitam kwakudingeka umthunzi, bakhetha ukuphila ngaphansi kombhede yehlathi - ihlathi utshani. heliophyte Akuphoqelekile ungakwazi ukuzivumelanisa yisiphi izimo bafundzi beliklasi lefana kuhlanganisa izihlahla, ama-strawberry, geranium. Isici esibalulekile ngokulinganayo izinga lokushisa. Zonke izinto eziphilayo inebanga ethile, ukuphila okuntofontofo. Amanzi, khona amakhemikhali enhlabathini, ngisho imililo - abayikho nekukhatsateka sphere abiotic.

izici biotic

Ground-air olwenzeka endaweni egcwele izinto eziphilayo. ukuxhumana yabo nomunye - into eyodwa ifanele ukuba siyicabangele. izinhlobo ezimbili ebalulekile izinqubo biotic kufanele ihlukaniswe. Ukusabela kungaba Phytogenic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi le nqubo ihilela izitshalo nezilwanyakazana ezincane zithinta nomunye futhi imvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-fusion of izimpande, parasitism ku umvini izihlahla, imidumba kanye Symbiosis of amagciwane abahlala nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Eyesibili uhlobo - izici zoogenic. Lokhu ukuchayeka kwezilwane. Lokhu kufaka ukusetshenziswa ekudleni, asakaza imbewu, umonakalo amagxolo, ukubhujiswa izithombo, thinning kwamahlathi, ukudluliswa izifo.

Izinto ezenziwa abantu

Amanzi, umoya noma isimila noma indawo yasemhlabeni njalo nezenzo abantu. Abantu ngenkuthalo ukushintsha ababesezweni elalibazungezile, ezithinta kakhulu izinqubo zayo. izici yabantu kukhona ngamunye ukuchayeka, landscape noma isimiso semvelo. Kungaba ngqo, uma bebhekise izidalwa eziphilayo, isib ukuzingela ayilungile nokudoba obukela phansi izinombolo ezinye izinhlobo. Enye umphumela ngokungaqondile uma umuntu ephenduka landscape, isimo sezulu, isimo umoya namanzi, isimo somhlabathi. Uyaqaphela noma ngokungazi, kodwa indoda ebhubhisa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela ukuhlakulela abanye. Ngakho kukhona imvelo entsha. Kukhona imithelela ngezikhathi ezithile, ezifana ukulethwa okungazelelwe eziphilayo alien nge umthwalo, abampofu amanzi emaxhaphozini, amadamu indalo, ukusatshalaliswa izinambuzane. Nokho, abanye uzoqothulwa ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu, ngakho-ke, ukusola abantu kuzo zonke izinkinga zemvelo kumane ngokungafanele.

nokukhawulela izici

Onke amathonya kungenzeka bafakela eziphilayo bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, kubonakala ngezindlela ezingafani. Ngezinye izikhathi ukhiye kukhona izinto ezidinga ayimbijana. Ngakho, umthetho lakhiwe ubuncane. Usikisela ukuthi isixhumanisi weakest izidingo uchungechunge umzimba ubhekwa okukhuthazela zakhe. Ngakho, uma umhlabathi zonke izakhi, ngaphandle koyedwa, ezidingekayo ekukhuleni - isivuno kuyoba abampofu. Uma ufaka kuphela ulahlekile, ushiya bonke abanye e esilinganayo - liyoba ngcono. Uma sifaka bonke abanye, ngaphandle Oqondisa ukushoda, ngaphandle koshintsho kuzokwenzeka. I element abalahlekile kulesi simo futhi kube isici nokukhawulela. Nokho, umuntu kufanele acabangele umthelela esiphezulu. Lichaza umthetho ukubekezelelana Shelford, zikwenze uzitshele ukuthi kukhona kuphela ibanga elithile lapho isici kungaba inenzuzo umzimba, okwedlula njengoba kuba yingozi. izimo ezikahle abizwa ngokuthi endaweni elikhulu kanye nokusuka kusukela kuyinsakavukela - nokucindezelwa. Highs kanye kuvumela nemiphumela igama amaphuzu esibucayi, kulandele khona omzimba akunakwenzeka. Degree of ukubekezelelana ngemibandela ethile ehlukile ngoba kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo bese uvumele ukuze uhlukanise kubo njengoba ucishe izinhlobo eziqinile.