Code Criminal, Isigaba 31: renunciation zokuzithandela ubugebengu

Life yomuntu yesimanje ilawulwa ngaphansi kwezici eziningana ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, co-Ekuqhubeni main ohlelweni emphakathini ngazo zonke izikhathi ke mthetho. Abantu baze ngisho eRoma yasendulo. Kuze kube manje, ilungelo isimo yethu uhlelo ehlanganisa amagatsha ahlukene, ngalinye elikwazi olawula ubudlelwano obusemthethweni ka uhlamvu oluthile futhi orientation.

Engingakusho nje ezindaweni ezithize mthethonqubo umthetho lobugebengu. Lomkhakha uhlela ubudlelwano kuphakama ngenxa enza izenzo eziyingozi emphakathini, emacaleni isb. Kulokhu, umthetho lobugebengu kuhlanganisa ngaphakathi oyiyo hhayi kuphela emiyalweni ethile, kodwa futhi ezinye nezikhungo. Kungxenye yokugcina iqukethe iqoqo imithetho lomthetho olufanayo ukuthi abanye ubudlelwano ihanjiswa.

Enye yalezi izikhungo kuyinto renunciation yokuzithandela yobugebengu. Yiqiniso, leli gama lichaza ukuziphatha ezithile abantu abazimisele ukuba kusebenze isenzo esiyingozi emphakathini. Kodwa, bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi renunciation yokuzithandela ukoniwa kuqukethe inqwaba nemiphumela yezomthetho. Ngakho-ke, sizama ukuthola izici kulesi sikhungo futhi yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni umthetho lobugebengu Russian.

Criminal RF umkhakha

Ngaphambi ukuqonda izici isigaba ezifana nokwenqaba yokuzithandela ubugebengu, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe egatsheni lobugebengu komthetho bebonke. Okwamanje, umthetho lobugebengu - kuyinto sphere ezimele ngokuphelele wesi zomthetho. Ubuhlobo kwalo ngqo into zihlobene izenzo uhlobo lobugebengu, futhi ukunqunywa isijeziso kubo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziningi izindawo ezithile ekuphileni komuntu, okuyinto kulawulwa umthetho lobugebengu. Yegatsha uyisidingo, uma acabangele intuthuko yamuva yomuntu. Phela, izigebengu bahlinza ezingasho amathuluzi amasha, izici, futhi njll Kulokhu, ubufakazi esinye umsebenzi yomthetho lobugebengu - .. Ukuvikelwa inhlangano zobudlelwano nomphakathi kusukela nokungena bemvelo eyingozi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqaliswa zezimboni ixhomeke ngabanye kanye degree of nokwephulwa kwamalungelo akhe nenkululeko. Kuye umonakalo owenziwe, liyokhula noma wehlise umthwalo isenzo.

Imithombo umthetho lobugebengu

Noma yimuphi umkhakha has imithombo ukuthi kukhona ukubonakaliswa yayo uqobo. Lokho sibonga kubo ukuthi izindlela eziningi zokulawula ziyasetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo awashintsheki hhayi kuphela nemithetho ngabanye, kodwa futhi izikhungo, enye yazo into yokutadisha kwalesi sihloko. Ngakho, lesi sigebengu umkhakha imithombo kukhona izenzo ezilandelayo normative-zezomthetho Russian Federation: Umthethosisekelo isiRashiya, Criminal Code.

Imibhalo okufakiwe zibandakanya inombolo imithetho saziso, ngaphandle okuyinto umkhakha empeleni ayikho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo in the imithombo ngqo enikeziwe abanye embonini yezokwakha zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isihloko 31 "ukwenqaba zokuzithandela ubugebengu," ikakhulu uma kucatshangelwa isikhungo. Ngakho-ke, i-main, izitatimende eziyisisekelo ngaye kufanele itholwe kule nomthetho. Kodwa kumelwe siqale ukuhlaziya welithi "ukuhoxiswa yokuzithandela".

Umqondo sikhungo

Phakathi kwazo zonke izikhungo ekhona umkhakha lobugebengu renunciation yokuzithandela - ingenye omuhle kakhulu, uma senza wahlulela sisihle okonile. Iqiniso ukuthi ukuhlaziywa eyethulwe isigaba ezicini eziningana, kufanele zibhekwe.

Okokuqala, umthetho ukuthi enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba sisebenzise iqoqo imithetho ethile. Okwesibili, izici ezibaluleke kukhona subjective, okungukuthi, maqondana somuntu ukuziphatha kwakhe. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi jikelele kuchazwa Institute.

Kuze kube manje, ukwenqaba yokuzithandela ubugebengu kuba ekunqanyulweni langempela le yesenzo sobugebengu lomuntu esigabeni sokulungiselela, uma umuntu kulesi simo wakwazi ukuqedela isenzo esiyingozi emphakathini futhi baqonde khona ngokuthi kwakungenzeka lokhu. Ngamanye amazwi, lolu hlobo umsebenzi ihlose umthwalo wokuvuselelwa ngokwendalo bebodwa, lapho umuntu aqaphele engemihle yalokho ayefuna ukuba oyozenza esikhathini esizayo. Kufanele ikhumbule ubunjalo isenzo ukuthi umuntu ufuna ukuyeka. Kuhlale ubugebengu.

Lokhu isici ehlukanisa umsebenzi wathi, isibonelo, leso sikhungo, njengoba waiver ilungelo lobuzali ngokuzithandela lisisebenzisa abadlali efanele. Kulokhu sikhuluma umsebenzi zomthetho ngokuphelele. Ngemva wabonakaliswa renunciation yokuzithandela. Ilungelo imfundo wengane adluliswa kulesi simo ama-trustees. Imisebenzi yalolu hlobo ayinakho izici ezingezinhle futhi ngeke nemiphumela eyingozi. Ngakho, ukwenqaba ilungelo lobuzali ngokuzithandela eyenziwa abantu abangenandaba isimo umndeni efanele, ngeke babe lutho ekunqanyulweni yesenzo sobugebengu.

Isici nomphakathi walesi sikhungo

Uma kwakuba khona ukwenqaba yokuzithandela ubugebengu kungagwenywa. Inani izenzo ezinjalo kungenzeka ekabili. Ngaphandle nje kokuthi "umbala" njengomkhuba nje zomthetho, indima enkulu eyadlalwa ingxenye social wonke yesikhungo. Ngokusho ukuhumusha okunjalo, ukwenqaba yokuzithandela ubugebengu kuyinto umsebenzi enqanda eminye yenza isenzo esiyingozi emphakathini, yingakho hhayi woza nemiphumela ehambisana.

Isici yezenhlalakahle wukuthi ukusebenza kwalesi sikhungo kuletha imiphumela emihle kokubili umhlaseli kanye nabanye. Lowo okonile ukhiqiza intando ukuyeka imisebenzi zazo ezimbi. Okungukuthi, empeleni eshintsha ezingeni ngokwengqondo, ngoba ukuziphatha kwalo enqophe Chile oqondile. Ukuze umphakathi, i-renunciation yokuzithandela ukoniwa aqede imiphumela eyingozi kakhulu.

Ngamanye amazwi, umbuso kwezomthetho ekhona hhayi ekushintsheni. Ngakho, wethulwe yi-Institute kubaluleke kabi, hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa legatsha lobugebengu komthetho, kodwa futhi emkhakheni kwezenhlalo yizenzo zabantu.

Izimpawu yokulahlwa yokuzithandela

Ukunqanyulwa yesenzo sobugebengu ukhona kuphela khona inombolo ethile izinhlamvu. Nokho, bona-ke okwakumelwe, zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili. Kuze kube manje, isigebengu umthetho theorists ukuhlukanisa izimpawu inhloso kanye subjective. Inombolo yokuqala libhekisela kuphela ukwenza izici. Ezinye izici agcwele ngqo ungubani lowo owenze lokho. La maqembu kudingeka kubhekwe eceleni ukuze baqonde ngokugcwele ngangokunokwenzeka e izici kusho isikhungo.

Izimpawu i nature inhloso

ukwenqaba zokuzithandela saziwa lapho emphakathini isenzo esiyingozi empeleni kwenzeka. Imibandela ukugcwaliseka evumayo we plan lobugebengu, okungukuthi, kukhona ithuba oqondile ukuletha kuze kube sekupheleni. Kulokhu, lesi sibonakaliso azinazo lezi zimpawu, ubuhlobo bomuntu izenzo zakhe, futhi bephonsa nabo. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuhlala inqubo ukuqaliswa ngokukholwa okuhle kungenzeka kuphela isikhashana esithile. Sinini "eqophelweni eliyingozi", isicelo kuboniswe esihlokweni Institute sika engasakwazi.

Ngo-mbono yokuziphendukela umthetho lobugebengu, kukhona izingxabano eziningi mayelana nesikhathi lapho ngokuzithandela renunciation yangempela. Ngokuqinisekile, esinyathelweni Institute amalungiselelo esebenzayo ngenxa yalesi senzo. Lesi sigaba libhekene iqiniso lokuthi abantu "ngokwezifiso" izimo ezikhona, ukuze babe esihle ukugcwaliseka ubugebengu. Kulokhu, kwehluleka ngempela ngempela, ngoba umuntu empeleni uqhubekele noma isiphi isenzo nemiphumela eyingozi emphakathini kungadala esikhathini esizayo.

Shiya isikhundla ezahlukene, ososayensi hlala maqondana ubugebengu ukubulala. Iqiniso lokuthi esigabeni ethulwa libhekene ukubulawa langempela isakhiwo lobugebengu. Ngakho-ke, ukwenqaba yokuzithandela kulesigaba udaba inkani kakhulu. Ngokuqinisekile, kwakuphakathi ngesikhathi indlela kokubulawa ubugebengu ephuma ukulawula umhlaseli sika, okungaholela nemiphumela okuhlaselayo esikhathini esizayo. Noma kunjalo, abanye theorists sithi ukuhoxiswa yokuzithandela kungenzeka at the stage of umzamo sidle.

izimpawu ezikhathazayo

Uma kwakuba khona ukuhoxiswa yokuzithandela, ukuqedela ubugebengu akwenzekanga. isixazululo enjalo asikwazi kucatshangelwe ngaphandle izimpawu umgomo. Nokho, umgomo wokuhlaziya isenzo ngenhloso lesikhungo, njengoba umthetho, indima ebalulekile udlalwa ngezibonakaliso bemvelo subjective. Isilinganiso sabantu ngezenzo zabo libhekene lonke uhlelo kwemibandela ethile. Ngakho, renunciation yokuzithandela ubugebengu kungenzeka ebukhoneni zimpawu ezilandelayo:

- renunciation yokuzithandela;

- uzazi kahle nokuthi singakwazi ukwenza uhlelo lobugebengu ukuze isiphelo sako okunengqondo;

- ayenqaba sokugcina.

Lezizibonakaliso anezici yabo okumelwe icatshangelwe ngokwehlukile.

Izici yokuzithandela

Ukunqaba ubugebengu kufanele ngokuphelele zivela umuntu othwala ke. Ngamanye amazwi, kubalulekile ukuba khona ukuqonda futhi isivumelwano ekunqanyulweni yemisebenzi yabo. Lowo okonile kumele zibe sendaweni lapho lutho ngokucindezela kuso. Uma ukwehluleka seyenziwe ngenxa lokukholisa kwabanye abantu, noma ngenxa yezimo, ngeke kubhekwe yokuzithandela. Lesi sibonakaliso ikhombisa ukuqaphela subjective enkululeko lobugebengu yezenzo zabo. Nokho, akafuni eyisebenzisa. Kodwa uphawu yokuzithandela uyavuma ukuba khona izinkolelo yangaphakathi, izisusa ngesisekelo lapho umuntu eyeka ukuqaliswa ubugebengu.

Ukuqaphela amathuba abo

Kaningi e komthetho okuhloswe ngaso ukuqaliswa sikhungo kuchaziwe, kukhona umbuzo mayelana ngokoqobo ukuqaphela komuntu amathuba ukuqedela ubugebengu. Lesi sici ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngoba kusho ilemuko yokuthi umuntu ayiveli obstructions ekukhishweni icebo lakhe. Kulokhu kukhona contact engokoqobo subjective futhi umgomo. Isimo ethize akufanele ukuvimbela ubugebengu. Lokho, uma uthanda, abantu ingafinyelela ngenhloso. Kulokhu, ekunqanyulweni yesenzo sobugebengu akuyona ngenxa nokucindezela amaqiniso phezu ingxenye amabutho lwesithathu, futhi ngokuqondene izinkolelo yangaphakathi, ezifana ukwesaba okwengeziwe ajeziswe.

Kuzo zonke izimo, isici subjective kumele kunakwe. Ngempela, ngenxa yakhe, ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa renunciation yokuzithandela iqiniso ukwehluleka in ukuqaliswa ngenhloso. Siyaqonda ukuthi isikhungo kuchazwe emthethweni lobugebengu sasiyoba khona uma iziphathimandla ezifanele emsebenzini wabo ngeke ukufakazela ukuba khona kwamandla le mfanelo e izenzo umuntu.

ukwenqatshwa lokugcina

Elinye iphuzu kubalulekile iyona subjective kwenqatshwa kwemibandela futhi ecacile yesenzo sobugebengu. Lesi sici libhekene yokuthi umuntu kumelwe ayishiye ngokuphelele indima yako emibi emphakathini. Okungukuthi, lesi sikhundla aqede Ukuphinda. Uma ubugebengu Kusolakala yokwenqaba yokuzithandela komuntu postpones le nokusetshenziswa kwecebo kuphela, ngeke kube kuncike isikhungo. Kulokhu, singabona ukumiswa umsebenzi ojwayelekile ezimbi.

Zezomthetho uma yokwenqaba yokuzithandela ubugebengu

necala lobugebengu uma kukhona kuchazwa esihlokweni, i-Institute inezici ayo ethize. Ukuze indoda, owenqaba ukukhulula ama isenzo sobugebengu, akukho unswinyo lomthetho ezingathandeki akuzange kusetshenziswe. Nokho, uma phakathi ukulungiswa ubugebengu umuntu yenze ingxenye isenzo ngaphansi komthetho lobugebengu ekhona, kuyakuba nesibopho ke. Ngakho, impumuzo ephelele amandla nezinye izinkinga kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinhlelo ezibanzi ezinye izenzo ezinobungozi emphakathini.

Uma sikhuluma khona iyathinteka, lapha kukhona ezinye izici. Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi umhleli yomsebenzi, abangobhongoza futhi ababehamba kufanele inqanyulwe. Idatha edingekayo ukusungula zonke abalingani kuye izenzo zabo ukuze kuqhutshwe ukuvimbela ukuqala nemiphumela eyingozi emphakathini, noma ukuqaliswa langempela ngomculi ngenhloso yakhe. Ngaphezu kokuba i isibopho sezomthetho nesandla isikhishiwe, ngisho esimweni ubugebengu. Into esemqoka ukuthi konke ayekufeza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuze avimbele izenzo ngemiphumela. Lokhu nokungalingani ngezigaba ngenxa yokuthi umhleli kanye ubhongoza empeleni ukudala zonke izimo ikhomishini ubugebengu. Umbulali, esikhundleni salokho, njengoba isibalo iyathinteka, faka "umdlalo" akulungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wayo akunandaba ngempela. Ngakho-ke, izimo zokuthi ungakhokhiswa yimaphi abangane bangaphezu elula.

renunciation zokuzithandela futhi ukuphenduka esebenzayo: the izikhungo umehluko

Kwenzeka isimanga ukuthi igatsha lobugebengu yomthetho kukhona eziningi izikhungo ezahlukene, naphezu kuphoqelekile emelelwa sphere of ubudlelwano isiqondiso nomphakathi. Nokho, abaningi isakhiwo zomthetho kakhulu efana nomunye kwezinye izimo. usuku Unjalo isikhungo yokwenqaba yokuzithandela ukwenza ubugebengu nokuphenduka asebenzayo. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, umuntu uzibophezele noma kuhlelwe ukuba enze ubugebengu, adonswa kusuka imisebenzi yayo. Kodwa lezi zikhungo isho ehluke ngokuphelele zomthetho isicelo design. Ngakho umbuzo ophakamayo, yini umehluko phakathi renunciation yokuzithandela wokuphenduka asebenzayo? Okokuqala nje kubalulekile ukucabangela ukufana kwalezi zikhungo. It kubonakala iinjamiso ezilandelako:

1) Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, wezenzo zomuntu luyingxenye kokuziphatha.

2) Izikhungo zisebenza kuphela ukuba izikhonzi umthwalo obugebengu, yona eyaqala ukwenza i ubugebengu noma kakade lwenteke ke.

3) Izisusa kokugcwaliseka kwesibonakaliso izenzo eziyingozi emphakathini azinandaba.

4) Bobabili izikhungo kubangele ukuziphatha okuhle komuntu ngemva ubugebengu, ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezikahle ngaphansi komthetho lobugebengu.

izici Kwethulwa khombisa ukufana izikhungo. Kepha ukungezwani kwawo, zikhona izici eziningana eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, i-izikhungo ezimbili babe isicelo ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwenqaba yokuzithandela ukhona kuphela umsebenzi sidle lobugebengu, nokuphenduka asebenzayo - ukuba benzile izenzo eziyingozi emphakathini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko phakathi nezikhungo kuyabonakala ngemiphumela kwezomthetho. Uma sikhuluma renunciation yokuzithandela, okubhekene lobugebengu ingekho nhlobo, kungakhathaliseki kobukhulu ubugebengu kuhlelwe nezinye izici. Institute wokuphenduka asebenzayo lokhu alinikezi. Yokukhululeka necala lobugebengu kungenzeka kuphela amacala gravity isilinganiso nezincane. Kwezinye izimo, ukuzisola wafanelekela ukuba isimo ezidinga ngibonelele.

Ngakho, lezi zikhungo zifana kakhulu nomunye. Nokho, isicelo sabo kwenziwe khona izimo zomthetho futhi oluyiqiniso ehluke ngokuphelele.

isiphetho

Ngakho, sazama cabanga umqondo yokwenqaba yokuzithandela ubugebengu, ikakhulukazi isicelo yayo, futhi ngokungafani nanoma yiliphi elinye izikhungo ahlobene komthetho lobugebengu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukutadisha izici ezingokomthetho okukhulunywa ngayo umbono Article kuyadingeka. Ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa walesi sikhungo ngokuvamile kakhulu kwenzeka umkhuba komthetho futhi iziphathimandla zokwahlulela wezwe lakithi. Njengoba siqonda, ngoba eyiyo renunciation yokuzithandela kumele ibe khona intuthuko theory.