Izinhlaka izivikeli mzimba. Omzimba umsebenzi

Amasosha omzimba iqoqo izicubu ezithile, izitho namaseli. Lena isakhiwo kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokulandelayo, siyowuqonda yini izakhi afakiwe ngezithako zawo, kanye yiziphi imisebenzi kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni.

Uhlolojikelele

Umsebenzi oyinhloko izivikeli mzimba - ukubhujiswa kwamagciwane sabanjwa umzimba ukuvikelwa pathologies ezehlukene. Isakhiwo limelela yisithiyo izifo fungal, umsuka amagciwane. Lapho amasosha omzimba lomuntu ibuthakathaka noma kukhona ukwehluleka emsebenzini wakhe, it kwandisa amathuba Ukungena ejenti angaphandle emzimbeni. Lokhu kungadala izifo ezihlukahlukene.

Imininingwane zomlando

Igama elithi "amasosha omzimba" ayiswa isayensi ngu usosayensi Russian Metchnikoff futhi Ehrlich sibalo German. Bahlolisisa ekhona izindlela zokuzivikela ziyasebenza empini somzimba pathologies ezahlukene. Okokuqala ososayensi nentshisekelo impendulo ukutheleleka. Ngo-1908, umsebenzi wabo kulolu cwaningo okuzivikela abangu uMklomelo KaNobel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, neqhaza elikhulu esivumelwaneni ucwaningo nemibhalo sewenze engumFulentshi Lui Pastera. Wakha indlela yokugoma ngokumelene eziningi izifo eziyingozi ukuze abantu. Ekuqaleni kukholakala ukuthi esivikelo izakhiwo umzimba ukuqondisa umsebenzi wabo kuphela ekususeni izifo. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo okwalandela eyiNgisi Medawar wabonisa ukuthi izindlela mzimba libangelwa lapho ayehlasela noma iliphi inxusa lesinye isizwe, futhi ngokuvamile basabela iyiphi ukuphazamiseka okuyingozi. Namuhla, ngaphansi isakhiwo okuvikela ikakhulu ukuqonda ukumelana lomzimba antigen ahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha omzimba - Samukelwa zomzimba, hhayi kuphela okuhloswe ngazo ekubhujisweni, kodwa futhi ukuqeda "izitha". Uma it were for amabutho okuvikela umzimba, bese abantu ngeke bakwazi khona ngokuvamile in the izimo zemvelo. Ukuba khona amasosha omzimba ivumela ekubhekaneni kwezinso, siphile size siguge.

Izinhlaka izivikeli mzimba

Basuke ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu. Amasosha omzimba emaphakathi iqhaza ukwakheka izakhi zokuzivikela. Abantu kule ngxenye isakhiwo siqukethe thymus kanye umnkantsha. izitho neuropathy kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni kukhona imvelo lapho izakhi zokuphepha avuthwa iwukudambisa antigen. Kule ngxenye isakhiwo kuhlanganisa ama-lymph node, ubende, lymphoid kule ipheshana wokugaya ukudla. Futhi wathola ukuthi izakhiwo zokuzivikela kukhona esikhumbeni futhi neuroglia CNS. Ngaphezu okungenhla, kukhona nazo vnutribarernye Ngemuva isithiyo nezicubu kanye nezinhlaka izivikeli mzimba. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa isikhumba. Ngemuva izicubu isithiyo kanye nezinhlaka izivikeli mzimba: ohlelweni sezinzwa, amehlo, testes, i-fetus (Ukukhulelwa), i-parenchyma ka-thymus.

isakhiwo inkinga

amasosha omzimba ku izakhiwo lymph ethulwa ogxile lymphocyte. Basuke kabusha phakathi izingxenye ephambili we ukuzivikela. Kusolwa ukuthi ngeke ibuyiselwe kuze kuyofika emnkantsheni amathambo thymus. Umsebenzi we omzimba izitho zihlanganisa:

• Ukudala nemibandela lymphocyte nokuvuthwa.
• Xhuma izakhi imiphakathi zokuzivikela chithi saka emzimbeni, ohlelweni umzimba.
• Regulation ukuxhumana phakathi amalungu amakilasi ezahlukene lymphocyte futhi macrophage e ekuqhutshweni kwezinhlelo zokuphepha.
• Ukuqinisekisa izakhi ezokuthutha esifike ngesikhathi izilonda.

Ngokulandelako, cabangela izitho ngaphezulu izivikeli mzimba.

lymph node

Leli ilungu nge izicubu zomzimba ezithambile. Lymph node ine kobujamo obusaqanda. Ubukhulu bayo - 0.2-1.0 cm zikhona ukubulawa amasosha omzimba inqwaba .. Ezemfundo has a isakhiwo ekhethekile, okuyinto ikuvumela ukudala i-surface area ezinkulu ukuze exchange of lymph kanye igazi eligeleza ngokusebenzisa ama-capillary. Lesi sakamuva livela arteriole futhi ama-venule uyaqhubeka. Amaseli lymph node kwenzeka yokugoma futhi omzimba kumiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlunga imfundo angaphandle amanxusa kanye izinhlayiya emihle. Lymph node awayo amasosha omzimba ekhona kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba.

ubende

Ngaphandle, kufana lymph node ezinkulu. Okungenhla kukhona imisebenzi eyisisekelo amasosha omzimba izitho. Ubende wenza omunye umsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphezu ukukhiqizwa lymphocyte egazini ke elicwengekileyo, izakhi zawo zigcinwe. Kulapha lapho kubhujiswa amaseli ubudala futhi engaphelele. isisindo ubende kuyinto komyalelo wokungabi 140-200 amagremu. izicubu wakhe lymph uvezwa uhlobo inethiwekhi amaseli reticular. Basuke ahlelwe emhlabeni sinusoids (capillary). Ngokuyinhloko ubende erythrocyte egcwele noma leukocyte. La mangqamuzana abekho ukuxhumana nomunye, ziyashiyana Ukwakheka kanye nobungako. Nge zokunciphisa bushelelezi capsule imicu kwenzeka ukuxoshwa eziningi izakhi ezihambayo. Ngenxa yalokho kukhona ukuncipha ivolumu ubende. lonke Le nqubo ibizwa zishukunyiswa isenzo noradrenaline kanye adrenaline. Lezi zinto zehlela ababonakali ngezikhundla postganglionic Imicu yotshani nozwela noma ubuchopho ingxenye indlala adrenal.

umnkantsha

Le nto izicubu ezithambile sithambile. Itholakala ngaphakathi amathambo flat futhi ijabulise. Izitho emaphakathi wamasosha omzimba akhiqiza izakhi ezidingekayo, okuyinto zisiwa izindawo emzimbeni. Esikhathini umnkantsha emathanjeni ukhiqize zegazi, amangqamuzana abomvu amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi. Ngokufanayo, nezinye amaseli egazi, ziba ovuthiwe ngemva zithole zamakhono mzimba. Ngamanye amazwi, ku ulwelwesi yabo receptor uyomenzela esibonisa ukufana nezinye izakhi efanayo kuwo. Ngaphandle umnkantsha, ukudala izimo yokufuna izakhiwo ayisivikelo omzimba izitho ezifana amalaka, Peyer sika zingcwecwe amathumbu, thymus. Esikhathini esidlule kukhona nokuvuthwa B lymphocyte ukuthi abe omningi (ikhulu namashumi - izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili obukhulu kunobukaJohane T-lymphocyte) microvilli. Igazi ukugeleza ngokusebenzisa izitsha Kwenziwa, okuhlanganisa sinusoid. Ngalé kwethambo yabo umnkantsha zingene hormone hhayi kuphela, amaprotheni nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali. Sinusoids iziteshi ukunyakaza kwamangqamuzana egazi. Lapho ukucindezeleka wamanje kuyehla pheze ngesiquntu. Lapho kunyatheliswa sithula anda emiqulwini eziyisishiyagalombili.

nezimagqabhagqabha Peyer sika

Lezi zici basuke bagxila odongeni emathunjini. Tiniketwe ngesimo amahlukuzo lymphoid. Iqhaza main kungokwalabo kwegazi. Siqukethe Amapayipi lymph ukuthi ukuxhuma ISIZINDA. Ngokusebenzisa lezi ziteshi uketshezi okufanele athuthwe. It has no umbala. Uketshezi has inqwaba lymphocyte. Lezi zici ukuvikela umzimba ezifweni.

thymus

Ibizwa nangokuthi indlala thymus. Ngo-thymus, nokuvuthwa nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha kwenzeka izakhi ze-lymph. Thymus wenza endocrine umsebenzi. Of epithelium lwalo igazi limelela thymosin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-thymus - umzimba immunoprodutsiruyuschy. Kuyinto kumiswa T-lymphocyte. Le nqubo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izakhi division kokuba ama-receptor ngoba antigen angaphandle, ukungena emzimbeni ngesikhathi esengumntwana. Kumiswa T-lymphocyte Kwenziwa kungakhathalekile amanani zabo egazini. It akunamthelela inqubo kanye nokuqukethwe antigen. Ngo intsha nezingane thymus asebenzayo kunabantu abadala. Nge ukudlula iminyaka engeziwe, le ndlala thymus kuyehla ngobukhulu, futhi umsebenzi iba hhayi ngokuphazima kweso. Ukugodla T lymphocyte kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ukucindezeleka. Lokhu kungaba, isibonelo, amakhaza nokushisa, ukucindezeleka psycho-ngokomzwelo, ukulahlekelwa igazi, ukudla, ukuvivinya umzimba ngokweqile. Abantu wadalula nezimo ezicindezelayo, amasosha omzimba ebuthaka.

Okunye izakhi

Izitho kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni osebenza isithasiselo saleli Bhayibheli. Ibizwa nangokuthi "idlala emathunjini." Ngaphansi kwethonya izinguquko umsebenzi besigaba sokuqala izinguquko ikholoni nomthamo limfotkani. Izinhlaka izivikeli mzimba, okuyinto wesifunda athambekele ngezansi, futhi zihlanganisa amalaka. Basuke esisogwini zombili pharynx. Amalaka amelwa namahlukuzo amancane lymphoid.

I abameli eyinhloko umzimba

I ezichazwe ngenhla izitho yesibili futhi central kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni. Isikimu okwethulwa kulesi iphepha ebonisa ukuthi izakhiwo zalo yasakazwa kulo lonke umzimba. I abameli eziyinhloko lymphocyte. La mangqamuzana banesibopho ukubhujiswa amaseli ogulayo (isimila, ukutheleleka, pathologically eziyingozi) noma izilokazane ezincane alien. Ibhekwa njengomlando wesonto obaluleke kakhulu T- B-lymphocyte. Umsebenzi wabo wenziwa ngokuhlanganyela nezinye ukubulawa amasosha omzimba. Bonke ukuvimbela ayehlasela kwamagciwane emzimbeni. Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala kuba ngandlela-thile, "befundisa" T-lymphocyte ukuhlukanisa evamile (efanele) kusuka amaprotheni angaphandle. Le nqubo ithatha indawo thymus ebuntwaneni, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi, i-thymus isuke isebenza kakhulu.

umsebenzi ukuvikela umzimba sika

Mangithi ukuthi izivikeli mzimba savela inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eside. Kubantu yesimanje, lesi sakhiwo uba umshini ezinamafutha akahle. Kuyasiza umuntu nokubhekana nomphumela ongemuhle imvelo. Ngo ukwakheka inkinga akuyona ukuqashelwa kuphela, kodwa futhi kukhuthaza ka engena phakathi nomzimba we-ejenti angaphandle, kanye imikhiqizo esibolile, amaseli pathologically yashintshwa. Amasosha omzimba possesses iyakwazi inqwaba kwamagciwane kanye nezilwanyana ezincane. Inhloso esemqoka iwukuhlale ubuqotho isakhiwo medium yangaphakathi futhi ubuntu bayo begazi.

Inqubo ukuqashelwa

Njengoba isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela inquma "izitha"? Le nqubo ithatha indawo ezakhini zofuzo. Kumele ukuthi ingqamuzana ngalinye has zayo siqu, isici kuphela ulwazi lomuntu zofuzo. It ihlaziya isakhiwo okuvikela inqubo uzingela engena emzimbeni, noma izinguquko kuwo. Uma ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo kuyafana umenzeli eseke yayo, khona-ke akulona isitha. Uma kungenjalo, khona-ke, ngokufanelekile, kuba ejenti angaphandle. Ngo Immunology "izitha" abizwa ngokuthi antigen. Phezu ukuthola izinto ezilimazayo isakhiwo zokuzivikela kuhlanganisa izindlela zabo kuqala "impi." Ngayinye antigen athile izivikeli mzimba ukhiqiza amangqamuzana ethize - amasosha omzimba. Babopha kuya antigen futhi iwukudambisa kubo.

ukuphendula iguliswa

Kuyinto omunye izindlela yokuvikela. Lesi simo libhekene Ukuphendula lakhuphuka lafika ku-nomzimba. Lezi "Izitha" zihlanganisa izinto noma izakhi zibulale umzimba. Nomzimba kukhona zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Iqembu lokuqala kufanele zihlanganisa, isibonelo, imikhiqizo etholwe ukudla, imithi, izinto ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali (deodorants, amakha, njll). nomzimba Indoor - uyilo izicubu emzimbeni, ngokuvamile izindawo ukushintshwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ukusha uhlelo zokuzivikela ubona isakhiwo efile njengoba angaphandle. Kule ndaba, uqala akhiqiza amasosha omzimba ngokumelene nawo. ukusabela fanekiso angabhekwa Ukulunywa bumblebees, izinyosi, iminyovu nezinye izinambuzane. Ukuthuthukiswa komzimba singenzeka ngokulandelana noma ngokushesha.

Amasosha omzimba wengane

Ukwakheka kwabo iqala emavikini ekucala kakhulu esesibelethweni. Amasosha omzimba wengane uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa emva kokuzalwa. Bookmark izakhi zokuphepha eziyisisekelo eyenziwa e-thymus kanye umnkantsha umbungu. Uma nje ingane ungaphakathi esibelethweni sikamama ngokujovwa, umzimba wakhe utholakala ngenombolo elincane nezilwanyana ezincane. Kule ndaba, iqinise ukuzivikela kwayo abapholile. Ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwengane yakho ivikelwe ezifweni immunoglobulin, ayisiza umama. Uma iyothiyeka yinoma yimuphi zici, ukwakheka lesifanele kanye nokuthuthukiswa Ukuvikelwa womntwana kungaba eziphukile. Ngemva kokuzalwa, kulesi simo ingane ingase begula kaningi kunezinye izingane. Kodwa yini engase yenzeke ngendlela ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkathi yokukhulelwa ingane umama ungadlulisa ukutheleleka. A i-fetus iyakwazi yakha omzimba enamandla yilesi sifo.

Emva kokuzalwa umzimba behlaselwa lenqwaba amagciwane. Amasosha omzimba has ukuba simelane nawo. Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yokuphila, izakhiwo somzimba kukhona uhlobo "ukuqeqeshwa" ukuqaphela futhi ababhubhise antigen. Ndawonye nale kwenzeka ngekhanda contact nezilwanyana ezincane. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba "inkumbulo immunological". Kuyadingeka ukuba kuqala okusheshayo ngaphezulu eziphendula antigen eyaziwa kakade. ingabe kumelwe siphethe ngokuthi usana amasosha omzimba esebuthakathaka, akusiyo njalo wakwazi kanjani ukubhekana nobuhlungu ingozi. Kulokhu, ukusiza amasosha omzimba etholakala esibelethweni sikamama ngokujovwa. Zikhona emzimbeni cishe ezinyangeni zokuqala ezine zokuphila. Ngokuhamba yezinyanga ezimbili ezalandela amaprotheni ethathwe unina, kancane kancane kwaluqeda. Phakathi nezinyanga ezine kanti ezinye eziyisithupha ingane uchayeke kakhulu isifo. kumiswa Fundzisisa omzimba ingane eza kuze iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa umzimba bajwayelane antigen entsha. Amasosha omzimba ngalesi sikhathi, abaqeqeshiwe futhi ukulungele ukuba umuntu omdala.

Indlela usizo ephahlwe i umzimba beya?

Ochwepheshe batusa ukuba anakekele isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela wengane ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umama olindele umntwana kudingeka uqinise isakhiwo olwawuvikele. Ngo owesifazane kokubeletha kufanele ukudla ngendlela efanele, thatha ekhethekile trace izakhi kanye amavithamini. Ukuvivinya umzimba ngokusesilinganisweni Kubalulekile futhi izivikeli mzimba. Ingane onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila kuyadingeka ukuze bathole ubisi lukamama. Kunconywa ukuthi ibele uqhubeke izinyanga okungenani 4-5. Nge izakhi ubisi zingene zokuzivikela umzimba ingane. Phakathi nale nkathi, babalulekile kakhulu amasosha omzimba. Ingane kungaba bambe ngisho ku itjhubhu ubisi ngesikhathi ubhubhane umkhuhlane. Liqukethe eziningi ezibangela ewusizo, futhi usize ingane yakho ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo ezintweni ezingezinhle.

izindlela ezengeziwe

Ukuqeqeshwa kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni kungaba kwenziwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Okuvame kakhulu babonwa lukhuni, massage, obonisa in kahle umoya egumbini, ilanga nomoya amabhathi, ukubhukuda. Kukhona futhi amathuluzi ahlukahlukene nokuvikeleka. Omunye wabo ngokugoma. Sinenkosi ikhono kusebenze izindlela ukuzivikela, kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe immunoglobulin, ayisiza. Ngokwethulwa serums ekhethekile kwakhiwa inkumbulo izakhiwo zomzimba kuya impahla input. Esinye indlela amasosha omzimba - kuba amalungiselelo akhethekile. Zishukumisa umsebenzi isakhiwo somzimba zokuzivikela. Le mishanguzo ngokuthi stimulators mzimba. Lawa unamasu interferon ( "Laferon", "IFN"), interferonogen ( "Poludan", "Abrizol", "prodigiozan"), evuselela leykopoeza - "Metiluratsil", "Pentoxyl" immunostimulants imvelaphi microbial - "Prodignozan", "Pyrogenalum" "Bronhomunal" immunostimulant herbal - tincture Schisandra, eSiberia Ginseng akhiphe amavithamini nokuningi. et al.

Nikeza lezi zimali kungaba i immunologist noma wezingane. Self-ukuphatha izidakamizwa kuleli qembu akuyona Kunconywa.