Izindleko zokusetshenziswa komphakathi. Isimo nomnotho

Kulesi sihloko ngezansi sizozama ukucabangela inkolelo yokuphindaphinda kwemali yomphakathi, okuyiyo, ngesikhathi sokuthandwa kwezimfundiso zesiKhennesi, okwakubangele ukuhlaselwa okuningi nokuphikisana. Isihloko sizoba mnandi kuwo wonke umuntu ongenandaba nomnotho wanamuhla, ngoba ezimweni zezombangazwe ezishisayo zamandla ahlukahlukene ziphuthumayo kunanini ngaphambili.

Indima ye-multiplier theory emnothweni wanamuhla

Ngokuvamile amathuluzi amaningi ase-macroeconomic asetshenziselwa ukunika izwe amandla ukuqinisa inqubomgomo yayo esimweni sezomnotho. Abaningi bezindleko zikahulumeni bangenye yezingxenye zalolu hlu olubanzi, ngakho-ke banesizinda esiyingqayizivele semvelo. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, ososayensi abaningi baye bazama ukudalula incazelo yalo mqondo futhi basebenzise ngaphakathi kwemingcele yesicelo esisebenzayo.

Ngomqondo walo obanzi, i-multiplier ibonisa ukwanda kwezinkomba zomnotho. Ukusetshenziswa komphakathi eRussia akunjalo. Ngokujulile kulo mqondo kwafika abamele imfundiso yesiCzech, futhi bafinyelela ekuphethweni ukuthi leli thuluzi likhombisa ubudlelwane obuqondile phakathi kwezinguquko zomnotho kazwelonke kanye nezinga lenhlalakahle yabantu bakuleli zwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi ukuqondiswa komgomo wezimali wezokugcina.

Izindleko zokuzimela kanye ne-multiplier

Isimo nomnotho zihlobene kakhulu, ngakho-ke akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi noma yiziphi izinguquko esikhungweni esisodwa njalo zibandakanya ukushintsha okuthile kwamanani athile komunye. Le nqubo ingabizwa ngokuthi i-induction, ngoba i-push encane kuphela yezinsimbi zemali eyenza izinqubo eziningi ezweni lonke.

Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, izindleko ezizimele zombuso kwi-theory yokuphindaphindiwe zichazwa ubuhlobo nezinguquko emadayimeni emakethe yezabasebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, kubiza uhulumeni ukuthi athole izindleko ezithile kumongo wezindawo ezithile ezivela kuwo, njengoba kungenzeka ngokushesha ukugcina isici sokukhula kwimali yezakhamuzi. Futhi, ngokufanele, ukwanda komsebenzi wabantu. Ukuze uthole isithombe esinembile, kuwanele ukuxhumanisa izinkomba zalezi zinkomba.

Izindleko zokutshala izimali

Ukwakhiwa kwemali yomphakathi kukhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukukhokha ngokubheka umsebenzi wokutshala izimali ezweni, okuyisisekelo somnotho wokuncintisana okunempilo.

I-multiplier yezindleko zokutshala izimali ikhombisa isilinganiso sezingqinamba zezinga lokutshalwa kwezimali kulokhu noma ukuthi ibhizinisi elisha kuya ezingeni lezindleko zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kufanelekile ukucabangela kuphela ukugeleza kwezezimali okungabandakanyi emali engenayo kazwelonke .

Ngamanye amazwi, ngokwale ndlela, sizokwazi ukulandelela izinga lezindleko ezenziwa yi-state ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zezobuchwepheshe nezesayense kuleli zwe, kanye nesabelo sabo kukho konke ukuhamba kwezomnotho. Ngokuvamile, akukho lutho oluyinkimbinkimbi kulezi zintengiselwano - uma kungabikho izimali izinga lokusetshenziswa lizolingana ne-zero, kodwa ngokukhula kwezimali kuzokhula.

Izindleko zemakethe yokuqashwa

I-multiplier yezindleko zomphakathi esimweni semakethe yezabasebenzi iyimfundiso ehlukile ye-Neo-Keynesian, okulukhuni ukuqhathanisa nanoma iyiphi enye indlela. Njengoba, uma ngaphambilini sabeka izindleko zombuso njengesibili, manje sibheka ukuthi inqubomgomo yokutshala izimali, ngaphandle kwemiphumela evamile, ingaholela kuyo.

Kuncane, kodwa bambalwa abangalandela ubuhlobo obulandelayo. Izindleko zemakethe yokuqashwa zinciphisa kakhulu ngesikhathi lapho izindleko zokutshala izimali zikhuphuka. Lokhu kulandela ukuthi inhlalakahle yabantu iyanda, futhi, ngokufanele, ukufunwa kwempahla yesilinganiso sesibili (imishini, izingubo, ifenisha) kukhula, okwenza kube nemishanguzo emihle ekushintsheni kwimali yabakhiqizi babo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukutshala izimali kumkhakha owodwa womnotho kuhlanganisa ukwanda kwezinzuzo kwenye.

Izindleko zezimali zezwe

I-multiplier yentela yombuso kanye nezindleko ezisezingeni lezimali kubonisa ukuguqulwa kwezinguquko ezingeni lokukhiqizwa emkhakheni wokukhiqiza, kuye ngokuthi izinga lokukhula lomthwalo wentela. Njengomthetho, leli coefficient alibi, ngoba inamba encane yabameli bebhizinisi bafuna ukunikeza ingxenye yenzuzo yabo enenzuzo ngokuqondene nezinyathelo zebhajethi.

Kuyinto enye uma ngabe, isibonelo, intela ehlukile ku-PE noma inzuzo yabantu. Kulesi simo, umthwalo uthathwa isinyathelo ngesinyathelo - kuye ngezinga lezezimali: into ephakeme inhlalakahle - izinga eliphansi. Kodwa, njengoba umkhuba wesimanje ubonisa, emnothweni wemakethe le mbono iwukuphela kwemibono, futhi ayihlangene nezinto zangempela zanamuhla.

Isabelomali esilinganiselwe ezindlini zikazwelonke

Abaningi bezindleko zomphakathi ngendlela yabo ehlanzekile babonisa ukuguquguquka kokubaluleka komkhiqizo omkhulu kazwelonke, kuye ngokuthi yiyiphi ingxenye yengcebo yombuso eyasetshenziswa ngenhloso yokuthenga izinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhiqizo. Futhi, le nkhomba ihluke ngokulingana nomuntu obhekene nabathengi bendawo. Lokhu kungachazwa ngokunyuka okunjalo kumali engenayo yezimali, lapho, ngokunciphisa izindleko zayo, ingxenye yenzuzo yayo ikhawulwe kanchungechunge lwangaphambili lwama-athikili.

Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuba uthole isabelomali esilinganiselwe: izindleko zomhlaba wonke zingakhula ngesamba esithile (ake siyibize A), okubangelwa ukunciphisa jikelele komthwalo wentela osomabhizinisi, futhi lokhu kubangelwa ukwanda kwenzuzo enhle yabanomabhizinisi ngamayunithi A.

Izindleko zokuhweba zangaphandle zezwe

I-multiplier yokusebenzisa imali kahulumeni (indlela yokulinganisa ihlukahluka kuye ngokuthi yiyiphi ingxenye eyinhloko, izinyathelo esilinga ukuzenza) nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni inqubomgomo yezomnotho evulekile. Lokhu kutholakala kuphela ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe-ukungenisa. Ngakho-ke, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe akuyona eyokugcina, kodwa kunengxenye ebalulekile ekwakheni izihloko ezibiza izindleko zomgomo wezomnotho wombuso.

Kulo mqondo ophindaphindiwe kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi izindleko ezithathwa yizwe ekusetshenzisweni kokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuhloswe ngokungaqondile ngokungena ngqo ebhalweni kwelinye izwe ngokuqondile kuthinta ngokuqondile inani lomkhiqizo kazwelonke, okuyisithuluzi sangaphakathi kuphela.

Ngakho-ke, ubukhulu be-multiplier kwisici sokuhweba kwamanye amazwe kuchazwa ngokuthi ukulinganisa phakathi kwezinguquko ezithintekayo ku-GNP kanye nezindleko zemisebenzi evulekile eyenziwe ngaphandle kwezwe.

Iziphetho

Ngesisekelo salokho okushiwo ngenhla, isiphetho esisodwa esithakazelisayo kakhulu siyaziveza. Sizame ukufakazela ukuthi abakhiqizi bezindleko zomphakathi babonakalisa ngokuphelele ubudlelwane ekuguqulweni kwezinsimbi ezinkulu zezimali zomgomo wezomnotho wombuso. Futhi, mhlawumbe, siphumelele ngempumelelo kakhulu.

Sakwazi ukubona ukuthi isabelomali sesabelomali sinamandla kakhulu futhi sithinteka ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zomsebenzi wezohwebo ezivela ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe , okungashiwo ngokuqiniseka okuphelele: akukho nqubo edlula ngaphandle kokulandelela, futhi ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngokuzimela. Abaningana bemali kahulumeni bangasisiza ukuba siqaphele ukuphakama kwemali engenayo, umkhiqizo kazwelonke nezinye izinkomba eziningi ezibonisa impilo yezomnotho kahulumeni.