Izigaba kanye nezidingo zokubumbana kwamazwe aseRussia

Ukungalingani kwe-Feudal kwakuyisigaba salo lonke izwe laseYurophu eliphakathi. I-Russia yayingavamile. Sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XI, ukuthambekela kokuqala kokuqiniswa okuzimele kwamakhomishana ngabanye kwaqala ukuvela lapha. Futhi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-12, lapho esinye sezifunda ezinamandla zesifunda siqala ukuba izikhulu ezizimele ngokuphelele. Kulezi zakhiwo zendawo zakhula i- Novgorod Republic, i- Galicia-Volyn, iChernigov, iVladimir-Suzdal, iMoscow nezinye izikhulu eziningana. UMoscow kwakungakabi yindawo entsha yamasiko, yezomnotho, futhi ekugcineni, isikhungo sezombangazwe seSlavus yaseMpumalanga.

Umzabalazo wokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseRussia futhi ngaphansi kokubusa kombusi oyedwa uqala kakade kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nane. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukuchotshozwa kweziphathimandla kufinyelela phezulu futhi inqubo eguqukayo yokuqala i-centralization iqala. Ngendlela, le nqubo yayiyinto ejwayelekile kulo lonke elaseYurophu: endaweni ethile kwenzeka ekuqaleni (njengaseNgilandi), kanti kwezinye izindawo imiphumela yokwahlukana kwama-feudal yesikhathi esidlule yanqotshwa cishe ngekhulu lama-XX (eJalimane, e-Italy). Ngakho-ke, izinto ezidingekayo zokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseRashiya zazifana nokuthambekela kwe-pan-European. Kodwa-ke, nabo babe nezici eziningi.

Imingcele yokuhlanganisa amazwe aseRashiya

Njengoba ukuhlukana kwe-feudal kwafaka isandla ekuzibophiseni okubuthakathaka phakathi kwezifunda zezwe, izizathu ezifanayo zomnotho zaziyisisekelo sokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe eminyaka eyi-XIV-XV. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kwabonakala ekuthuthukisweni kwezolimo kanye nasekuqiniseni ubudlelwane bezohwebo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kwaholela ekwengeziwe kwesabelo nokwakheka kweklasi elihlukile labadwebi. Amakethe angaphakathi akhiwa, izibopho zomnotho ziqiniswa. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezibalulekile zokubumbana kwamazwe aseRussia zahlanganiswa ekuthuthukiseni komphakathi nezomnotho emazweni aseMpumalanga Slavic, okwaholela ekudingeni ukuba kube nokuhlanganiswa kwezombusazwe. Ukwakhiwa kombuso owodwa kuye kwaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini waseRussia: abathengisi, abadwebi, abantu basezindaweni zasemadolobheni futhi, ngokuqinisekile, abahlonishwayo. Ezinye izinto ezidingekayo zokubumbana kwamazwe aseRussia zibeka ekuhlukumezeni kokuphikiswa komphakathi. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukwenyuka kwezolimo kwakhuthaza njalo amakhosi amakhosi asekhaya ukuba aqine ukuxhaphazwa kwemiphakathi yabantu abahlala emakhaya. Ukubonakaliswa okubaluleke kakhulu kokuqinisa lokhu kuxhashazwa kwakuyizigqila ezikhulayo. Yiqiniso, kulabo abalimi, lokhu kwabangela ukumelana nokuhlukunyezwa okuqhubekayo. Amakhomishoni amancane asemapolitiki nakwezempi ayedinga amadivaysi asemthethweni ahulumeni abanikeza abanini bomhlaba iziqiniseko zokuthola imali, futhi abalimi babezokwenza imithetho efanelwe futhi bawavikele ekubambeni kwabanikazi bendawo.

Izinyathelo zokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseRussia

Njengoba wazi, iMoscow yaba isikhungo esisha samaSlav aseMpumalanga . Lokhu okuphakathi, njengombuso, uhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine:

• Isiteji esingu-1 . Kwaqala ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIV futhi kuboniswa ukuhamba kwezomnotho kusuka eningizimu yaseningizimu kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga.
• 2 isigaba . Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-14 kanye nokuqala kwekhulu le-15. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izikhulu zaseMoscow zahlula ukunqoba bonke abaphikisana nabo futhi zanqoba wonke amazwe aseRussia. Khona-ke ukunqoba kokuqala okukhulu kwamabutho aseTatar kwenzeka - impi yaseKukokovo.
• Isigaba sesithathu . Kukhona impi yamandla eMoscow ngokwawo.
• Isigaba sesine . Ingxenye yesibili ye-XV kanye nokuqala kwekhulu le-XVI. Izikhulu zaseMoscow: Ivan III futhi kamuva uVasily III - agcwalise inqubo yokuqoqa amazwe aseRussia esimweni esisodwa. Ngo-1480 ijoka laseMongol-Tatar lagcina lichithwa.