Izakhiwo Chemical ka alkanes

Methane futhi homologs yayo ngokuthi umkhawulo (ayegcwele) hydrocarbon paraffinic noma alkanes. I last-okuthiwa izinto eziphilayo (unayo jikelele chemical ifomula CnH2n + 2, eveza saturation yezinhlayiya, ama-athomu okuyinto axhunyaniswa ngezibopho covalent elula carbon-hydrogen noma i-carbon-carbon) inikezwa ngokuhambisana International ngesilwane esifuywayo of zamakhemikhali. Sinenkosi kumithombo emikhulu emibili: uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye negesi yemvelo. Properties of alkanes e uchungechunge homologous nge nande molecule ama-athomu carbon ishintshwa njalo.

Amalungu okuqala amane we chungechunge homologous zinomlando esungulwe amagama. Hydrocarbon, ngemuva babo okhonjiswe zesi-Greek ophela uyakulangazelela'. isihlobo Isisindo yamangqamuzana we hydrocarbon ngayinye elandelayo obhekene naso sehlukile kuleso langaphambilini 14 amu Izakhiwo of alkanes, ezifana ukuma (solidification) nokubilisa (ukufingqa), kwabantu kanye yezokubona Inkomba ngesivalo okwandisa isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Nge-methane butane - amagesi nge pentane at-pentadecane ketshezi, kulandele i-ukudla okuqinile. Zonke waxes alula kunamanzi bese akusho chaza kuwo. Ukuze alkanes zihlanganisa:

• CH4 - methane;
• C2H6 - ethane;
• C3H8 - propane;
• C4H10 - butane;
• C5H12 - pentane;
• C6H14 - hexane;
• C7H16 - heptane;
• C8H18 - octane;
• C9H20 - nonane;
• C10H22 - Dean;
• C11H24 - undecane;
• C12H26 - dodecane;
• C13H28 - tridecane;
• C14H30 - tetradecane;
• C15H32 - pentadecane;
• C16H34 - hexadecane;
• C17H36 - heptadecane;
• C18H38 - octadecane;
• C19H40 - nonadecan;
• C20H42 - eicosane nokunye.

izakhiwo Chemical ka alkanes unomsebenzi ongaphakeme. Lokhu kungenxa amandla eyisihlobo non-polar C C ongaphakeme C-H izibopho, saturation yezinhlayiya. Zonke athomu axhunyiwe ngu olulodwa σ-izibopho ukuthi kunzima ukubhubhisa ngenxa polarizability yabo ongaphakeme. Ukudabuka babo kungenziwa kuphela waqaphela ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile, ezizivelelayo akhiwa, okuyizinto amagama compounds paraffinic nge esikhundleni Ukuvalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, le - propyl (C3H7-), ethane - ETHYL (C2H5-), i-methane - methyl (CH3-) nokunye.

izakhiwo Chemical ka alkanes bathini mayelana inertness yalezi compounds. Ababona uyakwazi kwalokho ukusabela. Ejwayelekile lezi kuwukusabela esikhundleni. Namachibi (omlilo) kwenzeka kuphela hydrocarbon paraffinic ashisa ephakeme. Bangakwazi oxidized ukuze alcohols, aldehydes futhi acid. Njengoba kungenzeka indlela yalokho kreginga (inqubo cleavage ezishisayo hydrocarbon) alkanes ephakeme ezingeni lokushisa 450 550 ° C ayegcwele hydrocarbon nge isisindo yamangqamuzana aphansi. Saneliswe ngokuthela kwezindebe noqhekeko lokushisa ezishisayo libizwa pyrolysis.

izakhiwo Chemical ka alkanes ungaxhomeki kuphela kuma-athomu e-carbon e-molecule, kodwa futhi ku isakhiwo. Zonke paraffins evamile kungenziwa ahlukaniswe (owodwa C athomu kungenziwa exhunywe kungekho zama-athomu amabili-carbon) kanye iso-isakhiwo (C-athomu kungenziwa exhunywe nezinye C-athomu amane ngokusebenzisa ngale molecule has a isakhiwo ngekwendzawo). Ngokwesibonelo, pentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane unezimiso isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye C5H12 chemical ifomula, kodwa zamakhemikhali Izakhiwo bayehluka: lokuncibilika lokususa 129,7 ° C lokususa 16,6 ° C, 36,1 ° C Boiling futhi 9,5 ° C, ngokulandelana. Isomers kulula ukungena zamakhemikhali kuka isakhiwo evamile hydrocarbon netinombolo zama-athomu C.

Ejwayelekile izakhiwo amakhemikhali alkanes - a ukusabela esikhundleni, okuyinto zihlanganisa halogenation noma sulfonation. Ukusabela chlorine ne upharafini by indlela olukhulu bedle ukushisa noma ukukhanya elakhiwe i-methane kampompi ukuxova umuthi wokugoma: chloromethane CH3Cl, dichloromethane CH2Cl2, CHCl3 trichloromethane ne-carbon tetrachloride CCl4. Lapho sulfonation alkanes ngaphansi UV ukukhanya, sulfonyl chloride etholakala: R-H + SO2 + Cl2 → R-SO2-Cl + HCl. Lezi izinto asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni surfactant.