Izakhi zofuzo

I-Genetics iyisayensi ehlobene eduze nemvelaphi kanye nomlando wonke wesintu. Eqinisweni, nguye owamvumela ukudalula ingxenye engavamile kakhulu yokuphila futhi okwamanje engamangali ngezinto ezithandwayo ezingenakucabangela, isibonelo, njengemfundiso yokugula nokugula kwe-chromosomal.

Uma kulula ukuchaza izinhloso kanye nemisebenzi yalesi sayensi, khona-ke singasho ukuthi izifundo zofuzo futhi wembula amaphethini wefa lomuntu wesintu. Isibonelo, izibonakaliso zangaphandle (isakhiwo esikhethekile sekhanda, impumulo, umbala wamehlo, izinwele, njll) nangaphakathi (izici zezinhlelo ze-enzyme) zihlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona umuntu phakathi nendawo yokucwaninga ngezakhi zofuzo, zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zixhomeke kulezo zinqubo ezibekwe ekuqaleni ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo.

Insimu enhle kakhulu ekutadisheni ososayensi manje iyinzalo ephilayo yamakhosi asebukhosini, ngoba izici ezivela okhokho zidluliselwa ngokulandelana kwezizukulwane, futhi ngokusho kwabo umuntu angahlulela umuntu womndeni othile noma umndeni wakhe.

Ngakho-ke, siyazi ukuthi abathwali bezokwaziswa okuzuzwa njengefa, yilowo nalowo oqondile futhi obhekene nenqubo ethile noma uphawu emzimbeni.

Ijethi ephindaphindiwe idlala indima ekhethekile, ngoba ithwala ulwazi lofuzo lomuntu, olushintsha ngaphansi kwethonya lenye - isakhi esiyinhloko.

Njengomthetho, izifo ezithandwa yizifo "zibethelwa ngokucophelela" ngegciwane lesandulela-ngculaza futhi azibeki ingozi ize ihlangabezane negciwane lesiguli esiphezulu.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: isakhi sofuzo esingajwayelekile singase singabonakali ngezizukulwane eziningana ngokulandelana, kuze kube yilapho lokhu kungafuneki okungafuneki khona kuvele khona.

Isibonelo, ubukhosi bamababusi baseHabsburg behlukaniswa isakhiwo esikhethekile somhlathi nemilomo. Abaculi balezo zinsuku babonisa ngobuqotho lezi zephambano emifanekisweni yomndeni yezikhulu ezihloniphekile. Ekubukeni kwabameleli balo mbuso ungakwazi ukubona ngokucacile izici zazo: i-lip ephansi ephansi, i-cheekbones engavamile, ifomu elikhethekile lama-eyelidi aphansi, i- bite engalungile. Lona umphumela wemishado ehlobene, lapho umhlangano wezakhi zofuzo ezithintekayo zagcwaliseka.

Lokhu kusebenza nasezibonakalweni zangaphakathi - izifo ezifa, ezizuzwa njengezizukulwane kubazali kuya enzalweni.

I-gene esiphundu, noma kunalokho umphumela wokusebenzisana kwayo nohlobo lwayo, kubhekwa ososayensi njengengozi enkulu ekuthuthukiseni nasekuqhubekeni kohlanga lwesintu.

Kukholelwa ukuthi izifo ezithuthuka kulezi zimo, ngokuvamile zibangele umphumela obulalayo. Ukuwohloka kwe-genus, noma ngisho nezinto ezidingekayo zokuguqulwa kwezizwe, kubangelwa isizathu esifihlekile ngaphansi kwegama elithi "izakhi zofuzo eziphuthumayo." Lapho iphesenti yabo ikhuphukela esimweni esibucayi, inani labantu, njengombuso, lizobhujiswa.

Le nqubo ivame ukuvela emiphakathini ehlukene evaliwe noma uma kukhona ushintsho olubucayi kusuka enani elikhulu lenzalo kuze kube sezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lokuzalwa. Izakhi zofuzo ezitholakalayo ezimweni ezinjalo zibonakala ngezikhathi eziningi kaningi. Amaqiniso okuguga ayaziwa isintu kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambili.

Manje sekushaqisayo ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezinesici zigcwalisa inani labantu. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuzalwa okuphansi kuzoba yiziphambeko ngokuphelele.

Izici zangaphandle nangaphakathi zomuntu ziboniswa njengomphumela walokho okufakwe ekufeni kwakhe. Kunezibonakaliso ezinkulu futhi eziphambene. Okwesibili kungabhekwa ukungabi khona kwe-pigmentation noma i-albinism, kanye nokuphambuka okufana nobuphofu bombala noma ukuphunga kombala, i-hemophilia, ukumala kwabesifazane, isithulu, i- Rh factor negative. Okuthakazelisayo yiqiniso lokuthi ifa lobumpumputhe bombala liyahamba emgqeni wesifazane, kuyilapho abesifazane ngokwabo bengavamile ukugula nalesi sifo.

Phakathi kwalabo abameleleka ngokobulili obuthakathaka, lezi zibonakaliso eziphindaphindiwe zivame kuphela ku-0.5% amacala, kuyilapho amadoda embala ubumpumputhe buvame kakhulu, kumacala angu-8%.