Isiqhingi esiphikisanayo. I-Tarabarova ayisekho ebalazweni, manje useYinglundao. Isiqhingi saseTarabarov sanikezwa eChina. Ukumiswa komngcele waseRussia-Chinese

Ukuba khona kwanoma imuphi umphakathi ohleliwe kudinga insimu ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphepha nokusebenza kwala mazwe kufanele kulawulwe yizenzo zombuso. Kodwa lokhu, njengoba umlando ubonisa, kusobala ukuthi akwanele. Ukuphepha nobuqotho bezwe kungenziwa kuphela uma imingcele yayo ichazwa ngokucacile futhi ihlonishwa ngabamele bonke umphakathi womhlaba. Yingakho izingxabano zendawo zihlala enye yezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu inqubomgomo yangaphandle yombuso ngamunye.

Amandla amakhulu afana neRussia neChina ahlukile. Ekuqaleni, phakathi kwabo kwakule ndawo enkulu ehlane noma ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi. Umngcele osenyakatho weChina wawuyiGreat Great yaseChina. Kuze kube manje, kude nomngcele wamanje. Futhi ibanga lingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane. Yiqiniso, kwakuyisikhathi esidlule. Khona-ke amaShayina akakwazanga ngisho acabange ukuthi uMfula i-Amur ebalazweni wawuyoba umugqa wamanzi phakathi kwezwe neRussia. Ngempela, ngalezo zinsuku lezi zindawo zaziyizwe laseManchus enesibindi. Futhi lesi sizwe sasisuka kude nesiHan Chinese - isiShayina somdabu.

Umngcele omude kakhulu emhlabeni

Umlando wenze izilungiso zawo, futhi kuze kube manje singasho ukuthi iRussia neChina kukhona imibuso emibili eyangena ekhulwini lama-20 njengamanye amazwe angomakhelwane. Umngcele osemthethweni phakathi kwabo ukhona iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu namashumi amathathu. Ngo-1860, ukusayinwa kweSivumelwano SaseBeijing, lapho "kusukela manje kuze kube phakade" kwakunqunyelwe umngcele wezizwe ezimbili.

I-Russia ne-China yizizwe ezimbili eziphethe umngcele omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Lona umugqa wamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Iqala kusukela ekupheleni kwemingcele yaseRussia, eChina nase-Afghanistan futhi iphetha ngendawo yokuhlala eRussia, eChina naseKorea.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemingcele

Amalungiselelo eSivumelwano saseBeijing sekhulu le-19 senze izinguquko ezithile kulezi zinsuku. Babuyekezwa, okungukuthi, bahlukanisa imingcele. Leli gama lisho ukucacisa imingcele ekhona yamazwe amabili. Isizathu salokhu singase sibe izinguquko embhedeni wemifula, ungqimba lomhlabathi, njll. Nokho, ukuhlukaniswa komngcele waseRussia-Chinese kwenzeka ngenxa yokubuyekezwa nokubukezwa komugqa wokuhlukaniswa okhona.

Ukwenziwa kwale misebenzi kwakuyingxenye nje ebangelwa izimo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, sekuyiminyaka engama-130 edlule kusukela kusayina iSivumelwano SaseBeijing, umfula iThumannaya ushintshile inkambo yawo. Kwaqala ukuthwala amanzi alo ngaphesheya kweRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungalungi kwamadokhumenti ekulungiseni amamaki emingcele yombuso owodwa nowesibili kwavezwa.

Ingxenye esempumalanga yomngcele

Imigqa eRussia neChina efana ngayo ihlukaniswe yaba yizigaba ezimbili. Ingxenye esempumalanga yomngcele wombuso iqala emgqeni womakhelwane wabo neMongolia. Ubude bale migqa bungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angamawaka amane.

Naphezu kwezivumelwano zaseBeijing ngo-1860, ukukhishwa komngcele phakathi kwamazwe amabili kuye kwavuswa kaningi. Imigqa yokuhlukanisa phakathi kweChina neRussia ihanjiswe ngokuphindaphindiwe yiziphathimandla zendawo kanye nenani lazo zombili zisho. Yingakho kunesidingo sokubuyisela imigqa njengoba kuhleliwe lapho kusayina izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene.

Umlando womakhelwane

Emayelana nobude bawo bonke, umngcele osempumalanga phakathi kwamandla amabili amakhulu udlulile futhi udlulela kuze kube namuhla, lapho uMfula i-Amur ukhona khona emephini, nalapho futhi khona khona imifula i-Argun ne-Ussuri igeleza. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube ngu-1992, lo mkhakha wokwahlukana awukwenziwe ngendlela efanele. Kuze kube ngo-1931 imifula yamingcele yayinombuso wamahhala wokuhamba. Izinsiza zamanzi zombili zihamba ngokukhululekile ngeziteshi zawo. Ukwengeza, iziqhingi eziningi zomfula ezingenamakhaya zazingabambisene.

Konke kwashintsha emva kokuqala kobudlova baseJapane obuqondiswe eChina, futhi ngemuva kokusungulwa kombuso we-puppet waseManchukuo. I-Soviet Union, lokhu kwakuyisongo esicacile sokuphepha. Yingakho isimo sethu kufanele sithole ukulawula okunzima phezu kwendawo yomfula. Ekuqaleni, lesi sinqumo asizange siphakamise ukuphikisana okuvela eChina. Kodwa kusukela ukuhlukunyezwa kwekhulu lama-60 eledlule kwaqala ukwakha phakathi kwamazwe ethu. Yingakho ukulawulwa kweSoviet phezu kwamanzi emifula emngceleni kuye kwaba yimbangela yezigameko.

Izindawo eziphikisiwe

Ngesikhathi sokuxoxisana phakathi kwe-USSR ne-China, izingqinamba zobukhosi bezigaba eziningana zaxoxwa isikhathi eside. Eyokuqala yalezi zingxenye ezimbili esifundazweni saseChita. Lesi siqhingi esikhulu, esiseMfuleni i-Argun, esitholakala ngamakhilomitha amane kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga yedolobha laseZabaikalsk. Ukubaluleka kwalo eRussia kubaluleke kakhulu. Lesi siqhingi sihlanganisa izwe lethu neChina neMongolia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli sayithi ngumthombo oyinhloko wamanzi okuphuza abantu bomuzi waseKrasnokamensk, lapho amaphesenti angama-90 e-uranium akhiqizwa.

Indawo yesibili yokuphikisana, esesifundazweni saseChita, iyisiqhingi saseMenkeseli. Waba yinto engavumelani emva kokuthi i-Argun ishintshe okwamanje, iphendule isiteshi esingu-5 km enyakatho.

Futhi, izingxabano phakathi kweRussia neChina zenziwa ngamasayithi amabili eKhabarovsk Territory. Okokuqala kulawa yiBolshoi Ussuriysk. Insimu iseduze ngqo neKhabarovsk - idolobha elikhulu kunazo zonke eRussia eMpumalanga Ekude.

Isiqhingi saseTarabarov saphindezela izingxabano. Itholakala eduze neKhabarovsk. Lesi siqhingi sinendawo ebalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nxazonke kukhona inqwaba yezinye iziqhingi neziqhingi. Eziningi zazo zikhona lapho uMfula u-Ussuri ugeleza khona ku-Amur. Isiqhingi saseTarabarova sathola igama layo eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule. Kwathi ngo-1912, ensimini yakhe wahlala nomndeni wakubo futhi wasungula khona umnotho womlimi osebenza kanzima. Igama lakhe kwakunguSergey Maksimovich Tarabarov. Ngokusemthethweni, lesi siqhingi sasihlelwe iSoviet Union ngo-1929. Phakathi komuzi futhi sitholakala i-Great Ussuri.

Umthombo wezigameko zomngcele ubuyindawo emithathu esifundeni sasePrmorsky. Le sayithi:

• Eduze echibini iKhanka;
• Uhlobo olune-R eduze kwe-Poltava.

Indawo yesithathu yizindawo ezimbili ezincane ezisenyakatho yeLake Khasan.

Zonke izindawo ezibalulwe ngenhla zibalulekile eRussia ngokwezomnotho. Yingakho ekuqaleni belawulwa ngokuqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqhingi saseTarabarova nezindawo ezibalulekile ze-Great Ussuriysk zitholakala endaweni eseduze neKhabarovsk, ngakho-ke zivikelwa uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa izikhali.

Ukwenza izinqumo zokugcina

Ngo-1991, izivumelwano zasayinwa phakathi kwePublic Republic of China neRussia ekuqedeni umngcele osempumalanga. Futhi ngemva konyaka, umsebenzi wokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi waqala kule ndawo. Ngenxa yalokho, umngcele ophakathi kwamandla amabili amakhulu wabonakala ngokucacile endaweni. Yonke imisebenzi yenziwa ngokuhlanganyela kwekhomishana yokuqokwa okukhethekile, lapho abameli bobabili base bekhona khona.

Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, kusukela emingceleni yeMongolia kuya emfuleni. Kwabekwa izinsika ezingu-1184 zomngcele. Ibanga eliphakathi kwabo lingu-1.5-3 km, futhi ezindaweni eziningi ezinokuxilongwa okuyinkimbinkimbi - 300-500 m. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhilomitha angamakhulu amancane ama-glades anqunywe futhi inqwaba yezakhiwo zobunjiniyela ezingasebenzi zisusiwe. Sithinte ukusebenza kwemikhakha kanye nemifula yamanzi. Inani elikhulu lamanzi e-hydrographic lenziwa emaphethelweni omngcele we-Amur no-Ussuri, futhi ama-buoys afakwe e-equator yeLake Khanka.

Umsebenzi wokudabuka wawungewona nje okhandlayo, kodwa futhi inqubo enzima kakhulu. Ngakho, izakhamuzi zaseRussia zendawo esiqhingini saseChina, esasemngceleni, zazibheka indawo yaseRashiya yokuqala. Phela, basebenzisa la mazwe ngezinhloso zabo zomnotho. Noma kunjalo, yonke imisebenzi yenziwa ngokuvumelana nezivumelwano ezisayinwe phakathi kwamazwe amabili. Isixazululo esiphumelele sezinkinga siye saba nomthelela omkhulu ekuqiniseni ubungane phakathi kweRussia neChina, kanye nokuqinisa ukuqina esifundeni.

Ukuqedelwa kwemibandela

Umcimbi obalulekile emlandweni wobudlelwane phakathi kweRussia neChina kwenzeka ekwindla ka-2004. Ngo-Oktoba 14, esinye isivumelwano esasemngceleni osempumalanga sabhaliswa eBeijing. Kwakuwukuphela kwezimpikiswano zendawo phakathi kwamazwe amabili.

Ngokwesivumelwano esasayinwe, isiqhingi saseTarabarova kanye nengxenye yesiqhingi se-Great Ussuriysk sathunyelwa eChina.

Umlando wenkinga yokuphikisana

Labo ababephethe isiqhingi saseTarabarov kanye nengxenye ye-Greater Ussuriysk, iRussia neChina babengenakukwazi ukuxazulula kusukela ngo-1964. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ukungqubuzana kwendawo okwaqala phakathi kwamandla amabili amakhulu, engakaze axazululwe ngokugcwele.

Ukuze uthole isiqhingi esisodwa nesibili sesiqhingi, amaShayina aqala impi yokunisela ngokumelene ne-USSR. Kwakukhona izikhukhula ezivamile esiteshini sikaKazakevichev esinomkhawulo nesihlabathi. Inhloso yemisebenzi enjalo yayiyisiqondiso sesiteshi eziqhingini kanye nokuxhumana kwayo noLwandle lwaseChina. Kulesi simo, iziqhingi zeBolshoi Ussuriisky neTarabarova ziyobe zizitholakala endaweni yaseMbusweni Wasezulwini. Kodwa lokhu kufezeka kwahluleka, njengoba amaRussia aqhubeka eqinisa phansi i-Amur futhi aqinise amabhange ayo. Futhi isivumelwano sesi-2004 kuphela siqeda impi yokunisela isikhathi eside.

I-China ithola ini?

Ngokuvumelana nezivumelwano ezisayinwe, iRussia idlulisela isiqhingi saseTarabarova esifundeni esiseduze. Banikeza iChina nengxenye esentshonalanga ye-Great Ussuriysk (yahlukaniswa cishe ngokulinganayo). Kuze kube manje, lezi zindawo yisifundazwe saseHeilongjiang.

Umngcele wamanje ungakanani? Ngemva kwengxenye ye-Great Ussuriysky, kanye nesiqhingi saseTarabarov sanikwa iShayina, umngcele ophakathi kwamazwe amabili waqala ukudlula ngasogwini lwaseKhabarovsk. Futhi izakhamuzi zendawo, eziseGreat Ussuriysk, zahlala eceleni kweRashiya. Bonke abanye baya kumaShayina. Elingqayizivele, iRussia yanikeza umbuso ongomakhelwane ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-337 endaweni yayo.

Yini eyashintsha ngemva kokudluliselwa kwensimu?

Kuze kube manje, uFr. I-Tarabarova kanye nengxenye ye-Great Ussuriysky yiziqhingi zaseChina. Isifunda esiseduze saqala ukusondela eKhabarovsk kanyekanye ngamakhilomitha amahlanu. Ngaphambili, uBolshoi Ussuriisky wavikela iRussia ekuhlaselweni kwezempi. Ensimini yalo kwakukhona indawo enezivikelo eziqinile. Kuze kube manje, amasosha ashiya zonke izikhungo zobunjiniyela futhi athuthela endaweni yokuphuma entsha.

Ukukhangwa okuyinhloko kwe-Great Ussuriysky yiyithende lama-Orthodox, eyakhiwe ngokuhlonipha uSt. Victor. AmaShayina ayezwelana nesikhungo sethu sezenkolo futhi athatha umkhawulo wendawo ekude ethempelini.

Namuhla, izindawo ezinikezwe iRussia, ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano sika-2004, yisifundazwe saseHeilongjiang se-Fuyuan county. Iziqhingi zaseRussia iTarabarova neBolshoi Ussuriysk - cishe. Inpuntao noFr. Heixiangzidao.

Kusukela eningizimu enyakatho, umgwaqo omkhulu usuvele wakhiwa kula mazwe. Ehlangothini lwaso olusentshonalanga yilokwakha okwakhiwayo kwe "Most Eastern Pagoda". Lena umbhoshongo wezitezi eziningi, ufinyelela ubude obungamamitha angu-81, unomumo wesigcawu. Izakhiwo zalo zenziwe ngesitayela seTan and Han dynasties. I-pagoda, eyovuka ngokumelene nekhanda likaSt. Victor, izokwenza uphawu olukhanyayo lwensimu eyamukelwe yiChina. Umbhoshongo uphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi ungayibona kusuka emzaneni waseRussia e-Amur floodplain.

Kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi iphuzu eliphambili kakhulu laseChina liye lashintsha isikhundla sayo. Ngaphambili, wayehlala edolobhaneni lase-Usu, futhi manje wathuthela eHeixiangzi. Ngenxa yalokho, amaShayina aqala ukuhlangana nelanga eliphumayo imizuzwana engamashumi ayisihlanu nesishiyagalombili ngaphambili.

Iziqhingi zivakashelwe ngokuzihambela yizivakashi ezivela emazweni womabili. Isibonelo, ngo-2015 inani labahambi lalilingxenye yesigidi sezigidi.

Imithombo yemvelo yezindawo ezidlulisiwe

Isiqhingi saseTarabarova, njenge-Great Ussuriysk, sinamazwe acebile. Kuze kube ngamaphesenti angu-70 ezindawo zabo zingasetshenziswa njengamadlelo, ama-hayfield nezwe elihle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi ziqhingi zakhiwe izilwane ezithwele izinwele, kanye nama-ungulates kanye namanzi. Kunezinhlobo kulezi zizwe ezibalwe kwi-Red Books ze-USSR, i-Russia ne-International Union. Uhlu lwazo luhlanganisa: ama-cranes aseJapane nama-black, ama-storks omnyama, isikhumba esomile, isi-mandarin, isikhukhuni se-Far East, njll njll.

Amachibi ase-Floodplain, kanye namanzi eMfula i-Amur kanye neziteshi zawo zicebile ezinhlanzi. Kukhona nezinhlobo ezivikelwe. Lona i- perch-aukha yaseChina kanye nekhasi elimnyama. Eziqhingini, ukufuduka kudlulela ekwindla kanye nesibani.

Yebo, i-China inikwe amazwe acebile. Nokho, ohlangothini lwaseRussia ukholelwa ukuthi ohlelweni lwezomnotho, aluzange lulahlekelwe kakhulu. Izwe lethu linamasu amakhulu. Bacabanga ukuthi kwakhiwa indawo yokuhwebelana yamaRussia-yamaShayina kulezi zindawo. Lokhu kuzosenza sikwazi ukuhlinzekela izimo ezijwayelekile zokuqaliswa kokuhweba kwezohwebo phakathi kwesifundazwe saseHeilongjiang naseKhabarovsk Territory. Futhi namuhla kuhlelo lwesabelomali sesifundazwe imali eyadingeka ekwakhiweni kwebhuloho esuka eKhabarovsk kuya esiqhingini saseHeixiangzi isivele isiqalile ukukhishwa.