Isiphetho edabukisayo "Britannica". Lo mkhumbi "Britannica": izithombe, Ubukhulu, umlando

Selokhu isintu sizakhele isikebhe sakhe sokuqala futhi kwaba ukunqoba izilwandle nasolwandle, kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka amaningi. Sonke leso sikhathi, abantu ephelezelwa umkhumbi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubukhulu imikhumbi matasa ngokwengeziwe ngokomoya njengoba isibalo izisulu e izingozi.

Zonke amarekhodi umkhumbi waphula kwekhulu lama-20, lapho kubonakala, Sesifundile kakade ukwakha okuthembekile uqine imikhumbi, Cruisers nemikhumbi, hhayi kuphela subordinated kuya ayenomoya lokhuni imikhumbi. Liner "Britannica" - omunye wezisulu umkhumbi.

Indaba imikhumbi ezintathu, abazalwane

Ukusheshisa ijubane zokuphila ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, wafuna izinto ngenkani ukunyakaza esheshayo ku isikhala kunangaphambilini. Ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba phakathi kwamazwe kanye ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe mass e-United States esuka eYurophu nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba kuye kwaveza isidingo ephezulu amandla ngesivinini imikhumbi enqamula.

Ngo-1902, umkhankaso iphrojekthi "Lusitania", lapho Melika 2 yobukhulu okungakaze ijubane umkhumbi zidaliwe. imikhumbi uDade "Lusitania" futhi "Mauritania" wathatha phezu ezokuthutha enqamula, okuyinto wafaka ukuchuma British yomthengisi imikhumbi engozini.

Ekuphenduleni inselele e-US kuleli shipyards 'Harland and Wolff' e Belfast, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe 3 airliner, edlulele umthamo wayo futhi lithembekile US. Ikhasimende isibe omunye wabaqondisi "White Star Line" inkampani lokuthumela.

Ngakho ngo-1907 waqala ukwenza lo msebenzi we-British Admiralty, ukuze ukukhanya wabona ukuvela emithathu kwakufika imikhumbi-abafowethu - "-Olympic", "Titanic" futhi "Britannica". Umkhumbi umgibeli njengoba isigaba izitsha, ngaleyo ndlela siguqulwe, baba ngokushesha okuningi kunalokho ekhona ngesikhathi yempi impi, sibonga imishini nge ubuchwepheshe bamuva.

Izici "Britannica"

Kuyini ezithakazelisayo maqondana imikhumbi emithathu yohlobo olufanayo twin senkampani, lokuthi umkhumbi ngamunye ngokulandelana lakhiwa phezu amaphutha wangaphambilini, kodwa isiphetho engcono wayesekhona isitsha sokuqala - "-Olympic." Ngokungafani "abazalwane abasebasha" yabo, izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-500 enqamula ulwandle i-Atlantic, kuyilapho "Titanic" babengakwazi yini ukubaleka 1 kuphela, kuyilapho "Britannica" - 5.

Ngemva kokufa "Titanic" Abakhi bemikhumbi wakucabangela wonke amaphutha ezaholela ukuwa kwale isitsha, lapho kwakhiwa "Britannica". Umkhumbi wawusengozini ngokusobala kakhulu efana 'labafowabo', kodwa wazibonakalisa okuningi ezinamandla kakhudlwana futhi ephelele. Wayelethwa ifakwe izikebhe kangcono, futhi izindonga phakathi bulkheads kwadingeka ukuvimbela izikhukhula umkhumbi uma kwenzeka ingozi. Le mininingwane kwaba inzuzo enkulu "Britannica". Lo mkhumbi 17 uye Watertight ngodonga, okwenza kube unsinkable 6 evulekile lapho egcwalisa the linezingxenye amanzi.

Kwathiwa Ushintshe izici emphemeni isikebhe. Ukushintshwa kwemisebe davits bese ufake nabo hhayi kuphela ezinhlangothini, kodwa futhi emkhunjini, vumela abagibeli kuphunywe ngasiphi liner ebhange.

Isitsha Ukucaciswa:

• sikebhe obuphelele - 269 m;
• ububanzi - ezingaphezu kuka-28 m;
• ukuphakama kusukela waterline labagibeli isikebhe sase 18.4 m;
• for ukusebenza injini 29 esetshenziswa umusi boilers ngokuba ezimbili four cylinder umusi izinjini, elihlobene ne ngezikulufo yangaphandle (16 000 hp ..);
• amandla ingqikithi injini 50 000 l. p.
• isivinini isitsha kwaba-25 ifindo.

Ngo-February 1914, kwaqalwa phezu "Britannic". Lo mkhumbi, isithombe elalisendlini amaphepha wonke amazwe ehlaselwa lingakanani kanye nobuhle.

Ukuqalisa

Usuku Februwari 26, 1914 waba unyaka nakangaka, "Harland and Wolff" (Belfast) ngoba izisebenzi zokwakha igceke lemikhumbi. Uzalo umkhumbi senzeka ngaphandle ikhefu evamile ibhodlela champagne ebhodini, ngoba isiko elinjalo babengenalo egcekeni.

Ukuze sikhathi usayizi "Britannica" futhi imishini yayo yayingekho efana - ke ukuthwala abantu abagibeli 790 1 ikilasi, kwesibili - 835, wesithathu - zezisebenzi 950 babekhona futhi abaningi - Abantu 950.

Zonke izinhlelo ezihlobene ngesikhathi abanikazi inkampani yezokuthutha nge ngomkhumbi enqamula, ezephulwayo ngo-August 1914. Ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala uye walungisa "Britannica" isiphetho esibhedlela elintantayo. Esikebheni kwakuneqembu zafakwa amalungu 437 abasebenzi bezokwelapha, abantu 675 kusukela namatilosi omkhumbi futhi 3,300 olimale.

Yokwakha kabusha "Britannica" esibhedlela

Ukuze udlulise airliner umgibeli esigabeni esibhedlela, kwathatha ezimbalwa ukushintsha ukubukeka angaphakathi "Britannica". Umkhumbi "ehlotshisiwe" umugqa oluhlaza iziphambano ezibomvu eziyisithupha - izimpawu ehlukile okubonisa ukuthi isibhedlela ukuthula, hhayi umkhumbi wezempi.

ushintsho Yangaphakathi babe obubaluleke kakhulu. Apholile yaphendulwa yokusebenza yeshashalazi, izigceme alimele sina futhi ehostela abasebenzi. It kufanela emkhunjini e 2034 kanye 1035 imibhede ukusonga elula. emphemeni Promenade aguqulwa kuMnyango ukuze amasosha imihuzukwana.

Umkhuzi isitsha kuvuselelwe kwaba Charles A. Bartlett.

uhambo Okokuqala "Britannica"

Umlando "Britannica" njengoba Naval Hospital waqala 23.12.1915 unyaka lapho ephuma Liverpool, ukulungele athathe amasosha alimele, salibangisa Naples ne-port yesiGreki Moudros esiqhingini Lemnos.

Bekanye namanye liner ezimbili refitted - "Aquitaine" futhi "Mauritania", yena cruised e le iDardanelles.

UCaptain "Britannica" laqanjwa umbuso esiqinile abalalela hhayi kuphela abasebenzi, kodwa futhi iziguli:

• 6.00 + yenyuka wokuhlanza embhedeni;
• ibhulakufesi at 7:30, kulandele wokuhlanza okudlela;
• Uhambo sikaKaputeni at 11,00;
• kwasemini at 12:30 ekuhlanzeni ekamelweni lokudlela;
• itiye 16,30;
• Ukudla idina 20.30;
• ngokudlula induna at 21:00.

isiyalo eqinile ivumelwe balondoloza esibhedlela ukuze. Wawunodonga ukuya Naples udinga ifake uphethiloli umkhumbi ukuthi Disemba 28, 1915 futhi wenza "Britannic". Lo mkhumbi, okuyinto isithombe endaweni sama omusha kwaba lubonakale bomkhathi Mediterranean, ukufinyelela amalahle namanzi waya Moudros, lapho sokulindelwe abalimele.

Iyalayisha yayithatha izinsuku 4 futhi 9.1.1916, isikepe kokufika iziguli Southampton. Ukwenza 2 "salable" ngoba amasosha alimele, "Britannic 'ayebuyele eziphambekweni imikhumbi commercial ngenxa ukusikhohlisa eMedithera.

Ukubuya "Britannica" umkhosi

Ngo-September 1916, eMediterranean waphinda bandisa ezempi ukuthi kudingeka khona umkhumbi omkhulu ukuthekelisa abalimala empini.

German U-izikebhe ezazihamba e lawo manzi, ukubhubhisa isitha isicupho kusuka ezinhlwini kwezimayini sintanta ingxenye ewumngcingo kahle noLwandle LwaseMedithera. On the izindlela enkanjini ngesikhathi imikhumbi Lemnos azihlanganisa ngokuvamile awela lezi zicupho.

Novemba 21, 1916 ku strait phakathi eziqhingini Kea futhi Kythnos iphahlazeka "Britannica", lapho wagijima ku omunye okwami kwamanzi. Ukuqhuma okwenzeka endaweni 8 amahora, imizuzu 7, ekuseni, lapho ingxenye iziguli kanye nabasebenzi zaziseza ekamelweni lokudlela kwasekuseni.

Ngomzuzu wokugcina "Britannica"

Ukaputeni wayeqhutshwa futhi banquma ukuthi bakwazi ukuletha umkhumbi ogwini eseduze futhi ugijime esihlabathini. Lokhu iqhinga uye waqinisa kuphela kucwila umkhumbi, kusukela izindonga ukwahlukanisa phakathi linezingxenye ayovuleka.

ukuphukelwa umkhumbi oFakazi bakwazi ukuchaza kanjani ukugwiliza "Britannic". Amabhomu amabili - ngowokuqala kusukela ohlangothini lokunene, futhi ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa owesibili kusuka kwesokunxele, umkhumbi heeled. Amanzi ngokushesha yaqala ukugcwalisa le kunesithembiso nezindlwana, okuyinto avuleka pholisa le portholes izakhiwo.

Esiphuthumayo ukuthi kwenziwe izikebhe ngendlela ehlelekile, njengoba zonke khumbula, ukuthi benza okwesabisa abagibeli "Titanic." Eyokuqala zokuhlenga ezimbili kwehlisa emanzini ukubuyela kule oda kumngane womshado, atholiwe khona kubantu avuke ngaphansi emanzini, kodwa sisasebenza "Britannica" ngezikulufo.

Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-55, ekhaleni lomkhumbi hit phansi, futhi kusukela lushaya umkhumbi wathuthumela futhi sicwila. Siyabonga isiyalo kanye nobuholi obuphethe ecacile yenduna nabasizi bakhe kusukela izilaleli ebhodini abagibeli 1066 kwashona abantu abangu-30.

Cousteau uhambo

Ukufa "Britannica" ikhiqize eziningi amahemuhemu nokumangalelwa. Abanye baze bathi lo British Uhulumeni uqobo Ugcwalise isitsha, nezinye abasolwa torpedoes ixoshe kusuka umkhumbi isiJalimane esibhedlela bengahlomile.

Wadala njengoba enqamula umgibeli liner, "Britannic" asizange hambisa ulwandle i-Atlantic, futhi ningagudluzwa umgibeli oyedwa. Wehlela emlandweni njengoba umkhumbi ngobukhulu lokubamba iqhaza kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Ukubhekana neqiniso lokuthi lagxila emkhunjini, wafika e "Calypso" Aegean Sea emkhunjini ngo-1975, iqembu eliholwa edumile Jacques Iva Kusto. Ngokusekelwe idatha leniketiwe emashadini British Admiralty, iqembu abasitholanga umkhumbi futhi waqala ukufuna usebenzisa i-radar. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu ekufuneni amatilosi "Calypso" uye wathola indawo kufa liner ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwezinye izixhumanisi.

Umgomo Cousteau uhambo kwaba ukunquma izimbangela yokuphahlazeka incazelo indlela waminza "Britannic". Ezansi abacwaningi bathola sikebhe cishe womkhumbi, ubonakala ngokucacile kuphela ikhefu owodwa kusukela ukushaya impumulo phansi. izifundo Ukungaphathwa awazange olwenziwa ngenxa ihadiwe elilinganiselwe isikhathi. Kwaba esisodwa-phezu, ngawo ekhasini lokuqala kuzo zonke amaphephandaba lapho elele ngakwesokunene sayo, "Britannic". Photo phansi futhi emenza amahemuhemu amaningi, unikezwa ukuthi umkhumbi yabonisa cishe 7 nautical miles kude endaweni elikhombisa ikhadi.

Ukutholakala iqiniso

Ngo-2003, uhambo abatshuzi wanquma ukuhlola amazwi Uhulumeni German ukuthi "Britannic" hit emayini. Bathola inkambu okwami, ngisho izinsalela projectile, okuyinto eyisa njalo isitsha. Aqhubeka ku iketanga, ziboshelwe phansi.

Izinto zesimanje imishini diving bavunyelwe ukuthola emkhunjini futhi uhlole lokho ngempela okwamanje ukuthi kugqamuke amalangabi avuleka zonke bulkheads amanzi angangeni, okubonisa ukuthi ukunganaki kothile.