Isimo umbuso umfutholuketshezi. Ingqikithi futhi izici

Indlela kwakheka umbuso wokuqala? Kwakungewona umbuthano nje ukuvumelana. Izazi-mlando bacabanga ngezinto eziningi ezahlukene ze. Omunye wabo kuyinto wokubacindezela umbuso State lendabuko. Kuyini kuba?

Sinjani isimo?

Inhlangano ngamandla zezombusazwe, izindlela eziqondile lokulawula, impoqo, ukulawula, ngokuthi isimo. Umqondo kuhlanganisa zendawo ethile nge kwemingcele yayo kanye labantu abahlala ensimini yaleli.

It ulandelela ukuvela kwezindaba uthi lokuqala kunzima kakhulu. Abanye ososayensi, isibonelo, bekholelwa ukuthi kwathi nhlo ukhona. Minyaka yonke kukhona amaqiniso abasanda emkhakheni ethnography nemivubukulo, okuholela ukuvela eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma entsha kule ndaba. Ngakho elamiswa ngalo ngenkasa imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka isimo, kanye organic, wezinzalamizi, ngokwengqondo imfundiso yokuziphendukela ubudlova nabanye.

Umqondo oyinhloko iningi imicabango ukuthi ukwakheka isimo kuholele ushintsho emphakathini. Ukuthuthukiswa zokukhiqiza kuthinte ukuhleleka emphakathini. ubudlelwano Social phakathi kwabantu ukushintsha, ukungalingani livela. Ukukhiqizwa othuthuke kangcono, aba maningi ukungalingani kudala.

umbuso wokubacindezela

Umbhali kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela uyisazi-mlando, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu futhi sinologist Karl Wittfogel. Usosayensi wayeyilungu German Communist Party, futhi wayenesithakazelo Marxism, ngakho umbuso wokubacindezela kakhulu kubonisa lo mbono. Wittfogel hypothesis yakhe ixhuma ukubonakaliswa despotism.

Ingqikithi yalo umbono uwukuthi ngenkasa ukwakhiwa izindlela ezikhethekile ukuthi elawulwa ukugeleza nokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi ezindaweni ezithile. Ezindaweni ezinesomiso izindawo kufanele ukusabalalisa amanzi ngokulinganayo yemvula, kunalokho, wokuvimba usebenzisa amanzi kanye namadamu. Ngokusho umbhali kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela, kuyindlela lekahle kakhulu kwezolimo kule umphakathi wangaphambi ezimbonini.

Kulokhu, kuphakama isimo e isimo ezidingekayo ukulima futhi bahlele umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela. Sebenzisa kanye nokugcinwa ngenkasa izinhlelo zidinga eziningi nokudidiyela wonke umphakathi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, iqembu elincane asebenza kumelwe silondoloze ukulawula executors.

Umfutholuketshezi umbuso: ngobuhle nangobubi bawo

Wittfogel theory, njengabanye, enezinto eziningi amalungiselelo ukufakazela noma ukuphikisa kungenzeka yayo.

Ngenxa isici esihle ingashiwo kungenzeka ezincwadini lo mbono. Kusekelwe amaqiniso zomlando ezaziwayo. Lithi kuqala esaphakama emfuleni izigodi esetshenziswa ukunisela systems ukutshala izitshalo. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke uthi yasendulo Sumer, eBhabhiloni, eGibhithe lasendulo futhi China.

umbuso umfutholuketshezi ikakhulukazi kuthinta kuphela ibanga emincane namazwe asempumalanga, ibekwe ezigodini emfuleni. Kuphela kwakukhona ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo wokunisela. Akukona ukuxazulula inkinga ukuvela entabeni asemaqeleni noma uthi, ukuze sikwazi ukukhuluma ngale ndlela ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela wendawo.

Yini embi ngalo iyona elucidation of imbangela ecashile. Ekucubunguleni le nkolelo-mbono-ke kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi kwenzekeni ngaphambi: ukusungulwa isimo isidingo ukulima, noma umqondo wokuthi isimiso sokunisela ngenkasa, ngenxa okuyinto kwakunesidingo esimweni.

Izici Irrigation State

Bobabili izinhlangano kukhona kobushiqela, lapho ikhanda yanikezwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela unamandla angenamkhawulo. Irrigation kuhilela theory Wittfogel nesenzakalo esisemqoka despotism ngokulawula isakhiwo. Cishe ukusebenza esesimweni esinjalo ziyophoqeleka. Asebenza, abaphathi ie, esikhundleni salokho, uzokwazi ukufeza amandla eliphakeme phezu labantu.

Omunye imiphumela yalolu hlelo kuyinto ukuvela sabapristi siqakathekile kumpristi. Isikhathi amagagasi, ukutshala nezikhathi ekufinyelelwa kuso ngokubheka ababecabanga yezinkanyezi kanye amakhalenda. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umpristi ungukuphela "ukukhanyiselwa", okuholela negunya lalo kanye ukulawula abanye abantu.

Umbhali ephetha ngokuthi esesimweni esinjalo hhayi kungaba yomzabalazo wezigaba noma abanikazi ezinkulu impahla, kusukela umphakathi kakhulu ochotshoziwe isakhiwo isinqumo futhi cishe akukho amalungelo. I degree of inkululeko ukwanda labantu, nakuba kancane kuphela, ngamandla isimo.