Isimo esashintsha: umqondo kanye izici eziyinhloko

Njengoba wagcizelela kaningi emibhalweni yakhe, theorists eziningi ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke V I. Lenin, isimo wamavukelambuso - isimo kuleli zwe, uhlelo kunikela kakhulu ekuqaleni inguquko. It has izici zayo siqu isici, lo yesiteleka kakhulu yikuphi mass isimo izinguquko kanye iinthombe izingqimba okubanzi amakilasi abacindezelwe emzabalazweni lokuketula oda ekhona. Khona kanye ukuba khona isimo wamavukelambuso, kungabhekwa njengokwenzeka ukuvela izimo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe ekuthwebuleni amandla ekilasini eziphambili.

I izimfanelo eyinhloko isimo wamavukelambuso

isimo Revolutionary, ngokuvumelana Lenin, umholi ingaqala ngenxa ezahlukahlukene. Omunye wabo okuthiwa "crisis engenhla." Ngaphansi kwawo kumele aqondwe isimo lapho nezigaba zabantu ababusayo beswela ithuba balondoloza isikhundla esivelele e ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni.

Ngenxa yalokho, izinqubomgomo zabo kuba lihluleka ukugcina emuva yonke intukuthelo likhula futhi ukunganeliseki kwabo abacindezelwe. Isimo umphakathi lapho "amakilasi engenhla" abakwazi ukuphila njengasekuqaleni, V. I. Lenin emibhalweni yakhe echazwe njengo uyisicekelo ukuvela isimo wamavukelambuso ezweni.

Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho, uthi, kanye nesidingo sikulungele ukubhekana revolution nokushayela amandla ayo ayinhloko - kwezakhi engezansi umphakathi, bakha iningi labantu futhi ngokuvamile baba izisulu zokuxhashazwa. Lokhu kuzimisela, njengoba umthetho, kuwumphumela eziningana imiphumela engemihle okubangwa iconsi abukhali usa emazinga ekuphila.

Ngaphezu yezizathu zezomnotho, ukudalwa isimo lapho ephansi "yakwazi" awufuni ukuqhubeka ukubekezelela ukuhleleka, kunomthelela beqinisa nabulungisa kwezenhlalo, bokuhlukaniswa ingqikithi uquqaba kanye okubi kakhulu of the umbango (ukuphikisana komphakathi), ziwumphumela isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. Ukuba semthethweni kwalesi sitatimende sikhombisa zonke isipiliyoni zomlando. Ngesisekelo yakhe abhalwa ncwadi kukaLenin, ayenezinto ke wakhonza njengephayona isiqondiso emzabalazweni zezombusazwe yesigaba sabasebenzi.

Indima ebalulekile udlalwa by izinto ezifana ukuqala ukusabela amabutho, impi noma usongo ekuqaleni kwayo, nokuntengantenga zokuphila yasekhaya esifika ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, nokunye .. Ngenxa yalokho yomsebenzi zezombusazwe kwabo ngokuvamile ngokwengeziwe kangangokuthi ekuqaleni yezenzo asebenzayo wamavukelambuso ezidingekayo detonator ngokwanele enamandla.

Esinye isinyathelo maqondana revolution

Indlela ugcizelela onobuhlakani wokuvukela umbuso akhiwa lonke Umthala zezazi ethuthukile XIX futhi XX eminyaka, omunye izisekelo esikiselwa ukuvela isimo wamavukelambuso itholakala ingxabano phakathi kwamabutho elikhiqizayo futhi ubudlelwane zokukhiqiza. Banikezwe ukubaluleka leli qiniso kuyadingeka ukuze ayeke kuso kabanzi.

Ngaphansi amabutho ithele elivame ukuqondwa ngayo njengoba isiqalo nesigcino izindlela zokukhiqiza: imishini, amathuluzi, ukukhiqizwa izindawo noma iziza umhlaba futhi kwetisebenti, ngenxa ikhono, babe batfutfukisa emakhono nelwati ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina ikhiqizwa. In parallel inkambo jikelele intuthuko zomlando zamabutho elikhiqizayo achazwayo, uhamba endleleni esuka amafomu bakudala kakhulu izinhlobo zesimanje zokukhiqiza zobuchwepheshe.

Njengakuwo wonke izigaba yentuthuko ukukhiqizwa umphakathi ngokuvamile eyenziwa ndawonye phakathi kwabantu wayezikhonza aveze ubuhlobo nabathile kuchazwa, okokuqala kunakho konke, ubunikazi izindlela zokukhiqiza. Kusobala ukuthi ubudlelwane zokukhiqiza kanye amabutho ithele akuzona kuphela sisondelene nomunye, kodwa tiyasebentisana.

Njengoba umphakathi Kutfutfukisa ubudlelwane ngaphambilini osungulwe zokukhiqiza ekubeni akusebenzi futhi isenzo njengoba ukubopha ku amabutho ithele. Uma ngokuhamba umlando esikhundleni sabo yemvelo nge entsha, ingxabano isixazululiwe ngokuthula. Kungenjalo, inkinga kungaba kuvuse okubi kakhulu izingxabano nomphakathi. Futhi ngenxa yalokho kukhona isimo izinguquko.

Yini ukukhonza njengomdala umfutho ekuthuthukiseni isimo wamavukelambuso?

Abaningi imisebenzi Lenin nezinye theorists eliqavile ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso ziqukethe ukuthi okuvela kuyo nesimo lapho umphakathi ilungele ushintsho olukhulu ohlelweni olukhona, kuncike uhla izimo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, isimo jikelele apharathasi isimo, izikhundla wamandla aphethwe lesigaba esibusayo, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ezingeni yentuthuko isigaba sabasebenzi, degree of ekubumbaneni yayo nezinye izinhlaka zomphakathi kanye khona (noma ukungabi khona) ngokwenzeke emzabalazweni wamavukelambuso. Lapho okubi kakhulu zokuphila emphakathini nakwezombangazwe yezwe esefike ezingeni esibucayi, futhi kwakha simo ngokuthi izinguquko.

Izinkinga sokuthuthuka isihloko imisebenzi eminingi Lenin. Kuzo, uveza, ngokukhethekile, yokuthi nesimo esifanayo zingahluka dynamism likhula futhi izinyathelo eziningana ethize kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa. Inqubo iqala, njengoba umthetho, ukuvutshelwa omkhulu, is ebonwe yonke imikhakha yomphakathi, futhi ekhula kancane kancane, kuphumele esibucayi ezweni noma izizwe, kulandelwa ukuqhuma kwezenhlalo, kulandele ushintsho ohlelweni nomphakathi.

Inani isici subjective ekulungiseleleni inguquko

Njengoba izwe liba izibonakaliso ezingaphezu futhi ezisobala besimo wamavukelambuso, indima isici subjective, ie ukulungela kwabo wamavukelambuso benze izinguquko ezidingekayo kwezenhlalo, okuholela kokugumbuqelwa ekilasini ukusizakala. Ikakhulukazi indima yayo ukhula esikhathini lapho kungevani kahle kutenhlalo ifinyelela izinga esibucayi ezweni noma izizwe, ngoba ngaso sonke isikhathi igcwaliswe ukwanda kokukhiqizwa.

Isibonelo lesi simo ingase linqoba eRussia 1859-1861, ngokulandelana, kanye eJalimane ngo-1923. Ngo ayikho kulezi zimo ayimlethelanga inguquko kuphela ngoba ekilasini okuqhubekayo yayingazimisele ukuthatha isinyathelo okuhloswe ngaso ekuthatheni izintambo.

Njengasekhulwini lokuqala futhi esimweni sesibili, angesabi ukudala isimo wamavukelambuso, bengamtholi tekwesekela lokwenele, kancane kancane kudamba, futhi amandla kwabo aqala ukufiphala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nezigaba zabantu ababusayo, thola ithuba ukuze uzohlala emandleni ezandleni zabo, senze konke okusemandleni akhe ukuze aqinise isikhundla salo. Ngenxa kuyanda salandelwa wamavukelambuso ukuphendula strip.

Ukukhomba kanye izimpawu uyiqaphuqaphu besimo wamavukelambuso kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba sithinta wonke ku isu kanye amaqhinga emzabalazweni ukugumbuqela kokubusa isigaba ukusizakala. Njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando kubonisa, imizamo ukuguqulwa mbuso ka umphakathi, ethathwe ukungabi khona izimfanelo inhloso yokuqeda ukunqotshwa kuhilelani imihlatshelo ezingadingekile.

Inkinga eRussia ngekota yokugcina yekhulu XIX

balolonge kanjani nokuthuthukisa isimo wamavukelambuso, kulula ukulandela isibonelo ukubukeka kwalo eRussia 70s sekwephuzile - 80s ekuqaleni we XIX leminyaka. Leyo nkathi yomlando wama-Russian libhekene inhlanganisela ukunyakaza isisebenzi-ongumlimi ne umzabalazo abavamile, ikakhulukazi nezihlakaniphi, okwamanje lezi ziyingi abafundile okuthiwa populists.

imisebenzi yabo Kwakuseshwa ngokumelene isizinda eziningana imiphumela emibi ukuqedwa serfdom. Phakathi kwabo kukhona amanani amba eqolo ukuthenga abalimi komhlaba lo kulendawo ', ukwanda ivolumu imisebenzi kanye nezinye izindlela ezicindezelayo kuholele uyincithakalo isigaba eziningi kakhulu kuleli zwe - abalimi.

Isimo kwabhebhethekiswa indlala, kwaphakama ezifundazweni eziningana ngenxa sokuvuna iminyaka ezimbi 1879-1880, kanye nemiphumela ye-muva yaphela enye impi Russian-Turkish. Kulesi simo, kwandile wadubula ngenhloso sicasulwa amahemuhemu mayelana nokwabela abantu indawo olusondelayo umhlaba maduzane. Konke lokhu kwaholela yokuthi zikhona izimpawu ecacile kungenzeka ukusebenza zemvelo abalimi. Lokhu imiphumela yezenzakalo uyesabeka kakhulu kuhulumeni, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ke wafuna wamavukelambuso populists.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kungekho isithombe zingasongeli kangako ivele lamadolobha amadala kakhulu. Imiphumela bomnotho elahlasela Russia maphakathi nawo-70s, okwaholela abangasebenzi omkhulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ziwohloke elibukhali lwezimiso iningi isigaba sabasebenzi.

Umzabalazo kwezinto njengoba phetho izinkinga zezenhlalo

Lokhu kuholele okubi kakhulu emzabalazweni nomphakathi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekupheleni 1878 futhi ekuqaleni kuka-1879, 89 iziteleka kanye nezinye izimo ukubonakaliswa imibhikisho social 24 ezibikiwe Petersburg eyaziwa, iningi okwakukhona umphumela imisebenzi yenhlangano komhlaba iphiko sezenhlalo, kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengamadoda Northern Union of Abasebenzi Russian. " Ngo-1891, i-May Day lokuqala sabasebenzi wamavukelambuso eqhutshwe eMoscow. Ngemva kwalokho, lezi imihlangano ngokungemthetho, wahlela ezweni ngo-May 1, wangena isiko futhi babe uhlobo nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe mass.

Isimo esashintsha eRussia kule 1870s ngasekupheleni waba ibangele umunyu ekhethekile ngenxa populists imisebenzi, okuyinto kakade eshiwo ngenhla. Nakuba ngaphambili, amalungu amaningi kule nhlangano wema izikhundla nandaba zezombusazwe, okusikisela ngcono ukuhleleka emphakathini kuphela ngokusebenzisa imfundo yasemaphandleni emuva futhi cishe nhlobo, kule nkathi, imibono yabo zishintshile kakhulu.

Umphumela kwalandelwa ngokushesha uhlukanise inhlangano kazwelonke "Land and Freedom" ku amaphiko amabili - inhlangano "Narodnaya Volya" futhi ". Black Hlukanisa" Kusukela manje, People ekhethwe umzabalazo wabo ukwesaba zezombusazwe. Maduze, Russia babhebhezela futhi wathola eziningi umphakathi eziningana izenzo kwenziwe ngazo.

Indaba kuhlanganisiwe ngomzamo Zasulich phezu imeya Petersburg F. F. Trepova, uzibophezele wakhe ngo-1878, kwashona induna omunye Gendarmerie N. V Mezentsova, kanye izimo eziningana ukumelana ahlomile emagunyeni ezaholela isisulu njengoba kunguye futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi. Owumphumela wawo wonke kwaba omunye umzamo ku-Alexander II ngo-Ephreli ngo-1879 bese lokubulala, obenziwa 1 Mashi 1881.

Ukugcwaliswa kwesikhathi elilandelayo emzabalazweni wamavukelambuso

Okhunye okukhambisana nalokhu, kusukela entwasahlobo ka-1878 ngokucijile okuchaza kanye Inkinga nezigaba zabantu ababusayo, ngokukhethekile, ephendula u-Alexander II yakhanga umphakathi usizo ekubhekaneni zonke izinkulumo okwandisa womaya wamavukelambuso, zemstvos eziningi kuye ngezincwadi uzwakalise ukugxekwa nezinqubomgomo.

Engafumani ukuthi angamngenisa ukwesekwa labantu, inkosi wazama kute simo sibuyele kulesetayelekile ukwamukelwa of izinyathelo eziphuthumayo. Ayewafundisa amacala ahlobene nobuphekula bezombangazwe, engaphansi kwe-izinkantolo bokulwa icala ukuphathwa kwababusi-jikelele bendawo, okuyinto ngokushesha kwaholela ekubeni ekuhlukanisweni kahulumeni.

Kodwa balandela kokubulawa Alexander ukuboshwa II libukelwa phansi amabutho Abantu, kanye nokuntuleka nokuxhaswa uquqaba ezehlukene zomphakathi ayikuvumeli ukuba ukusizakala isimo evula kokugumbuqelwa oda ekhona. Kulokhu, indima ebulalayo eyadlalwa abasakwazi ukukhulisa abantu ukuba balwe, usebenzisa zonke atholakale ngemuva. Ngamanye amazwi, wafingqa isici subjective kakhulu, okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla ngawo.

Russia ngosuku olwandulela inguquko

Ehluke savela izenzakalo ezandulela Februwari Revolution (1917 ) kanye ekuthatheni okwalandela amandla amaBolshevik. Ukuze uqonde isimo sezenzakalo iphutha, kufanele acabangele imvelo kwazo, futhi ukuhlola ubuqiniso abahlanganyeli yabo oqondile.

Ngobusuku obandulela izenzakalo ezaholela kokugumbuqelwa tsarist isimo wamavukelambuso eRussia athuthukile ngenxa nezici eziningana umgomo. Okokuqala, bengazange ukungqubuzana ezibangele Okokuqala Russian Yenguquko 1905-1907 kuvumelekile. Kahle kahle, lokhu kusebenza udaba umhlaba, ukuhlala phakathi izinkinga kunazo ukuphokophela, naphezu kwemizamo kahulumeni ukuze siyixazulule ngu nokuqalisa nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo P. A. Stolypina.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, omunye detonators imicimbi okwalandela kwaba ayehle kakhulu amandla emali okubangelwa Yiqiniso ngeshwa kakhulu kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye iqiniso lokuthi izenzo zalo atshalwa ensimini ka-Russia, ekhuluma abaningi ezindaweni ezinothe kakhulu. Lokhu kubangelwe ukusweleka ezinkulu emadolobheni ukudla, nasemizaneni okwaholela nendlala.

Impi njengoba Revolution detonator

Indima kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo Dynamics ukukhula kahle kutenhlalo kanye ukudala isimo wamavukelambuso kakhulu. Engingakusho nje ukuthi isibalo efile abaningi abayitholayo ezweni lakubo zaba isigidi sabantu 3, cishe 1 million - ababeyizakhamuzi.

nomthelela omubi isimo uquqaba kanye ukugqugquzela jikelele, okwaholela abantu abayizigidi ezingu-15, ikakhulu abahlala emadolobhaneni, baphoqeleka ukuba bachithe igazi yabo izithakazelo alien kubo. Sekungavumi ezivamile ukulwa abanekhono lokusebenzisa benkulumo-ze ngubani athumela amayunithi empi wabalwela amabutho zezombusazwe isahola: amaBolshevik, le Labaqalayo, Party Socialist-Revolutionary (SRS), njll ...

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kwakukhona yokwehla kakhulu kwezinga lemikhiqizo yezimboni, umphumela owawungumnyaka ukuxoshwa nabaningi abasebenzi kanye abangasebenzi okwalandela. Zonke izimo ngenhla uholé yokuthi isimo isungule kuleli zwe lapho ephansi "yakwazi", zakha ingxenye enkulu labantu bayo, akathandi ukuphila ngendlela endala. Lena enye yezindlela okwakubonakala izimbangela isimo izinguquko.

Phakathi linemibhikisho ezimbili

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi "phezulu" ushintsho zabuzwa isidingo okwakumele nobuthakathaka uhulumeni tsarist ngokuya kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho. amasu nokubusa Owabe waphila isikhathi eside ukudlula ngokucacile bubuhle bawo futhi kungukuthi enikeziwe ithuba ubambe elikhulu amandla onxiwankulu. Ngakho, lapho wayekhona, futhi ingxenye yesibili ka ukuvela isimo wamavukelambuso ezweni - "phezulu" ukuthi ngeke ukwazi ukuphila ngendlela endala.

incwadi kukaLenin, is lanyatheliswa kabanzi nenkathi yamaSoviet, agcwele izinto ezifakazela ukuthi irreversibility yezwe kwaqala ngo inqubo izinguquko. Ngempela, nsuku zonke, lapho iye yasungula nge force nanini nyuka, okwaphumela kokuwa ohlanga.

Ngokusho akhawunti wesimanje, zonke ngo-1917, i-Russia kwaba "abilayo cauldron zezombusazwe." Isizathu salokhu kwakuwukuthi inguquko Februwari akazange ukuxazulula zinhlobo eyinhloko izinkinga sayo sezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Elafika amandla njengoba Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala bebonisa ubuthakathaka babo kanye nokungakwazi ephelele ukuthonya izinqubo ezenzeka kuleli zwe.

Kude kwesokunxele, and Socialist-Revolutionary Party - kwekulu ngaleso sikhathi, inhlangano yezombusazwe yeRussia, kunamalunga angaphezu kwesigidi zezikhulu zayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi nabameleli bayo ayesezikhundleni ukhiye ezinhlakeni eziningi zikahulumeni, futhi ehlulekile inikeza indlela aphume esibucayi futhi ngenxa yalokho balahlekelwa buholi betepolitiki.

Party ekuphuzeni ngokwawo isimo wamavukelambuso

Umphumela lilondolozwe lizwe zakala isimo wamavukelambuso ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi, amaBolshevik. Komphakathi yabo Russian Democratic Labour Party nangemva kokuba ezamile wahluleka ukunqoba phezu Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo Petrograd isikaniso kanye amatilosi Kronstadt, ngo-Okthoba ashaqe amandla iminyaka eminingi, imi yombuso.

Noma kunjalo, kungaba iphutha ukukholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni kokubusa kwayo ezweni ungawakhi izimo ukuthi sekuseduze ukuba izinguquko. Uma ku 30s uhulumeni omusha ephethwe ukucindezela cishe ngokuphelele kuwukubonakaliswa ukunganeliseki kwezenhlalo, neshumi leminyaka elidlule kuye kwabonakala ukusebenza amaningi kokubili abasebenzi kanye wasekela abantu ayenganelisekile nge izici eziningi Inqubomgomo yasekhaya bezingelwa uhulumeni.

collectivization ophoqelelwe, le phansi sabantu, kanye izindlela zokucindezela ngokumelene imikhakha yonke emphakathini bebelokhu izizathu amaphaphu nomphakathi okwandisa, kubabangele ukuqhuma. Nokho, usebenzisa anhlobonhlobo izinyathelo ubabonisa ethonyeni ngemibono ukusetshenziswa ngebutho lempi, amaKhomanisi ephethwe isikhathi ngasinye ukuthatha isimo ngaphansi kolawulo.